The climate of a region is mainly dependent on many factors such as geography, insolation, altitude, atmospheric pressure, winds, humidity and topography.

Factors Determining Climate of India

• climate is controlled by a number of factors which can be broadly divided into two groups
• factors related to location and relief, and
• factors related to air pressure and winds

Factors related to Location and Relief

• Tropic of Cancer passes through the central part of India in east-west direction. Thus, northern part of the India lies in sub-tropical and temperate zone and the part lying south of the Tropic of Cancer falls in the tropical zone.
• The tropical zone being nearer to the equator, experiences high temperatures throughout the year with small daily and annual range.
• The Himalayan Mountains in the north along with its extensions act as an effective climatic divide.
• The mountain chain provides an invincible shield to protect the subcontinent from the cold northern winds. These cold and chilly winds originate near the Arctic circle and blow across central and eastern Asia.
• The Himalayas also trap the monsoon winds, forcing them to shed their moisture within the subcontinent.
• As compared to the landmass, water heats up or cools down slowly. This differential heating of land and sea creates different air pressure zones in different seasons in and around the Indian subcontinent.
• Difference in air pressure causes reversal in the direction of monsoon winds.
• Distance from the Sea -With a long coastline, large coastal areas have an equable climate. Areas in the interior of India are far away from the moderating influence of the sea. Such areas have extremes of climate.
• Temperature decreases with height. Due to thin air, places in the mountains are cooler than places on the plains.
• The physiography or relief of India also affects the temperature, air pressure, direction and speed of wind and the amount and distribution of rainfall.
• The windward sides of Western Ghats and Assam receive high rainfall whereas the southern plateau remains dry due to its leeward situation along the Western Ghats.

Factors Related to Air Pressure and Wind

• • • (i)       Distribution of air pressure and winds on the surface of the earth.
    • (ii) Upper air circulation caused by factors controlling global weather and the inflow of different air masses and jet streams.
    • (iii) Inflow of western cyclones generally known as disturbances during the winter season and tropical depressions during the south-west monsoon period into India, creating weather conditions favourable to rainfall.

The mechanism of these three factors can be understood with reference to winter and summer seasons of the year separately.

Climate of Telangana

• Telangana has the most favourable climate for human life. It has moderate climatic conditions. Days and nights have almost equal length.
• Telangana is located in Northern hemisphere. So it is considered to be located in Tropical zone. The climate of- Telangana is classified as Tropical monsoon climate.
• The Deccan plateau is extended at a high altitude from sea level. This region experiences hot summer in May and cold in winter.
• Northern Telangana features ‘Humid subtropical climate’ whereas Southern Telangana has Semi arid climate.
• According to Koppen climatic classification, Telangana state has a Semi Arid or Humid Subtropical climate in India. The average rainfall in Telangana is 906 mm.
• The summer extends from March to June.
• During this period. thunderstorms and strong wind gusts occur due to Cumulonimbus clouds. It is called Convectional rainfall. The local people call them destroying rains, unseasonal rains or Avakal pani.
• Heat waves typically occur in the second and third weeks of May during summer. Highest temperature in the state is recorded at Ramagundam in Peddapalli district.
• Lowest temperature is recorded during winter in Medak and Adilabad.
• Highest average temperature of the state is 42 degree Celsius in summer while the average lowest temperature is 29-12 degree Celsius in winter. Normally, heat is intense in the month of May.
• Places where highest temperature is recorded in Telangana- Ramagundam, Kothagudem.
• Place where lowest temperature is recorded in Telangana- Adilabad

The Indian Meteorological Department classifies four climatological seasons in India. They are:

1. 1. 1. Winter (December to February)
      2. Summer (March to May)
      3. South West Monsoon Period or Rainy Season (June to September)
      4. Monsoon Retreating Period (October to November)

WINDS

• According to famous meteorologist (Roy) two types of winds flox in Telangana. They are:

1. South West winds/ Humid winds
2. North East winds/ Dry winds

North East Monsoon Period:

• The transition period between October rainy season and dry winter season is called the Retrezíng South West Monsoon period.
• During this period, rainfall occurs due to Cyclones.
• The normal rainfall in this period is 126,mm (or) 129 mm
• Hyderabad receives maximum rainfall and erstwhile Karimnagar district receives lowest rainfall due to North East winds, In all, Adilabad receives highest rainfall and erstwhile Mahabubnagar receives lowest rainfall in Telangana state.
• Sileru basin is identified as the highest rainfall receiving area of Telangana.
• During winter, tropical continental air travels through the Deccan plateau and reaches the south of Bay of Bengal.
• It becomes a tropical sea breeze. As Telangana is far from the sea, tropical climate prevail over the state with weak high pressure conditions
• In the Southern region of the state, favorable conditions for rainfall decrease due to anticyclones and it receives no rain. But rainfall occurs in some places such as Achchampet in Nagarkurnool, Madhira in Khammam, Nalgonda and Bhadradri Kothagudem districts.

South West Monsoon Period or Rainy Season :

• This period extends from June to September. Telangana state receives(80% of the total rainfall from South West monsoons.
• The effect of South West Monsoons begins in the first and second weeks of June in Telangana and they occupy the entire state by the end of the month.
• The average rainfall increases from Southern Telangana to Northern Telan gana Annual average rainfall ranges from 700mm to 900mm in Southern Telangana and 900mm to 1500mm in Northern Telangana.
• Hot weather starts in the third week of February and gradually increases from March and temperature reaches high by the month of May.
• Highest average temperature of the state is 42 degrée Celsius in summer while the average lowest temperature is 29-12 degree Celsius in winter. They continue from the middle of June to September.
• Normally the rainfall during this period is about 720.4 man. Due to the effect of low pressure that travels from Bay of Bengal to Ganga plains, Telangana receives highest rainfall in the months of September, October.
• The normal rainfall during the north-east monsoon between October and December is 124.9 mm.
• Telangana receives high rainfall in September due to low pressure systems traveling from Bay of Bengal to Gangetic plain. The state receives rainfall for about 60 days only. Rainfall increases from South to North direction.
• The South west Monsoon causes highest rainfall in Mulugu and lowest rainfall in Nagarkurnool, Jogulamba Gadwal-Alampur
• As Telangana is located in hot semi arid zone rainfall plays an important role in Agriculture. The instability in raintall in the state can be observed when Telangana socio economic outlook – 2022 is studied.
• During 2004-05 the state received a low rainfall of 6l4 mn from South West monsoon, In the later period during 2020-21, it received a rainfall of 1322.4 mn. This year is recorded as the year with highest rainfall, the highest rainfall in Telangana in the last 20 years.
• During the same period Telangana received a rainfall of 179,4 mm hom North East monsoon, This is 43,46% more than Normal.
• The instability in rainfall in Telangana is more than 25% in the South West monsoon period and 80% in the North East monsoon period.
• This instability is more once in every three years, The unstable rains are less in the northern and North western areas of Telangana.
• The instability of rains is more in Southern Telangana mainly in Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet, Jogulamba Gadwal, Nalgonda and Suryapet districts, Rainfall occurs in October- December months.
• Due to the North East monsoon, Rainy season is also pleasant in Telangana. Thousands of plant species grow after the rainy season making the land lush green.
• There are 8 meteorological stations in Telangana that record the temperature of 33 districts.
• They are located at the district centers of Hyderabad, Warangal, Nalgonda, Mahabub Nagar, Khammam, Nizamabad and Medak.
• But the weather station of Peddapalli is located at Ramagundam.

Summer

• Summer season in Telangana continúes from March to June.
• During summer, the highest mean temperature at Ramagundam go upto 50 degree Celsius and at Nizamabad, Kamareddy, Bhadradri Kothagudem and Khammam it is about 40-43 degree Celsius. Sometimes, the highest temperature reaches more than 50 degree Celsius.
• Bhadrachalam and Kothagudem may record nearly 48 degree Celsius.
• The summer climate of Hyderabad feels a little colder when compared to other districts of Telangana.
• Telangana experiences warm days and cold nights.
• The difference in temperatures of day and night is huge. Temperature has risen dụe to cutting of trees in the last decade.
• Temperature of Hyderabad has been on constant rise because of vehicular traffic and pollution. Highest diurnal temperature is recorded at Ramagundam.
• A little convectional rainfall also occurs due to high temperature.

Winter

• Telangana experiences the winter season from December to February. Normally the climate is dry without rainfall.
• Cold winds blow during night and low temperatures are recorded. Sangareddy and Ramagundam witness lowest temperatures (Less than 13°C) in December.

According to Telangana state statistical Abstract 2021:

Places that recorded lowest temperatures till now-

1. Kohir Mandal (Sangareddy): 2°C
2. Lingapur Mandal (Komuram Bheem) : 2.4°C
3. Madnoor Mandal (Kamareddy) : 2.,5°C

Places that recorded highest temperatures till now-

1. In May 2015, Ghanpur in Jayashankar district, Chinthalapalem in Suryapet district, Dandapally in Mancherial district and Madulapally in Nalgonda district recorded the highest temperature of 48.9°C.