Hydroelectricity or Hydropower
- Hydroelectricity or Hydropower is a form of renewable energy that uses the water stored in dams and flowing in rivers to create electricity in hydropower plants.
- The falling water rotates blades of a turbine, which then spins a generator that converts the mechanical energy of the spinning turbine into electrical energy.
- Hydroelectric power is a significant component of electricity production Worldwide. As on 01-09- 2021, the hydel power production capacity in Telangana was 2,506.9 (15.1%) M.W.
Benefits of Hydropower:
- Relatively low operations, maintenance costs and the projects are long lasting.
- The technology is reliable and proven over time.
- Rainfall renews the water in the reservoir, so the fuel is almost always present.
- Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution.
- Hydropower plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- The first major hydroelectric project (4.5MW) in Asia was built in 1902 near Shivasamudram waterfall of Cauvery River in Karnataka. It is known as Shivanasamudra Hydroelectric project.
Issues with Hydro Power Generation:
- Hydropower development in India faces several challenges that impact its growth and contribution to the country’s energy mix:
- Development vs. Indigenous Communities:
- In central India, the potential for hydroelectric power generation in river basins like Godavari, Mahanadi, Nagavali, Vamsadhara, and Narmada has not been fully realized due to opposition from tribal communities concerned about the impact on their livelihoods and environment.
- Majority Power from Thermal Sources:
- Hydropower’s contribution to India’s electricity generation has been declining, constituting only about 10% of the total generation. Thermal power remains the dominant source, accounting for around 80% of electricity production.
Complex Clearance Norms:
- Existing hydropower projects often face delays due to complicated planning processes, extended land acquisition and resettlement procedures, inadequate infrastructure (especially transmission), limited market opportunities, and challenges in securing long-term financing.
- Environmental Concerns:
- Many hydroelectric projects are stalled due to conflicts over contracts, environmental litigation, local opposition, financial constraints, and lack of demand from potential buyers.
- Slow Addition of Hydropower Capacity:
- Over the past decade, only about 10,000 megawatts (MW) of hydropower capacity has been added, reflecting the challenges and limitations in expanding this sector.
- Centre-State Disputes:
- Since water and hydropower are state subjects, disputes among riparian states often delay the construction of hydroelectric projects. The Subansiri Hydroelectric Project is an example of such inter-state conflicts.
Advantages of Hydroelectric Power
- Hydroelectric power offers several advantages that make it a valuable renewable energy source:
Renewable and Non-Consumptive:
- Hydroelectric power utilizes water to generate electricity without consuming it, making this resource renewable and leaving water available for other purposes like irrigation and drinking.
Low Recurring Cost:
- Once constructed, hydropower plants have relatively low recurring costs compared to fossil fuel-based power plants, resulting in cost-effectiveness over the long term.
Cost-Effective:
- Hydroelectricity tends to be less expensive than electricity generated from coal or gas-fired power plants, providing a competitive advantage in terms of operational costs.
Stability and Dependability:
- Hydropower contributes to grid stability by reducing financial losses associated with frequency fluctuations. It is a reliable source of energy that is not affected by inflation, as it does not rely on fossil fuels.
Quick Response for Peak Loads:
- Hydropower stations can quickly start and stop operations, making them ideal for meeting peak electricity demand in grids efficiently.
Complementary with Thermal Power Plants:
- The operational characteristics of hydro and thermal power plants complement each other. A balanced mix of both types maximizes overall capacity utilization and grid stability.
Matching Seasonal Load Curves:
- The seasonal generation pattern of hydropower aligns well with the seasonal load curves of regional grids, contributing to efficient electricity supply management throughout the year.
Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power
While hydroelectric power offers numerous benefits, it also presents several challenges and drawbacks:
Capital-Intensive:
- Developing hydropower projects requires significant upfront investment in infrastructure, including dams, turbines, and transmission lines, making it a capital-intensive form of electricity generation.
Environmental Impact:
- Hydroelectric projects often necessitate the diversion of forested land, particularly in hilly areas where projects are typically located. This can lead to deforestation, habitat loss, and disruption of ecosystems.
Land Submergence and Displacement:
- The construction of dams for hydropower projects can result in the submergence of land, leading to the loss of flora, fauna, and agricultural areas. Additionally, large-scale displacement of communities living in affected areas can occur.
Limited Dam Locations:
- Dams for hydropower generation can only be constructed in specific geographic areas where suitable terrain and water resources exist, limiting the potential for widespread implementation.
Agricultural Impact:
The submergence of land due to reservoir creation can result in the loss of valuable agricultural land, impacting local farming communities and food production