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Mains Previous Year Questions

Q.1) Indian philosophical and literary traditions have given a high importance to scientific knowledge. (UPSC 2019)

Introduction

Indian civilization has always emphasized the integration of philosophy, literature, and science. From the Vedic period to classical Sanskrit texts, scientific reasoning was seen as complementary to spiritual inquiry, showing the holistic approach of Indian thought.

Body

1. Ancient Philosophical Traditions

  • Nyaya & Vaisheshika schools – stressed on logic, inference, and atomistic theory of matter.
  • Samkhya philosophy – explained cosmic evolution using the concepts of Purusha and Prakriti, akin to scientific cosmology.
  • Charvaka materialism – emphasized empirical observation and direct perception.

2. Contributions in Mathematics & Astronomy

  • Sulbasutras (Vedic texts) – developed concepts of geometry for altar construction.
  • Aryabhata – heliocentric ideas, trigonometry, value of π.
  • Varahamihira – astronomical treatises and weather prediction.
  • Bhaskara II – calculus concepts centuries before Newton.

3. Medicine and Life Sciences

  • Ayurveda (Charaka, Sushruta) – systematic study of anatomy, surgery, pharmacology.
  • Yoga & Patanjali Sutras – scientific approach to mental health and well-being.

4. Literary Traditions Supporting Science

  • Panini’s Ashtadhyayi – structured Sanskrit grammar with mathematical precision.
  • Kalidasa’s works – depicted natural phenomena with scientific insights.

5. Integration of Ethics & Science

  • Knowledge was not just for utility but linked to dharma and social good, preventing misuse.

Conclusion

Indian philosophical and literary traditions nurtured scientific inquiry with a strong ethical foundation. They laid the groundwork for rational thought and knowledge systems that continue to inspire modern Indian science.

 

Q.2) Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as business professions, engineering or administration. What are the reasons for this, and what could be done to improve the situation? (UPSC 2014)

Introduction

India aspires to be a global knowledge economy, but the declining quality and quantity of research in universities highlights systemic issues. This weakens innovation and competitiveness compared to developed countries.

Body

Reasons for Decline

  1. Attractiveness of Other Careers – Higher pay, faster promotions, and social recognition in business, civil services, and IT sectors.
  2. Funding Issues – Low R&D investment (0.7% of GDP vs. >2% in developed nations).
  3. Infrastructure Gaps – Lack of advanced labs, access to journals, and global collaborations.
  4. Brain Drain – Talented students migrate abroad for better research ecosystems.
  5. Limited Career Opportunities – Few research-based jobs outside academia.
  6. Excessive Bureaucracy – Slow approval and funding processes discourage innovation.

Measures to Improve

  • Enhancing Funding & Infrastructure – Increase R&D allocation, modern labs in universities.
  • Career Incentives – Better salaries, research-linked promotions, fellowship opportunities.
  • Industry-Academia Collaboration – Strengthen linkages under initiatives like IMPRINT and UAY.
  • Global Exposure – Encourage researcher exchange, joint projects with leading universities.
  • Skill Development – Promote research methodology training from undergraduate level.
  • Innovation Culture – Support start-ups and incubation centres via NIDHI, Atal Innovation Mission.

Conclusion

Revitalizing research in Indian universities requires not only increased investment but also systemic reforms to make scientific careers competitive. A vibrant research ecosystem is crucial for India’s aspirations as a global innovation hub.

 

Q.3) India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), which has the potential of protecting the country’s traditional knowledge, is a unique initiative. How far is it successful in curbing biopiracy? (UPSC 2019)

Introduction

Traditional knowledge (TK) in India, such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Yoga, and Unani, has been exploited through biopiracy, where corporations patent age-old remedies. TKDL, launched in 2001, was designed as a digital repository to safeguard India’s heritage.

Body

Features of TKDL

  • Online database of over 2.9 lakh formulations translated into multiple languages.
  • Access given to major patent offices (USPTO, EPO, etc.) to prevent wrongful patents.
  • Uses International Patent Classification and modern IT tools.

Success in Curbing Biopiracy

  • Helped revoke/reject patents on turmeric (wound healing), neem (pesticidal), and basmati rice.
  • Over 200 patent applications withdrawn/cancelled using TKDL evidence.
  • Recognized globally as a model for protecting indigenous knowledge.

Limitations & Challenges

  • Limited awareness among grassroots communities.
  • Focus mainly on Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani; tribal and folk medicine less documented.
  • Requires expansion to cover biodiversity-related knowledge (medicinal plants, seeds).
  • Need for stronger international recognition under WIPO treaties.

Way Forward

  • Expand scope to all traditional and tribal knowledge.
  • Link TKDL with India’s National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) and Geographical Indications (GI).
  • Collaborate globally to include TK in Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing.

Conclusion

TKDL has been a pioneering step in preventing biopiracy and asserting India’s rights over its traditional knowledge. However, continuous expansion, global legal recognition, and grassroots involvement are needed to fully protect India’s rich intellectual heritage.

 

 Starts @ April 6th

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