APPSC Current Affairs October 2nd 2026

Why in News?

• Gandhi Jayanti was observed on 2 October 2026, marking the 157th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.
• The day is also observed by the United Nations as the International Day of Non-Violence, recognising Gandhi’s enduring contribution to peace and non-violent resistance.

About Mahatma Gandhi?

• Birth: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 at Porbandar in the Kathiawar region of present-day Gujarat.
• Family: He was the youngest child of Karamchand Gandhi, who served as Diwan in several princely States, and Putlibai, whose religious outlook influenced his ideas of truth and self-discipline.
• Marriage: He married Kasturba Gandhi in 1883. They had four sons—Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas.
• Education: After studying in Porbandar and Rajkot, Gandhi travelled to England in 1888 to study law and was called to the Bar in 1891.
• South African Phase: He went to South Africa in 1893, where his experience of racial discrimination, including his removal from a first-class railway compartment at Pietermaritzburg, shaped his struggle against injustice.
• Development of Satyagraha: During more than two decades in South Africa, he organised the Indian community and developed Satyagraha as resistance based on truth and non-violence.
• Return to India: Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and gradually became a central leader of the national movement.
• Death: He was assassinated by Nathuram Godse on 30 January 1948 in New Delhi.

How did Gandhi Transform the National Movement?

• Mass Mobilisation: Gandhi expanded the freedom struggle beyond educated elites by involving peasants, workers, women, students and traders.
• Non-violent Politics: He made Satyagraha, non-cooperation and civil disobedience the principal methods of challenging colonial rule.
• Economic Nationalism: He promoted Swadeshi, khadi and spinning as instruments of self-reliance and resistance to colonial economic exploitation.
• Social Reform: Gandhi connected political freedom with the removal of untouchability, communal harmony, sanitation and rural reconstruction.
• Ethical Discipline: He maintained that political movements must remain non-violent and was prepared to suspend them when violence occurred.
• Constructive Programme: Village industries, cleanliness, basic education and community participation became integral to his vision of Swaraj.

What were Gandhi’s Major Movements?

Early Satyagrahas in India

• Champaran Satyagraha, 1917: Gandhi supported peasants subjected to exploitation under the indigo cultivation system.
• Ahmedabad Mill Strike, 1918: He intervened in a dispute between textile workers and mill owners.
• Kheda Satyagraha, 1918: He supported peasants seeking land-revenue relief after crop failure.

These movements established Gandhi’s ability to connect local economic grievances with the broader anti-colonial struggle.

Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920–22

• The movement emerged against the background of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat issue.
• Gandhi argued that colonial rule depended upon Indian cooperation and could be weakened by its peaceful withdrawal.
• People were encouraged to boycott colonial institutions and promote Swadeshi and khadi.
• Gandhi withdrew the movement after the Chauri Chaura incident of February 1922, in which protesters killed policemen.
• Its withdrawal demonstrated Gandhi’s insistence that mass politics must remain disciplined and non-violent.

Civil Disobedience Movement and Dandi March

• The movement began in 1930 through the deliberate, peaceful violation of unjust colonial laws.
• Gandhi chose the salt tax because salt was an essential commodity affecting all social groups.
• He began the Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram on 12 March 1930 and walked approximately 240 miles before breaking the salt law at Dandi.
• The movement attracted peasants, women, workers, students and traders. Women participated prominently in picketing and protest activities.
• It resulted in widespread arrests but compelled the colonial government to negotiate, leading to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931.

Second Round Table Conference

• The Gandhi-Irwin Pact enabled Gandhi to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931 as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress.
• He demanded responsible government and India’s right to determine its constitutional future.
• Gandhi opposed constitutional arrangements based on separate electorates, believing they could deepen social divisions.
• Disagreements over minority representation prevented a settlement. Gandhi returned without securing Congress demands, and the Civil Disobedience Movement resumed in 1932.

Quit India Movement, 1942

• The movement was launched in August 1942 after the failure of the Cripps Mission.
• Gandhi gave the historic call of “Do or Die” and demanded an immediate end to British rule.
• Gandhi and other leaders were arrested soon after its launch, but resistance spread across the country.
• It became the final major nationwide mass movement led by Gandhi and demonstrated the depth of popular opposition to British rule.

Belgaum Congress Session

• Gandhi presided over the Indian National Congress session at Belgaum in 1924.
• It was the only Congress session over which he presided as President.
• The session reflected his emphasis on khadi, communal harmony, removal of untouchability and constructive work.

What are the Core Ideas of Gandhian Philosophy?

• Satyagraha: Adherence to truth and resistance to injustice through non-violent methods. For Gandhi, it was a moral principle rather than merely a political strategy.
• Ahimsa: Resistance to injustice without hatred or physical violence. It required courage, discipline and respect for human dignity.
• Swaraj: It meant both political self-rule and individual self-discipline, responsibility and moral autonomy.
• Sarvodaya: It referred to the welfare of all, particularly the weakest and most disadvantaged sections.
• Trusteeship: Wealth-holders should treat their resources as a social trust and use them for the wider welfare of society.
• Swadeshi: It promoted indigenous production, local economic activity and self-reliance. Khadi and the charkha became its major symbols.

What were Gandhi’s Important Works?

• Hind Swaraj (1909): Presented Gandhi’s critique of modern civilisation and his understanding of Swaraj.
• The Story of My Experiments with Truth: Gandhi’s autobiography, explaining the development of his ethical, spiritual and political ideas.

What is Gandhi’s International Legacy?

• The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution in 2007 declaring 2 October the International Day of Non-Violence.
• Its objective is to promote non-violence, peace, tolerance and mutual understanding.
• Gandhi’s methods subsequently influenced civil-rights and political-freedom movements across the world.

How is Gandhi Jayanti Observed in India?

• Gandhi Jayanti is one of India’s three national holidays, along with Republic Day and Independence Day.
• The Government of India’s 2026 calendar lists 2 October as a gazetted holiday.
• National commemorations and tributes are organised at Rajghat in New Delhi, where Gandhi’s memorial is located.
• Restrictions on alcohol sales are imposed in several parts of India, although dry-day rules are determined by the excise laws of individual States and Union Territories.

How is Gandhi Jayanti Connected with the Swachh Bharat Mission?

• The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on 2 October 2014, linking sanitation and cleanliness with Gandhi’s emphasis on personal and community hygiene.
• Swachh Bharat Mission–Grameen focuses on rural sanitation and behavioural change.
• Its second phase emphasises sustaining Open Defecation Free status and improving solid and liquid waste management.
• The mission gives contemporary expression to Gandhi’s principles of cleanliness, self-reliance and community participation.

What is the Contemporary Relevance of Gandhian Thought?

• Peaceful Conflict Resolution: Ahimsa and Satyagraha offer methods of resolving disputes through dialogue and resistance without violence.
• Ethical Governance: Gandhi’s emphasis on self-discipline, accountability and public service can strengthen integrity in administration.
• Social Justice: Sarvodaya provides an ethical basis for policies centred on vulnerable and disadvantaged communities.
• Sustainable Development: Moderation and responsible consumption can help address environmental degradation and unsustainable lifestyles.
• Local Self-Reliance: Swadeshi, village industries and community participation remain relevant for decentralised and inclusive development.
• Communal Harmony: Gandhi’s commitment to social unity remains important in addressing polarisation and identity-based conflict.
• Citizen Participation: His constructive programme demonstrates that political freedom must be supported by active civic responsibility.

Conclusion

Mahatma Gandhi transformed India’s freedom struggle by combining mass participation with truth, non-violence and ethical discipline. His vision went beyond political independence to include social justice, economic self-reliance, communal harmony and responsible citizenship. Gandhian principles remain relevant to peaceful conflict resolution, sustainable development and good governance. Their contemporary application can contribute to an inclusive and ethically grounded Viksit Bharat by 2047.