Relevance: :GS Paper II – Polity | Judiciary | Constitutional Bodies GS Paper II – Governance | High Courts | Judicial Appointments
For Prelims:
Article 214, Article 217, Article 222, Article 226, Article 215, Article 235, High Court Chief Justice, Puisne Judge, Collegium System, Warrant of Appointment, Transfer of Judges
For Mains:
Judicial Independence, Collegium System, High Court Administration, Federal Judiciary, Judicial Appointments and Transfers
Why in News?
- Justice Lisa Gill has assumed charge as the Chief Justice of the Andhra Pradesh High Court after being sworn in by Governor S. Abdul Nazeer at Lok Bhavan.
- She took office following the retirement of the previous Chief Justice, Justice Dhiraj Singh Thakur. Her appointment is significant because it reflects the constitutional process of appointment of High Court Chief Justices and also highlights the judicial convention of transferring judges in advance before elevation as Chief Justice.
- This development is important for prelims because questions are frequently asked on High Court appointments, tenure, retirement age, transfer of judges, and writ jurisdiction.
Constitutional Position of High Courts
- The Constitution of India provides for a High Court for each State under Article 214.
- A High Court is the highest judicial authority at the State level and functions as the principal civil and criminal court of original and appellate jurisdiction.
- Some High Courts may serve more than one State or Union Territory. For example, the Punjab and Haryana High Court serves both Punjab and Haryana as well as Chandigarh.
- The Andhra Pradesh High Court functions as the highest constitutional court for the State of Andhra Pradesh.
- High Courts are an essential part of India’s integrated judicial system and act as the link between the Supreme Court and subordinate courts.
Appointment of the Chief Justice of a High Court
Aspect | Key Points |
Constitutional Provision | Article 217 of the Constitution of India |
Appointing Authority | President of India |
Consultation | Chief Justice of India (CJI) and Governor of the State |
Actual Practice | Collegium System (CJI + senior Supreme Court judges recommend names) |
Final Step | President issues Warrant of Appointment |
Eligibility | Citizen of India; 10 years as High Court judge OR 10 years as High Court advocate |
Tenure | Till 62 years of age |
Removal | Only through impeachment by Parliament |
Key Idea | Ensures judicial independence through consultative appointment process |
Oath of Office
- After appointment, the Chief Justice takes the oath of office and secrecy before entering office.
- The oath is administered by the Governor of the State.
The Chief Justice swears to:
- bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution
- uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India
- duly and faithfully perform duties without fear or favour, affection or ill will
- This oath is prescribed under the Third Schedule of the Constitution.
- In the present case, Governor S. Abdul Nazeer adminstered the oath to Justice Lisa Gill.
Transfer of Judges and Article 222
- Before becoming Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court, Justice Lisa Gill had been transferred from the Punjab and Haryana High Court.
- This transfer is governed by Article 222 of the Constitution.
- Under Article 222, the President may transfer a judge from one High Court to another after consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
- A recent judicial convention is that a judge likely to become Chief Justice of a High Court is transferred in advance so that the incoming Chief Justice becomes familiar with the administration and functioning of that court.
- This is not a constitutional requirement but an important administrative practice.
Meaning of Puisne Judge
- Before assuming office as Chief Justice, Justice Lisa Gill served as a puisne judge.
- A puisne judge means a regular judge of a High Court who is not the Chief Justice.
Tenure and Removal
- A judge of a High Court, including the Chief Justice, holds office until the age of 62 years.
- This is an important prelims fact because Supreme Court judges retire at the age of 65 years.
- A High Court judge can resign by writing to the President of India.
- Removal is possible only through impeachment by Parliament on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
The removal process is the same as that of a Supreme Court judge and ensures judicial independence.
Powers and Functions of the Chief Justice
The Chief Justice of a High Court performs both judicial and administrative functions.
Judicial Functions include:
- allocation of cases to benches
- constitution of division benches and full benches
- hearing of important constitutional and public interest cases
- supervision of judicial discipline within the High Court
Administrative Functions include:
- control over High Court administration
- management of judicial roster
- supervision of registry and court administration
- administrative control over subordinate courts under Article 235
- coordination of judicial reforms and digitalisation
- The Chief Justice therefore acts as both a senior constitutional judge and the administrative head of the State judiciary.
Writ Jurisdiction under Article 226
One of the most important powers of the High Court is its writ jurisdiction under Article 226.
The High Court can issue writs for:
- enforcement of Fundamental Rights
• and also for other legal rights - This makes Article 226 broader than Article 32 of the Supreme Court, which is limited mainly to Fundamental Rights.
Court of Record and Supervisory Role
Under Article 215, every High Court is a Court of Record.
This means:
- its records have evidentiary value
- it has the power to punish for contempt of itself
Under Article 235, the High Court exercises control over subordinate courts in the State.
- This includes posting, promotion, discipline, and supervision of district and subordinate judiciary.
CARE MCQ
Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Chief Justice of a High Court:
- The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of India under Article 217.
- The retirement age of a High Court judge is 65 years.
- A High Court can issue writs for both Fundamental Rights and other legal rights.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (a)
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct because Article 217 governs appointment of High Court judges including the Chief Justice.
Statement 2 is incorrect because High Court judges retire at 62 years, while Supreme Court judges retire at 65 years.
Statement 3 is correct because Article 226 allows writs for Fundamental Rights as well as other legal rights.
Therefore, the correct answer is (a)
APPSC Mains Question
Q. Examine the constitutional framework governing the appointment, transfer, and powers of the Chief Justice of a High Court in India.
(250 words)
FAQs
1.Under which Article is the Chief Justice of a High Court appointed?
Ans: The appointment is made under Article 217 of the Constitution of India.
2.Who administers the oath to the Chief Justice of a High Court?
Ans: The Governor of the concerned State administers the oath of office.
3.What is a puisne judge?
Ans: A puisne judge is any regular High Court judge other than the Chief Justice.
4.Which Article deals with transfer of High Court judges?
Ans: Article 222 deals with the transfer of judges from one High Court to another.
5.Why is Article 226 important?
Ans: Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs and provides wider writ jurisdiction than Article 32 of the Supreme Court.
Relevance: : GS Paper III – Environment | Biodiversity | Conservation | International Cooperation
For Prelims:
International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), New Delhi Declaration, Project Tiger, Big Cats, One Health Approach, Wildlife Crime, CITES, NTCA, Transboundary Conservation, Habitat Connectivity
For Mains:
biodiversity diplomacy, wildlife governance, conservation finance, ecological security, habitat fragmentation, transboundary cooperation, sustainable development, climate resilience, species conservation, global environmental leadership.
Why in News?
- The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is preparing a “New Delhi Declaration” for adoption at the upcoming global summit on big cat conservation likely to be held on June 1, 2026.
- This declaration is expected to become the first major international declaration exclusively focused on the conservation of big cats.
- It aims to strengthen cooperation among countries for protecting big cat species through habitat connectivity, wildlife crime prevention, financial mobilization, and a One Health approach.
- The summit follows the growing international recognition of India’s leadership in wildlife conservation, especially after the success of Project Tiger and the formal establishment of the IBCA.
What is the New Delhi Declaration?
- The New Delhi Declaration is a proposed international conservation framework dedicated to the long-term survival of the world’s major big cat species.
- It seeks to establish shared commitments among member countries for habitat protection, anti-poaching efforts, scientific cooperation, and financing support.
- The declaration focuses on landscape-level conservation rather than isolated protected areas, recognizing that big cats require large connected habitats for movement and breeding.
- It also promotes cross-border cooperation because many big cat habitats extend across national boundaries.
- Its adoption would make India the center of a new global institutional framework for big cat conservation diplomacy.
What is the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?
- The International Big Cat Alliance is an India-led intergovernmental alliance created for the protection and conservation of seven major big cat species across the world.
- It was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9 April 2023 during the 50th anniversary celebration of Project Tiger.
- It became a treaty-based international organization on 23 January 2025 with its permanent secretariat located in India.
- The alliance works as a global platform for resource mobilization, knowledge sharing, scientific cooperation, anti-poaching efforts, and conservation policy coordination.
- It is open to both range countries where big cats naturally occur and non-range countries willing to support conservation.
- As of 2026, it has 24 member countries and observers such as Kazakhstan, Namibia, and Thailand.
Seven Big Cats Covered under IBCA
The alliance focuses on the conservation of seven iconic big cat species:- Tiger
- Lion
- Leopard
- Snow Leopard
- Cheetah
- Jaguar
- Puma (Cougar)
- These species are distributed across Asia, Africa, and the Americas and represent both ecological importance and symbolic conservation value.
- India is directly linked to five of these species—tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, and cheetah—making it central to global conservation efforts.
Key Focus Areas of the Declaration
| Key Focus Area | Description |
| Habitat Connectivity | Big cats need large landscapes and uninterrupted corridors for movement. Focus on landscape-level planning and transboundary connectivity across protected areas and national borders. Important for species like snow leopards, tigers, and leopards. |
| Wildlife Crime Prevention | Illegal trade, poaching, and trafficking are major threats. Emphasis on intelligence sharing, legal cooperation, and joint enforcement against organized wildlife crime networks. |
| Finance Mobilization | Conservation requires sustained funding for habitat restoration, anti-poaching infrastructure, compensation systems, and community participation. Focus on mobilizing public and private finance. |
| Scientific Cooperation | Encourages sharing of research, population monitoring, genetic studies, and conservation technologies among countries. |
| Community Participation | Involvement of local communities through livelihood support and human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategies. |
One Health Approach in Big Cat Conservation
- The declaration strongly supports the One Health approach.
- One Health recognizes that the health of wildlife, livestock, ecosystems, and human beings is interconnected.
- Emerging zoonotic diseases often originate from wildlife-human interaction zones, especially where habitat fragmentation increases contact.
- Protecting big cat ecosystems therefore also contributes to public health security.
- Healthy forests reduce disease risks, maintain ecological balance, and improve resilience against climate shocks.
India’s Role in Global Big Cat Conservation
| Area | Prelims-Specific Facts |
| Tiger Population | India hosts ~75% of the world’s wild tigers (as per latest All India Tiger Estimation). |
| Asiatic Lion | Found only in Gir landscape (Gujarat); only wild population in the world. |
| Snow Leopard | India has ~10–15% of global population; found in trans-Himalayan regions (Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh). |
| Cheetah Reintroduction | Under Project Cheetah (2022), African cheetahs introduced in Kuno National Park (Madhya Pradesh). India lost native cheetah in 1952 (declared extinct). |
| Protected Areas | India has 50+ Tiger Reserves under Project Tiger (NTCA is nodal authority). |
Project Tiger and Institutional Support
- Project Tiger was launched in 1973 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme for tiger conservation.
- It is implemented through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
- Its objectives include protecting tiger habitats, maintaining viable populations, reducing poaching, and preserving biodiversity-rich ecosystems.
- India now has one of the world’s strongest tiger reserve systems under this programme.
- The success of Project Tiger laid the foundation for India’s leadership in the International Big Cat Alliance.
Significance of the New Delhi Declaration
- It will likely become the first formal global declaration exclusively dedicated to big cat conservation.
- It strengthens international environmental diplomacy through practical conservation cooperation rather than symbolic commitments.
- It positions India as the institutional hub of global big cat governance.
- The declaration also integrates biodiversity conservation with climate resilience, public health, and sustainable development goals.
- By promoting finance, connectivity, and crime prevention together, it creates a more realistic and implementation-focused conservation model.
- It may also strengthen international pressure against illegal wildlife trade networks.
Way Forward
- IBCA membership should be expanded to include more range countries, especially from Africa and Latin America.
- Dedicated global conservation funds should be created for long-term habitat management and conflict compensation.
- Cross-border wildlife corridors must be protected through formal bilateral and regional agreements.
- Technology such as satellite tracking, camera traps, AI surveillance, and DNA forensics should be expanded.
Conclusion
- The New Delhi Declaration represents a major step in transforming big cat conservation from isolated national efforts into coordinated global governance.
- It recognizes that protecting big cats means protecting forests, water systems, climate resilience, and public health itself.
- India’s leadership through the International Big Cat Alliance reflects both ecological responsibility and strategic environmental diplomacy.
CARE MCQ
Q. With reference to the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), consider the following statements:
- It was launched during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger.
- It covers tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and rhinoceros.
- It is an India-led intergovernmental organization for global big cat conservation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (a)
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct : IBCA was launched in 2023 during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger.
Statement 2 is incorrect : rhinoceros is not included; puma is included instead.
Statement 3 is correct : IBCA is an India-led intergovernmental conservation alliance.
Q. With reference to the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) and the conservation status of big cats, consider the following statements:
- The International Big Cat Alliance was launched to protect all seven major big cats, including species that are not naturally found in India.
- The Snow Leopard is classified as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- The Alliance promotes knowledge sharing and capacity building among range countries to address issues such as human-wildlife conflict.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Ans: (b)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is an India-led global conservation initiative aimed at protecting seven major big cats—Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma. It includes species such as Jaguar and Puma, which are not found in the wild in India. This reflects India’s effort to promote global rather than only national big cat conservation. Therefore, this statement is correct.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Snow Leopard is currently listed as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List, not Critically Endangered. It was earlier classified as Endangered but was later downlisted in 2017 after reassessment of its global population. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct: One of the major objectives of the IBCA is to strengthen cooperation among big cat range countries through knowledge sharing, technical support, training, and capacity building. It also focuses on common challenges such as habitat loss, poaching, climate change, and human-wildlife conflict mitigation. Hence, this statement is correct.
Q. Consider the following statements regarding the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF):
- WWF focuses only on protecting endangered species such as the giant panda and tiger.
- It collaborates with IUCN in areas such as species monitoring and protected area management.
- WWF works only in developing countries with high biodiversity and has no significant role in developed countries.
- WWF played an important role in establishing the TRAFFIC network for monitoring wildlife trade.
How many of the above statements are incorrect?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
Ans: (b)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Although WWF is well known for protecting flagship species like the giant panda, tiger, rhino, and elephant, its work is much broader. It also focuses on habitat conservation, climate change, freshwater systems, forests, oceans, and sustainable development. Therefore, saying it focuses only on endangered animals is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct: WWF works closely with organizations such as the IUCN in areas like biodiversity assessment, species conservation, habitat protection, and management of protected areas. Their collaboration helps improve scientific conservation planning and implementation. Hence, this statement is correct.
Statement 3 is incorrect: WWF operates globally and is active in both developing and developed countries. Environmental issues such as climate change, wildlife trade, and habitat degradation are global concerns, so WWF’s work is not limited only to biodiversity-rich developing nations. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
Statement 4 is correct: WWF, in partnership with IUCN, played a major role in establishing TRAFFIC, the international wildlife trade monitoring network. TRAFFIC works to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals does not threaten biodiversity. Hence, this statement is correct.
Q. With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), consider the following statements:
- The IUCN is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for setting global environmental policy.
- The IUCN Red List categories help inform the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
- The IUCN works with governments and NGOs in implementing conservation projects on the ground.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Ans: (b
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: The IUCN is not a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is an independent international organization that includes governments, government agencies, NGOs, scientists, and civil society groups as members. Although it works closely with the UN and supports global environmental policy, it is not formally a UN body. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct: The IUCN Red List provides scientific assessment of species’ conservation status such as Vulnerable, Endangered, and Critically Endangered. These assessments are often used to guide decisions under CITES, especially for determining which species should be placed under different appendices for trade regulation. Hence, this statement is correct.
Statement 3 is correct: The IUCN actively collaborates with governments, NGOs, local communities, and international agencies to implement practical conservation measures. Its role is not limited to assessment; it also supports field-level conservation projects, protected area management, and biodiversity restoration efforts. Therefore, this statement is correct.
FAQs
Q1. What is the International Big Cat Alliance?
Ans: It is an India-led global intergovernmental alliance for conserving seven major big cat species across the world.
Q2. What is the New Delhi Declaration?
Ans: It is a proposed international declaration focused on global cooperation for big cat conservation.
Q3. Which seven species are covered under IBCA?
Ans: Tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and puma.
Q4. Why is One Health important in wildlife conservation?
Ans: Because wildlife health, ecosystem health, livestock health, and human health are interconnected.
Q5. Which programme made India a global leader in tiger conservation?
Ans: Project Tiger, launched in 1973, made India the global leader in tiger conservation.
Relevance: : GS Paper II – International Relations | GS Paper III – Economy | International Trade
For Prelims:
Free Trade Agreement (FTA), Tariff Elimination, Rules of Origin, Market Access, Make in India, Trade Diversification, Investment Facilitation, Bilateral Trade, Services Trade, Mobility Provisions
For Mains:
economic diplomacy, strategic trade partnership, supply chain resilience, export diversification, investment-led growth, global value chains, trade competitiveness, Indo-Pacific cooperation, economic integration, development partnership
Why in News?
- India and New Zealand signed a historic Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in New Delhi, marking a major step in strengthening bilateral economic and strategic relations.
- The agreement was signed by Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal and New Zealand Trade Minister Todd McClay.
- Under the agreement, New Zealand will eliminate tariffs on all goods imported from India, while India will reduce or eliminate tariffs on nearly 95% of imports from New Zealand.
- The agreement also includes provisions for investment facilitation, services, mobility of professionals and students, agricultural cooperation, and stronger people-to-people ties.
- This FTA is expected to significantly boost trade, generate jobs, attract investment, and deepen India’s engagement in the Indo-Pacific region.
What is the India–New Zealand FTA?
- The India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement is a bilateral trade pact aimed at reducing trade barriers and promoting deeper economic cooperation between the two countries.
- It seeks to improve market access for goods and services, encourage investment flows, simplify customs procedures, and create predictable business conditions for investors and exporters.
- The agreement reflects a shift from traditional tariff-focused negotiations toward a broader economic partnership involving investment, technology, education, and strategic cooperation.
- It still requires ratification by New Zealand’s Parliament and is expected to come into force within the year.
Key Provisions of the Agreement
Tariff Elimination by New Zealand
- New Zealand will eliminate tariffs on 100% of goods imported from India.
- This gives Indian exporters full preferential access to the New Zealand market and improves competitiveness for Indian products such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, gems and jewellery, engineering goods, and processed food.
Tariff Reduction by India
- India will remove or reduce tariffs on 95% of imports from New Zealand.
- This includes products such as dairy-linked inputs, agricultural products, advanced machinery, education services, and technology-intensive goods.
Investment Commitment
- New Zealand will facilitate nearly $20 billion of investments into India over the next 15 years.
- This is expected to support manufacturing, infrastructure, renewable energy, agribusiness, and innovation sectors.
Services and Mobility
- The agreement includes provisions for easier movement of professionals, students, researchers, and skilled workers.
- This supports India’s services exports and strengthens educational and technological cooperation.
Agricultural Cooperation
- The agreement promotes agricultural productivity, research collaboration, and market linkages while balancing domestic farmer interests.
What is a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?
- A Free Trade Agreement is an arrangement between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate tariffs and non-tariff barriers on trade between them.
- Its objective is to increase trade flows, improve competitiveness, attract investments, and strengthen long-term economic cooperation.
- Unlike a Customs Union, in an FTA each member country retains its own trade policy toward non-member countries.
Main Features of an FTA
- Reduction or elimination of tariffs
- Removal of non-tariff barriers such as quotas and licensing restrictions
- Rules of Origin to prevent misuse of tariff benefits
- Trade facilitation through simpler customs procedures
- Investment protection and dispute resolution mechanisms
- Cooperation in services, digital trade, and mobility
Challenges and Concerns
Area | Key Points |
Domestic Industry Pressure | Agriculture and dairy sectors vulnerable to import competition; requires phased tariff liberalization and safeguard mechanisms. |
Rules of Origin | Risk of trade deflection where third-country goods enter via FTA partner; necessitates strict Rules of Origin norms. |
Revenue Impact | Reduction in import duties may lead to short-term decline in customs revenue. |
Non-Tariff Barriers | SPS (Sanitary & Phytosanitary) and TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) measures like food safety standards, environmental norms, and certification can still restrict exports. |
Make in India and FTA
- FTAs provide market access for Indian manufactured goods, supporting export-led growth under the Make in India initiative.
- Encourage integration into global value chains (GVCs) by reducing tariffs on intermediate goods and inputs.
- Attract foreign direct investment (FDI) as firms set up manufacturing bases in India to benefit from FTA market access.
- Promote technology transfer and competitiveness in sectors like electronics, automobiles, and engineering goods.
- Risk of import surge may affect domestic industries if competitiveness is low; requires safeguards.
- Alignment with Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes to boost domestic manufacturing and exports.
Way Forward
- India must ensure effective implementation rather than only signing agreements.
- Export competitiveness should be strengthened through logistics reforms, quality standards, and market intelligence support.
- MSMEs should be integrated into FTA benefits through easier compliance systems.
- Agricultural safeguards must protect vulnerable sectors while promoting high-value exports.
Conclusion
- The India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement marks an important milestone in India’s economic diplomacy and strategic trade expansion.
- It reflects a shift from protection-based trade thinking toward competitiveness, diversification, and investment-led growth.
- Beyond tariffs, it builds a long-term partnership based on trust, resilience, and shared Indo-Pacific interests.
- If implemented effectively, this agreement can become a model for future trade partnerships and strengthen India’s path toward becoming a global manufacturing and economic hub.
CARE MCQ
Q. With reference to Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), consider the following statements:
- In a Free Trade Agreement, member countries remove tariffs among themselves but retain independent trade policies with non-member countries.
- A Customs Union is less integrated than a Free Trade Agreement because it only removes tariffs.
- Rules of Origin are used to prevent third-country goods from unfairly enjoying tariff concessions.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (a)
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct : FTA members remove tariffs among themselves while maintaining separate external trade policies.
Statement 2 is incorrect : a Customs Union is more integrated than an FTA as it includes a Common External Tariff.
Statement 3 is correct : Rules of Origin prevent misuse of tariff benefits by third countries.
Q.With reference to the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) and the conservation status of big cats, consider the following statements:
- The International Big Cat Alliance was launched to protect all seven major big cats, including species that are not naturally found in India.
- The Snow Leopard is classified as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- The Alliance promotes knowledge sharing and capacity building among range countries to address issues such as human-wildlife conflict.
- The headquarters of the International Big Cat Alliance is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
Ans: (b
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is an India-led global initiative for the conservation of seven major big cats—Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma. It includes species like Jaguar and Puma, which are not found in India, showing its global conservation approach. Therefore, this statement is correct.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Snow Leopard is classified as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List, not Critically Endangered. It was earlier listed as Endangered and was downlisted in 2017 after reassessment. Hence, this statement is incorrect
Statement 3 is correct: A major objective of the IBCA is to encourage knowledge sharing, training, and capacity building among big cat range countries. It also focuses on habitat conservation, anti-poaching measures, and reducing human-wildlife conflict. Therefore, this statement is correct.
Statement 4 is incorrect: The headquarters of the International Big Cat Alliance is located in India, not in Geneva, Switzerland. It is an India-led initiative announced under India’s conservation diplomacy efforts. Hence, this statement is incorrect.
Q. Consider the following statements regarding the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF):
- WWF focuses only on the protection of endangered animal species such as the giant panda and tiger.
- WWF collaborates with IUCN in areas such as species monitoring and protected area management.
- WWF works only in developing countries with rich biodiversity.
- WWF played an important role in establishing the TRAFFIC network for monitoring wildlife trade.
How many of the above statements are incorrect?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
Ans: (b)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Although WWF is known for protecting iconic species like the giant panda and tiger, its work is much broader. It also focuses on forests, freshwater systems, oceans, climate change, and sustainable development. Therefore, saying it works only for endangered animals is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct: WWF collaborates with the IUCN on several conservation initiatives such as biodiversity monitoring, species conservation, and protected area management. This helps strengthen scientific conservation efforts globally. Hence, this statement is correct.
Statement 3 is incorrect: WWF is a global organization and works in both developing and developed countries. Environmental issues such as biodiversity loss and climate change are global concerns and require worldwide action. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
Statement 4 is correct: WWF played a major role, along with IUCN, in establishing TRAFFIC, the international wildlife trade monitoring network. TRAFFIC helps ensure that trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten species survival. Hence, this statement is correct.
Q. With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), consider the following statements:
- The IUCN is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for setting global environmental policy.
- The IUCN Red List categories help in determining species listed under the appendices of CITES.
- The IUCN works with governments and NGOs in implementing conservation projects on the ground.
- The IUCN was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Gland, Switzerland.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
Ans: (c)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect:The IUCN is not a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is an independent international organization consisting of governments, NGOs, scientists, and civil society organizations. Although it works closely with the UN, it is not formally a UN agency. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct: The IUCN Red List provides scientific assessment of species’ conservation status such as Vulnerable, Endangered, and Critically Endangered. These assessments are widely used in decisions under CITES for regulating international wildlife trade. Hence, this statement is correct.
Statement 3 is correct: The IUCN actively works with governments, NGOs, and local communities to implement practical conservation measures such as habitat restoration, species protection, and biodiversity management. Therefore, this statement is correct.
Statement 4 is correct: The IUCN was established in 1948 and its headquarters is located in Gland, Switzerland. It is one of the world’s oldest and most important environmental organizations. Hence, this statement is correct.
FAQs
Q1. What is a Free Trade Agreement?
Ans: It is an agreement between countries to reduce or eliminate tariffs and trade barriers to increase economic cooperation.
Q2. What is special about the India–New Zealand FTA?
Ans: New Zealand will eliminate tariffs on all Indian goods, while India will reduce tariffs on 95% of New Zealand imports.
Q3. Why is this FTA important for India?
Ans: It boosts exports, attracts investment, strengthens Make in India, and supports Indo-Pacific strategic partnerships.
Q4. What are Rules of Origin?
Ans: They determine the national source of a product and prevent misuse of FTA tariff benefits.
Q5. How does the FTA support Make in India?
Ans: It brings investment, technology access, and export opportunities that strengthen India’s manufacturing ecosystem.
