This chapter explains violations of the safeguards given to Telangana at the time of formation of Andhra Padesh on 1st, November 1956. Previous chapters explained about the protections provided to Telangana.

• Telangana people seriously opposed the merger with Andhra.
• Then the Adilabad Member of Parliament Sri. Madhava Reddy garu submitted the details of the resentment of Telangana people to the Parliament.
• According to him 150 institutions of Telangana passed resolutions against the merger of Telangana with Andhra State, 30 Municipality committees, 100 Gram Panchayats, 53 Student Organizations, and 8 Bar Associations, Hyderabad Municipal Corporation etc. passed resolutions for a separate Telangana State.
• Complete Hartal was observed in twenty towns.
• Ten meetings were conducted at different places for separate Telangana, several thousand people attended these meetings and passed resolutions against the merger of two states.
• On 25th Nov. 1955 complete Hartal was observed in the Twin Cities (taken from the speech of Madhava Reddy given in Parliament).

• Besides resentment, opposition from Telangana people, the State reorganization commission also said that, unless the Telangana people accept the merger, two regions should not be merged.
• The Commission further said that people should voluntarily accept the merger.
• The Reorganization Commission recognized the right of the Telangana people to decide their future.

• Jawaharlal Nehru said that the slogan Vishalandhra’ itself included imperialistic attitude and did not accept the formation of Vishalandhra for a long period.
• On 8th and 9th December 1955 Congress Working Committee made a detailed discussion on the Fazal Ali Commission report.
• Except the recommendations related to Telangana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, other recommendations of the Commission were approved.
• To discuss Telangana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh issues, the Working Committee constituted a subcommittee; the then Congress Party president U.N.Dhebar, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Govind Ballabh Pant, and Moulana Abul Kalam Azad were the other members of the subcommittee.
• Leaders belonging to Andhra and Telangana submitted their opinion to the subcommittee.
• All Telangana leaders at the beginning opposed the merger, but later some Telangana leaders like ChiefMinister Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Swamy Ramanada Teertha and his followers had taken a decision in favor of the merger.
• One deputy Minister of the Ramakrishna Rao Cabinet and some other leaders of the City Congress Committee supported the Chief Minister.
• But majority members of Telangana Congress Party. (district units of Congress Party), City Congress Party unit, all Ministers (except one deputy Minister) demanded that Telangana should remain as a separate state.

• • Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy in his life history expressing his opinion said that Telangana leaders opposed the merger and asked for the continuation of a separate State, with two reasons.

1. Telangana people strongly oppose the merger. Delegates elected to participate in Telangana Regional Pradesh Committee, 73 delegates out of 105 passed a resolution demanding a separate state. 21 delegates supported Vishalandhra, 11 delegates expressed no opinion (Golconda paper dated 31 October 1955).
2. Second reason for opposing the merger was the fear of domination. And fear of exploitation by the rulers belonging to Andhra region.

• Andhra leaders collectively worked for the formation of Vishalandhra. They said that in case of formation of Vishalandhra, both regions can utilize resources collectively and both regions can develop rapidly.
• In fact, the Andhra leaders wanted to solve their problems like lack of Capital City, shortage of funds, domination over river water, etc. and increase their pressure on central leaders.
• Because of their long intimacy, relations, affections with Delhi leaders. (Telangana leaders lacked the same because of their historical background i.e. they were in Nizam state), they thought of doing things in their favor.

• • Central Congress leaders declared that, merger will not take place without the approval of Telangana people.
  • They asked the Andhra leaders to convince Telangana people, not the Delhi leaders and said that Centre is not ready to impose any decision undemocratically on Telangana.
  • Further, they also said that the Centre has no objection to Andhra leaders coordinating and convincing Telangana people.
  • The Central Government informed Andhra leaders that it will implement the state re- organization committee’s report as it is, if both regions fail to find a suitable alternative which is acceptable for both regions.

• Congress Party passed a resolution stating that; state reorganization shall be completed before 1957 elections.
• That resolution created fear among Andhra leaders that, if they fail now, Vishalandhra dream will never be fulfilled.
• Hence both Centre and Andhra leaders intensified their efforts, for the closure of issue (by Centre), merger (by Andhra leaders).

• • • At This juncture , Andhra leaders thought that the merger can be achieved by suggesting safeguards to Telangana and the same idea was placed before the Delhi leaders.
    • Reasons are best known to them, but Central leaders also came to a conclusion for the merger and started pressure on Telangana leaders, in spite of the fact that 99% Telangana people wanted a separate state.
    • Congress president Dhebar and Panth called K.V. Ranga Reddy and asked him to compromise for the formation of the state.
    • Telangana leaders demanded for satisfactory safeguards for Telangana for merger.
    • At this point’ Gentlemen’s Agreement had taken place, but both region’s leaders and central leaders did not declare the same openly.

• Above developments proved that Telangana got some safeguards at the time of merger.
• Government activities, policies of united Andhra Pradesh have to be assessed and analyzed on the lines of protections assured to Telangana.
• Telangana people and leaders were assessing violations of protections on the basis of the protections given to Telangana at the time of merger.
• Injustices done to Telangana In united Andhra Pradesh state have also been assessed on those guidelines only.

The Gentlemen’s Agreement consists of 14 points. Out of which ‘8’ are important, those are:

1. The expenditure of the central and general administration of the state should be divided proportionately by the two regions and the balance of income from Telangana should be reserved for expenditure on the development of Telangana region.
2. The existing educational facilities in Telangana should be secured to   Telangana only and further improved.
3. Future recruitment to government service will be on the basis of population from both the regions.
4. Mulki rules should be followed in the recruitments related to Telangana posts.
5. Sale of agricultural lands in Telangana area is to be controlled by the Regional Council

1)The Regional Council will consist of 20 members, which is as follows: 9 members of the Assembly representing each district of Telangana to be elected by the Assembly members of the Telangana districts separately. 6 members from the Assembly or the Parliament elected by the Telangana representatives of the Assembly. 5 members from outside Assembly to be elected by the Telangana members of Assembly.

6. All Ministers from Telangana area will be members and the council will supervise the above mentioned points and prepare plans for the development of Telangana on the lines of Andhra Pradesh state plan.
7. Both regions shall get their share in the state cabinet on the basis of population, two out of following portfolios will be assigned to Ministers from Telangana-Home, Finance Revenue, Planning, Industries and Commercial taxes. If the Chief Minister is from Andhra, the Deputy Chief Minister will be from Telangana and vice -versa.
8. The Hyderabad Pradesh Congress Committee should be continued till the year of 1962.

• Apart from the conditions mentioned above, following actions shall be taken as per the State Reorganization Act.
• Section 108(2) says that, the projects which are under construction and the projects which have Central Government approval shall not be stopped without the approval of the Central Government.
• Section 115(7) says that service conditions of the employees should not be amended in the manner, which may cause loss to them.
• Section 115 (5) says that, for the unification of Andhra Pradesh employees, and to do justice to all, the Central Government will appoint an advisory committee.

Regional Council:

• Andhra Leaders did not show any interest in the implementation of their own initiated Gentlemen’s Agreement.
• Violation of agreements had begun even before the formation of Andhra Pradesh
• According to the Gentlemen’s Agreement, a vast powered Regional Council should have been formed.
• According to the original text, the council has to supervise the entire Gentlemen’s Agreement.
• The council also has the power to prepare a plan for Telangana, on the lines of Andhra Pradesh State plan, Regional Council would be like a mini government.
• Had it been formed, Telangana would have got a platform to express its political opinions, and also an independent political leadership would have developed.

• The Central Government proposed Telangana Regional Committee”, instead of Telangana Regional Council’.
• Contrary To the original text, the Central government proposed Telangana Regional Committee instead of Telangana Regional Council’ at the time of introduction of Note on Safeguards’ before the Parliament.
• Regional committee’s powers and constitution was totally different from the council, and weaker than the council.
• Established committee is like a Telangana Regional Legislative committee and has no powers to prepare plans according to the necessities and ambitions of Telangana.
• Committee can only make non-financial recommendations.
• In this way the committee remained only as an advisory body.
• Committee did not have the power to implement the supervisory powers of Mulki rules, no powers to supervise higher education, or prepare plans according to the funds allotted by the government.
• In this way by forming a weak Telangana Committee in place of a strong Telangana Council was the first violation of Telangana rights.

Another violation:

• Signature ink on the Gentleman’s agreement was not yet dried up, a blatant violation related to agreement took place.
• According to the agreement the Chief Minister was from Andhra, the Deputy Chief minister would be from Telangana and Vice-Versa.

1. Sanjeeva Reddy became the ChiefMinister to Andhra Pradesh, but he refused to appoint a Dy. Chief minister stated it as a sixth finger.

• Important portfolio’s, were not given to Telangana Ministers, or some departments were divided or important portions of those departments were kept with the Chief Minister.Important portfolios were allotted to Andhra leaders.
• The Andhra leaders who signed the Gentlemen’s Agreement violated their own promises:
• With this, one can understand the intentions of Andhra leaders towards Telangana.

• After some time though few important portfolios were given to Telangana leaders, cleverly the ministry was split.Injustice was done by manipulation.
• The Home department was given to Telangana without Law and Order Power (ChiefMinister retained Law and order), Trade and Industries departments were separated.
• Even the industry portfolio was divided as big, medium and small industries and one part was given to Telangana leaders.
• The same attitude was in the Irrigation Department.Similar violations took place in other areas also.
• According to the agreement, upto 1962 separate Telangana Congress Committee should continue.
• But it was abolished in 1957 and merged with the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee.
• With this, Telangana lost the opportunity to develop their independent political leadership.
• If Telangana had its own Pradesh Congress committee, it would have got representation at national level, opportunity to take a decision on its regional problems and also power to allot tickets to Telangana candidates who wanted to contest elections.
• Supremacy of Andhra leaders over Telangana increased after the formation of a single AP Pradesh Congress committee.
• With the introduction of Panchayath Raj system, sustenance of leaders and local governments also went into the hands of Andhra leaders.
• Particularly after the origin of the tradition to decide Panchayath Samithi Presidents and Zilla Parishad Chairman from Hyderabad, Andhra dominance over Telangana was further increased.
• Andhra leaders encouraged Telangana leaders who were submissive to them.
• With these developments Telangana lost its political identity. Except the leaders who emerged before independence, other Telangana leaders were not allowed to develop.

Violations in Irrigation sector:

• Irreparable loss was caused to Telangana in the irrigation sector.
• As per law all projects which got permissions and under construction should have been completed in time.But this did not happen with the projects in Telangana.
• If The following projects were completed, Telangana would have had a great immigration system.

• Above mentioned figures are related to allotments to Telangana. In fact actual available water under Sriram Sagar project was not exceeding 65 TMCs, Nagarjuna Sagar not exceeding 90 TMCs.
• It means Telangana was receiving less than the 91 TMCs, less than the allotted water to Telangana. Telangana was receiving only 197 TMCs out of the allotted 1050 TMCs (from both Krishna and Godavari).
• Combined Andhra Pradesh state did not show interest in providing water to Telangana.
• 811 TMCs of Krishna and 14850 TMC water of Godavari were allotted to Andhra Pradesh.
• On the basis of river flowing area, the cultivated area ofTelangana should have got  1500 TMCs water.
• Even on the basis of backwardness Telangana projects should have got priority in getting water.
• Irrigated area in Telangana was very low even after the Third Five year plan, Out of total cultivation in Telangana, 16.6% land had the water source.
• At The same time 48.3%Andhra land had the water facility.
• 80% of Telangana land was being cultivated under wells and tanks.
• In spite ofTelangana backwardness, during Second Five year plan (1956-67) and Third Five year plan (1961-66) periods, government spent Rs. 93.67 crores in Andhra and 56.76 crores in Telangana for providing irrigation facility, which resulted in diference between two regions.
• Telangana was getting only 200 TMCs from major projects, and will get another 100 TMCs after the completion of the proposed projects.

Pochampadu Project :

• Multipurpose project on Godavari is called Pochampadu Sriram Sagar project and it was planned by the Nizam  government.
• Project was designed to store 260 TM Cs and 20 lacksacres cultivation.
• As a part of the Pochampadu project, the Nizam government decided to construct reservoirs. One at Kadem and another is at Lower Manair Dam.
• Nizam also decided to construct the Pochampadu Project near Kistapuram village.
• All these were reduced by the Andhra Pradesh government and constructed with 66 TMC capacity for 5.7 lacs irrigated areas.
• The Andhra Pradesh government did not show commitment in constructing even the reduced capacity project on the pretext of disputes with Maharashtra and Karnataka governments.
• Telangana Regional Committee made several visits to Delhi and got permission for those projects .
• On 26 July 1963 Prime Minister laid down the foundation stone to the project with the proposed construction cost of 40.00 crores.Andhra Pradesh government did not allot funds, upto 1968.
• Government spent only 9.77 crores on this project. Had it been included in the second Five Year plan, the project would have been completed early.

Nagarjuna Sagar Project :

• To provide water to both Telangana and Andhra regions, before independence, Nizam and Madras state combinedly made surveys for the construction of a project at Nandi Konda on the river Krishna.
• In the year 1955 project construction work was started (as per the revised plan recommendation made by the Khosla committee in the year 1955).
• As per the original plan, this project was to provide water to 18.58 lacs acres to Guntur and Nellore through right canal, left canal will provide water to 10 lacs acres to Nalgonda and Khammam districts and also decided to provide water to 2.93 lacs acres of Krishna and West Godavari districts through left canal.
• Later the Andhra Pradesh government changed the project’s design.
• Irrigated area under the left canal was reduced to 5.2 lacs acres, whereas another 3. 11 lacs irrigated area was increased in Andhra region.
• Because of the release of water through sluices, water level fell down, and because of reduced levels of water, the Ieft canal failed to supply assured water to Telangana.
• But at the same time Krishna delta received sufficient water.
• Up to 1968, the government spent Rs. 37.80 crore on the right canal but only Rs. 26.58 crore was spent on the left canal.
• With the result that by 1968 Andhra region got 5.6 lakhs irrigated land whereas Telangana got only 0.9 lacs acres.

Agriculture Sector :

• Discriminative attitude of Andhra rulers in the irrigation sector caused irreparable loss to Telangana agriculture sector.
• Similar discrimination was shown in the Telangana agriculture sector also.
• For the development of agriculture, the Andhra Pradesh government spent Rs. 35.43 crore (between 1950- 1968) in the Andhra area, but spent only 15.66 crores in the Telangana region.
• In other words, government expenditure in this area is 2.2: 1.
• If we consider Telangana irrigated land, this region should get 41.9% resources of united Andhra Pradesh.
• During that period, the total irrigated land in Telangana area was 1.13 crore acres and in Andhra 1.58 acres. Even according to these calculations, the expenditure ratio between Andhra and Telangana must be 5:4. That means Telangana share is 21.36 crores but got only 15.66 crores.

Employment:

• Continuation of Mulki rule is one of the main conditions of the Gentlemen’s Agreement.
• Mulki force during the period of Nizam rule.
• According to Mulki rules, to get employment,  one has to follow the residential condition.
• According to the changed conditions, after independence a need arises to make a new law according to the Constitution.

• Article 16(3) says that Parliament has the power to make law to decide the residential conditions of employment.
• Article 85(A) says that only Parliament has the power to make such laws, not state legislatures.
• In the year 1957 Parliament approved employment (residential eligibility) law.
• The same came into force on 7 December 1957 after the assent of the president.

• The said Act gave power to the Central Government to impose conditions related to residential eligibility, concemed to Telangana, Manipur, Tripura and Himachal Pradesh regions according to the section 3 subsection (A) and(C).
• In the year 1959 the Centre had issued condítions to decide on Andhra Pradesh government employment (residential eligibility).
• After these regulations all previous conditions were automatically abolished.

• A few conditions were laid down to get employment in the government.
• 15 years permanent residence was made eligible to apply for jobs in local government institutions.
• Similarly jobs in Secretariat, Head Departments, for two out three jobs, residence eligibility shall be followed.
• Local reservations shall be applicable to the recruitments whether it is a direct, transfer, or by promotion.
• Only Mulkis are eligible for temporary recruitments.
• Exemptions may be given to residential eligibility in some special occasions.But reasons must be explained in writing.
• List of recruitment made by giving exemption to residential eligibility shall be published in gazette every four months
• A Copy of that gazette shall be submitted to the Central Government. Leaders thought that this clause would stop the misuse of the exemption condition.

Public Works Department (P.W.D):

• Provisional list of this department was prepared in April 1963 and was released in April 1964, after a court verdict to that effect.
• Unified service list of supervisors revealed that there was a violation of the seniority list between the number 194 to 574; they got promoted as Assistant Engineers.
• After the publication of the unified service list that anomaly (illegal promotions) could have been rectified by abolishing such promotions.
• The promotions should have been given to Telangana employees.
• Telangana employees complained the same to the Union Government.
• Central Government Advisory committee refused those promotions and informed the same on 24.12.1965.
• The Andhra Pradesh government did not follow Central Government advice on the pretext that the issue related to service matters of PWD was before the court.
• At the beginning, the Central Government was firm on the implementation of a committee’s decision, but after the third exchange  between State and Central Government -The Central Government, reasons best known to them, accepted A.P. Government request, In this mannerA.P. Government protected the interests ofAndhra employees at the cost of Telangana employees.
• In case of similar situations against theTelangana employees,A.P. Government Implemented immediately.
• Interestingly the court also accepted Telangana employees plea in this issue i.e., Central Government committee’s advice. Even the court verdict was also not implemented.
• Had the government implemented the court verdict, 5 Chief Engineers, 18 Superintendent Engineers, 13 Executive Engineers, and 265 Assistant Engineers who belonged to Andhra region would have got reversions.
• To protect all those Andhra employees, the A.P. government did not care even about the court verdict.

Education Department

• Similar problems like that of PWD also arose in the education department.
• In those days non trained candidates were first appointed and an opportunity was given to them to get trained in later days. Such candidates were paid less salary.In Telangana such candidates were paid 85-175 scales instead of Rs. 154.275.
• When it was complained to officials, they insulted them and advised Telangana Employees to go and approach the Hyderabad government.
• Even after 12 years of the Hyderabad state’s existence, such employee’s services were not .
• They lived under the threat of being terminated on any day with no security to their services.
• Promotions were refused to the teachers who were appointed during the Nizam period.

Surplus Funds:

• As per the Gentlemen’s Agreement, the expenditure of the central and general administration of the state should be borne proportionately by the two regions and the balance of income from Telangana region should be reserved for expenditure on the development of Telangana region.
• Two ambiguities are there in this condition.

–           One is that it did not define what central and general administration was.

–           Second condition said that expenditure should be borne proportionately but it did not mention the ratio’.

• To remove this ambiguity A.P. State finance department in the year 1957 issued the following guidelines.

1)   Expenditure related to the Governor’s office, Secretariat, Assembly, Public Service Commission Head of Department offices, Revenue Board, Government central press and stationery Maintenance ofHostel etc should be made in the ratio 2:1 from Andhra and Telangana regions income.

2)   Till October 31, 1956 pension expenditure of both regions would be met from their regions income. Pension expenditure of the AP state after its formation would be paid on a 2:1 ratio from Andhra and Telangana regions.

3)   Until October 31, 1956 interests on loans of both regions would be met from their region’s income. Regarding the combined state interest on loans would be on the basis of the investment made in that region. With the approval of the cabinet, 1958-59 income and expenditures were decided on the principles mentioned above.

Government and regional committee came to an agreement on the principles to be followed concerning the income and expenditures of regions. Those are:

1. Income and expenditure of a region should be allotted to that region only.
2. Combined expenditures and expenditures of Hyderabad should be on a 2:1 ratio.
3. Central grants, funds should also be distributed on a 2:1 ratio between Andhra and Telangana.
4. Central grants to different schemes and projects would belong to that region, in which those grants are implemented.

• The above principles were agreed upon but did not come into force.

• Almost all years income of Telangana region is higher than its expenditure.
• In this way the funds ,which Telangana was legally entitled to but not received were called surplus funds.
• Regional committee wrote several letters to the AP Government. The government also recognized such necessity but did not implement it.
• In the 1969 movement this issue of surplus funds became important.

• To solve the surplus funds issue, the state government conducted an all party meeting on 19th January 1069.
• Before 19th January 1969, on 8 February 1968 the then Chief Minister Kasu Brahma Reddy met with Regional Committee Chairman J. Chokka Rao, Vice chairman Kodati Rajamallu, and members A. Vasudeva Rao and discussed the methods to follow to identify the Telangana surplus funds.
• On 17th June 1968, the Finance secretary wrote a letter to the Regional Committee mentioning the agreed principles in the said meeting.
• Agreement of that meeting was that, in addition to allotment ofTelangana Revenue, surplus funds will also be allotted to Telangana, and also accepted to allot the investment (Telangana entitled for 2:1 investment, it will be calculated and to the extent.The deficits will be invested in Telangana) which were due to Telangana in the Fourth Five Year plan.
• An all Party meeting concluded following agreements on surplus funds.

1. Already accepted agreements on the allotments of funds will be continued as they were.
2. To calculate Telangana surplus, (Meeting accepted that) investment account surplus will also be clubbed with the revenue surplus. Telangana was entitled for 1/3 under the investment account, and whatever the amount spent less than l/3 will become Telangana investment surplus. Revenue surplus plus investment surplus, both put together is called the Telangana surplus.
3. Profit and expenditure of state level corporations which were running with the help of state government funds will be treated as the profit and expenditures of state government. But the expenditure related to electricity production in the electricity board, and expenditure to lay down high voltage lines should be shared in a 2: 1 ratio by Andhra and Telangana regions.
4. Industrial Trust funds (established by Nizam) shall be spent for Telangana. Meeting also decided to take the help of Accountant General level officer help (Who is working in Comptroller and Auditor General office) to avoid further disputes in calculating Telangana surplus funds. This officer would start his work by 24th January 1969 and should submit his report by March 1969.

Conclusion:

• One should remember one thing that Andhra Pradesh was formed after promising certain protections to Telangana.
• Promises and protections are the basis for the formation ofAndhra Pradesh.
• Justice Fazal Ali already cautioned the government that such safeguards would not be implemented without the supervision of the Central Government.
• Fazal Ali further said that arrangements like the Sribagh Agreement and decentralization system given to Scotland or Britain failed to give protections.
• Further,Fazal Ali said that unless the Centre interferes directly and supervises, such protections do not have any value.

1. History proved Fazal Ali’s analysis of the Andhra Pradesh government; the Andhra elite did not show any interest in the implementation of the protections given to Telangana.
2. With failure to protect the safeguards provided to Telangana, the survival of Andhra Pradesh state itself became a question mark.

The main reason for the 1969 movement was the violations of the protections given to Telangana.

Q. Briefly give an account of some of the violations of safeguards given to Telangana, immediately after state formation.