UPSC CARE Mains Practice 19th January 2026
Mains Practice Questions for the Day
- The right to die with dignity is an extension of the right to live with dignity.” Critically examine in the context of euthanasia jurisprudence in India. (GS Paper II – Government Policies & Interventions – Judiciary, Constitutional Interpretation – Fundamental Rights (Article 21))
- How should India tackle the challenge of child trafficking? (GS Paper I – Social issues: poverty, migration, child labour, exploitation – Vulnerable groups and social justice)
The right to die with dignity is an extension of the right to live with dignity.” Critically examine in the context of euthanasia jurisprudence in India. (GS Paper II – Government Policies & Interventions – Judiciary, Constitutional Interpretation – Fundamental Rights (Article 21))
Introduction:
The Supreme Court’s recognition of the right to die with dignity reflects an evolving interpretation of Article 21 that prioritizes human dignity even at the end of life.
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Judicial Evolution
Initially rejected in Gian Kaur (1996), the concept was revived through Aruna Shanbaug (2011) and firmly established in Common Cause (2018), which legalized passive euthanasia and living wills. This marked a shift from mere biological survival to dignified existence.
Ethical Justification
Allowing withdrawal of futile treatment respects autonomy, reduces suffering, and aligns with medical ethics. It prevents unnecessary prolongation of pain and economic distress.
Concerns and Limitations
However, risks of coercion, unequal access, and weak consent mechanisms persist, especially in socioeconomically vulnerable groups. Absence of statutory law leaves doctors legally insecure.
Way Forward
India needs a clear parliamentary framework, universal palliative care, and robust safeguards to balance dignity with protection.
Conclusion:
Thus, the right to die with dignity is not a negation of life but an affirmation of its humane end.
How should India tackle the challenge of child trafficking? (GS Paper I – Social issues: poverty, migration, child labour, exploitation – Vulnerable groups and social justice)
Introduction:
Child trafficking is a grave violation of human rights and constitutional morality. Despite robust legal provisions, India continues to face low conviction rates and persistent exploitation, as highlighted by the Supreme Court in K.P. Kiran Kumar vs State (2026). Tackling this crime requires a multi-dimensional approach combining law enforcement, social protection, and institutional reform.
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Legal and Constitutional Framework
- International Commitment:
India is a signatory to the Palermo Protocol (2000), which defines child trafficking broadly and makes consent irrelevant in such cases. - Domestic Law:
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Section 143) criminalises trafficking including sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery, and organ removal. - Constitutional Safeguards:
- Article 23: Prohibits trafficking and forced labour.
- Article 24: Bans child labour in hazardous industries.
- Article 39(e) & (f): Protect children from abuse and exploitation.
Judicial Interventions
- Vishal Jeet vs Union of India (1990): Recognised trafficking as a socio-economic problem requiring a preventive approach.
- Bachpan Bachao Andolan (2011): Directed states to rescue and rehabilitate trafficked children.
- K.P. Kiran Kumar Case (2026): Declared trafficking a direct violation of Article 21 and mandated stricter enforcement.
Way Forward: Strengthening India’s Response
1. Strengthen Social Protection
- Education, nutrition, and livelihood support for vulnerable families.
- Community vigilance systems at panchayat level.
2. Improve Law Enforcement
- Special anti-trafficking units in every district.
- Training police, prosecutors, and judiciary in child-sensitive procedures.
3. Increase Conviction Rates
- Fast-track courts, witness protection, and forensic support.
- Monitoring of case progress through digital dashboards.
4. Regulate Digital Platforms
- Mandatory reporting of suspicious accounts.
- Stronger IT Act enforcement against online recruitment.
5. Strengthen Rehabilitation
- Trauma counselling, education, skill development, and reintegration.
- Long-term monitoring of rescued children to prevent re-trafficking.
Conclusion:
Child trafficking is not merely a law-and-order problem but a failure of social justice. India must move from reactive rescue to preventive governance, combining strong laws, empowered institutions, digital regulation, and social protection. Only a coordinated, child-centric and rights-based approach can ensure that every child lives with dignity, freedom, and security.
