Science & Technology Test 6 02-02-2026 Science & Technology Test 6 1 / 31 1) Which of the following microorganisms are used in microbial remediation? Bacteria Fungi Algae Viruses Choose the correct answer using the code given below 1 and 2 only 1, 2, and 3 only 2 and 4 only 1, 2, 3, and 4 Explanation: Microbial remediation, also known as bioremediation, is the process of using microorganisms to degrade, detoxify, or transform pollutants in the environment. Bacteria, fungi, and algae are all used in microbial remediation for their ability to degrade various pollutants. Viruses are not typically used in bioremediation processes. Bacteria: Many bacterial species are known to metabolize pollutants and are widely used in bioremediation. For example, species like Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Bacillus are utilized for their ability to absorb and detoxify heavy metals. Fungi: Fungi such as Penicillium and Aspergillus are also employed in bioremediation due to their capacity to absorb and concentrate toxic metals from aqueous solutions. Algae: Algae can absorb heavy metals and other pollutants, playing a significant role in the bioremediation of water bodies. 2 / 31 2) Match List I (Missile) with List II (Category): List I – Missile List II – Category (Jumbled) A. Prithvi 1. Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) B. Agni 2. Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) C. Akash 3. Short Range Surface-to-Surface Missile (SSM) D. Trishul 4. Long Range Surface-to-Surface Missile (SSM) E. Nag 5. Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2, E-5 A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1, E-5 A-4, B-1, C-3, D-5, E-2 A-1, B-2, C-5, D-3, E-4 Explanation: Prithvi → Short Range Surface-to-Surface Missile (SSM) First missile developed under Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). Range: ~150–350 km. Agni → Long Range Surface-to-Surface Missile (SSM) Strategic ballistic missile series with multiple variants (Agni-I to Agni-V). Range: 700 km to over 5,000 km. Akash → Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) Designed for air defence. Range: ~25–30 km. Trishul → Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) Range: ~9 km. Developed for quick-reaction, low-level air defence. Nag → Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) “Fire-and-forget” missile designed to destroy armoured tanks. Range: ~4–7 km. 3 / 31 3) Recently seen in the news, Amogha–III is a: Surface-to-Air Missile developed by DRDO Third-generation fire-and-forget Anti-Tank Guided Missile developed by BDL Hypersonic Cruise Missile under joint Indo-Russian programme Ballistic Missile Defence Interceptor tested by ISRO Explanation: Amogha–III: Developed by the in-house R&D Division of Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL). Type: Third-generation, fire-and-forget Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM). Range: 200 – 2500 m. Attack Modes: Direct attack / Top attack. Features: Tandem warhead penetrating >650 mm beyond Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). Dual Mode Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) Seeker. Aerodynamic & Thrust Vector Control. Smokeless, signature-free propulsion. Soft launch and man-portable. Significance: Enhances India’s indigenous capability in ATGMs, reducing import dependence. Improves infantry anti-armour effectiveness on the battlefield. 4 / 31 4) Which of the following best describes Operation Shakti? A military operation conducted by the Indian Army in Uttar Pradesh A series of peace negotiations held in Bidar, Karnataka A series of nuclear tests conducted by India in Pokhran, Rajasthan A renewable energy initiative launched in Maharashtra Explanation: Operation Shakti: Refers to India’s series of five nuclear tests carried out at Pokhran Test Range, Rajasthan, in May 1998. Conducted under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s government. Demonstrated India’s nuclear weapons capability, making it a declared nuclear state. Significance: Established India as a responsible nuclear power. Prompted sanctions by some Western nations but also strengthened India’s strategic standing. 5 / 31 5) Arrange the following important Indian military and strategic operations in chronological order: Operation Black Thunder Operation Vijay Operation Smiling Buddha Operation Cactus Operation Meghdoot 3 – 5 – 1 – 4 – 2 3 – 1 – 5 – 4 – 2 5 – 3 – 1 – 2 – 4 3 – 5 – 4 – 1 – 2 Explanation: Operation Smiling Buddha (1974): India’s first nuclear test at Pokhran, Rajasthan. Operation Meghdoot (1984): Securing Siachen Glacier in J&K before Pakistan. Operation Black Thunder (1988): Flush out militants from Golden Temple, Punjab. Operation Cactus (1988): Intervention in Maldives to foil coup attempt. Operation Vijay (1999): Eviction of Pakistani intruders from Kargil-Drass sector. Thus, the chronological sequence is: Smiling Buddha (1974) → Meghdoot (1984) → Black Thunder (1988) → Cactus (1988) → Vijay (1999). 6 / 31 6) Which missile is known as the “fire-and-forget” missile? Prithvi Agni Nag BrahMos Explanation: The Nag missile is a 3rd generation, fire-and-forget anti-tank missile developed to strike and neutralize enemy tanks within a range of 500 meters to 4000 meters. It is launched from the Nag missile carrier (NAMICA), capable of carrying up to six combat missiles. The missile uses an 8 kg high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) tandem warhead and has night strike capabilities due to its Imaging Infra-Red guidance system. Additionally, the helicopter-launched version of Nag is known as Helina. 7 / 31 7) With reference to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) , Consider the following statements: 1. MTCR is an informal political understanding among states that seek to limit the proliferation of missiles and missile technology. 2. MTCR was established by G20 countries in 1965. 3. India is a member of MTCR. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 3 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 ,2 and 3 Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The MTCR was initiated by like-minded countries to address the increasing proliferation of nuclear weapons by addressing the most destabilizing delivery system for such weapons. Statement 2 is incorrect: The regime was formed in 1987 by the G-7 industrialized countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the United States). Statement 3 is correct: India is a member of the MTCR, while China is not a member of MTCR. 8 / 31 8) Consider the following statements regarding ‘BrahMos’ , a missile: BrahMos is a joint venture between India and Russia. The Brahmos cruise missiles have an effective strike range of around 5000km. The name Brahmos has been taken from two rivers – Brahmaputra and Moskva. Which of the following statements is /are correct ? 2 only 1 and 3 only 1 and 2 only 3 only Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: BrahMos is a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India and NPOM of Russia. Statement 2 is incorrect:The Brahmos cruise missiles have an effective strike range of around 290-300 km. Statement 3 is correct: The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia. It is the world’s fastest anti-ship cruise missile in operation. 9 / 31 9) With reference to the India’s naval fleet, consider the following statements: 1. Kalvari class is the nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines. 2. Arihant class is the conventional powered submarines based on the Scorpene class. Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Explanation: Both statements are correct. Kalvari is a class of diesel-electric attack submarines based on the Scorpène-class submarine being built for the Indian Navy. Designed -by French naval defence and energy company DCNS and is manufactured by MazagonDock Limited in Mumbai. Arihant-class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines. They are the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India. Arihant is the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. 10 / 31 10) Consider the following: INS Kalvari INS Chakra INS Vela INS Arihant INS Vagsheer Which of the above submarines are part of India’s Project 75? 1, 2, and 3 only 1, 3, and 5 only 2, 4, and 5 only 1, 2, and 4 only Explanation: Project 75 → Aimed at constructing six Scorpene-class diesel-electric attack submarines at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, in collaboration with France’s Naval Group. These are conventional (non-nuclear) submarines, designed for stealth, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and intelligence gathering. Submarines under Project 75 (Scorpene-class): INS Kalvari (commissioned 2017) INS Khanderi (2019) INS Karanj (2021) INS Vela (2021) INS Vagir (2023) INS Vagsheer (launched, yet to be commissioned) Not part of Project 75: INS Chakra → A nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN) leased from Russia. INS Arihant → India’s first indigenous nuclear ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), part of the Arihant-class, not Project 75. 11 / 31 11) Consider the following statements about the defense programme of India: Advanced Air Defense (AAD) is an anti-ballistic missile to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the exo-atmosphere at altitudes of 300 Km. Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) is an anti-ballistic missile to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the endo-atmosphere at an altitude of 50-80 km. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Explanation: Missile defense is a system or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception, and the destruction of attacking incoming missiles. Statement 1 is incorrect. Launched in 2000, India’s Ballistic Missile Defence Programme aims to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defense system. It includes two land and sea-based interceptor missiles, of which the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile is for lower altitude, endo-atmosphere interceptions up to an altitude of 30 km. Statement 2 is correct. The Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) is for higher altitude interception, designed for incoming ballistic missiles in the exo-atmosphere at altitudes from 50 km to 80 km. The ASAT test of March 2019 used the modified Prithvi missile, called the Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mach 2, to destroy a satellite. 12 / 31 12) Consider the following statements about hypersonic missiles: Hypersonic weapons travel within the atmosphere and can maneuver midway which combined with their high speeds make their detection extremely difficult. They are exactly similar to Ballistic Missiles. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Explanation: What are hypersonic missiles? Statement 1 is correct: Hypersonic weapons travel within the atmosphere and can maneuver midway which combined with their high speeds make their detection and interception extremely difficult. This means that radars and air defenses cannot detect them till they are very close and have only little time to react Statement 2 is incorrect. They are maneuverable weapons that can fly at speeds of at least Mach 5, five times the speed of sound. The speed of sound is Mach 1, and speeds above Mach I are supersonic and speeds above Mach 5 are hypersonic. They are different from Ballistic missiles which, even though they travel much faster, follow a fixed trajectory and travel outside the atmosphere to re-enter only near impact. Once the ballistic missiles are launched they cannot alter their course. Types of hypersonic weapons There are two classes of hypersonic weapons, Hypersonic glide vehicles (HGV) and Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCM). 13 / 31 13) Consider the following countries United States Russia India France United Kingdom How many of the above countries are known to have Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV)-equipped missiles? Only two Only three Only four All five Explanation: As of now, the United States, Russia, China, France and the United Kingdom are known to have MIRV-equipped missiles. What is MIRV technology? The MIRV can target multiple targets that can be hundreds of kilometers apart with a single missile. This Agni, capable of carrying nuclear warheads, has a range of more than 5,000 km, making it a long-range missile, and is aimed mainly at thwarting the challenge from China. These missiles can be launched from land or from sea from a submarine. While Pakistan is developing such a missile system, Israel too is suspected to either possess the missile or be developing it. What makes MIRV technology lethal? In contrast to a traditional missile, which carries one warhead, MIRVs can carry multiple warheads. Warheads on MIRV missiles can be released from the missile at different speeds and in different directions. India has announced the successful testing of indigenously developed Agni-5 missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology. 14 / 31 14) In his 79th Independence Day speech at the Red Fort, the Prime Minister announced Mission Sudarshan Chakra. The mission is related to which of the following? Development of renewable energy technologies for India’s energy security Indigenous programme to develop a multi-layered air defence system by 2035 National campaign for universal vaccination and disease eradication River-linking project for water conservation and irrigation Explanation: Mission Sudarshan Chakra: Announced during 79th Independence Day (2025) speech. A national security initiative to develop an indigenous Iron Dome-like, multi-layered air defence system by 2035. Aims to protect critical civil and defence infrastructure from enemy missile, UAV, and drone attacks. Ensures swift, precise counterstrikes and strengthens India’s strategic autonomy. Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS): Key system under the mission. Includes QRSAM, VSHORADS, and Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs). Controlled by a Centralised Command & Control Centre for real-time detection and interception. 15 / 31 15) Match List I (Country) with List II (Hypersonic Missile/Vehicle): List I – Country List II – Missile/Vehicle A. Iran 1. Zircon B. Russia 2. Shaurya C. France 3. Fattah D. India 4. V-MAX A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 Explanation: Iran – Fattah (3) Iran’s first hypersonic ballistic missile, claimed to travel at speeds up to Mach 15. Russia – Zircon (1) A hypersonic cruise missile developed by Russia. Speed: ~Mach 8–9, capable of striking both sea and land targets. France – V-MAX (4) A hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) tested by France. Designed to enhance strategic deterrence and advanced strike capabilities. India – Shaurya (2) A nuclear-capable hypersonic surface-to-surface missile. Range: ~700–1,900 km, developed by DRDO under the IGMDP. 16 / 31 16) Consider the following pairs of countries with their air defence systems: Israel – Iron Dome Japan – Aegis Russia – S-500 United States – THAAD How many of the above pairs are incorrectly matched? Only one Only two Only three None Explanation: Israel – Iron Dome ✔️ A short-range missile defence system to intercept rockets and artillery shells. Japan – Aegis ✔️ Japan deploys the Aegis Combat System on its destroyers as part of its ballistic missile defence. Russia – S-500 ✔️ The S-500 Prometey is Russia’s advanced long-range surface-to-air missile system capable of intercepting ballistic and hypersonic missiles. United States – THAAD ✔️ The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system is designed to intercept short- and medium-range ballistic missiles. 17 / 31 17) Exercise Bright Star 2025 is a multilateral military exercise held in partnership with which of the following countries? India and France Egypt and the United States India and Japan Russia and Egypt Explanation: Exercise Bright Star: One of the largest and longest-running multilateral tri-service exercises in the Middle East–North Africa (MENA) region. Hosts: Egypt (primary host) in partnership with the United States. Started in 1980 as a bilateral exercise (US–Egypt), later expanded to a multilateral format. Bright Star 2025: Held at Mohamed Naguib Military Base, Matrouh Governorate, Egypt (Aug 28 – Sept 10, 2025). India deployed 700+ personnel (Army, Navy, Air Force & HQ IDS). Objective: Enhance jointness, interoperability, and regional security cooperation. 18 / 31 18) Which of the following is NOT one of the three guided missile destroyers of the Kolkata-class (Project 15A) in service with the Indian Navy? INS Kolkata INS Kochi INS Chennai INS Visakhapatnam Explanation: Kolkata-class (Project 15A) Guided Missile Destroyers: INS Kolkata (Commissioned 2014) INS Kochi (Commissioned 2015) INS Chennai (Commissioned 2016) These were designed as follow-ons to the Delhi-class destroyers with stealth features, making them key to India’s Blue-water Navy. INS Visakhapatnam belongs to the Visakhapatnam-class (Project 15B), not Project 15A. 19 / 31 19) Which of the following are covered under the Intellectual Property Rights Policy Management (IPRPM) framework? Copyrights Geographical Indications Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Layout Design Trade Secret Plant Varieties Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 2, 3, 4 and 5 only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Explanation: The IPRPM framework in India recognizes multiple forms of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) to promote innovation, protect creators, and support commercialization. These include: Patents – for inventions. Trade Marks – for branding and symbols. Industrial Designs – for product designs. Copyrights – for literary, artistic, and creative works. Geographical Indications (GIs) – for region-specific goods (e.g., Darjeeling Tea). Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Layout Design (SICLD) – for protecting circuit designs. Trade Secrets – confidential business information. Plant Varieties – protection for new plant varieties under PPV&FR Act, 2001. 20 / 31 20) The National Intellectual Property Awareness Mission (NIPAM), launched in 2021, primarily aims at which of the following? Providing financial support to start-ups for patent filing Creating awareness and basic training on Intellectual Property among students and faculty Establishing Intellectual Property Courts across India Promoting international collaboration in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) enforcement Explanation: National Intellectual Property Awareness Mission (NIPAM): Launched: December 2021. Nodal Body: Intellectual Property Office. Aim: Impart IP awareness and training to students (classes 8–12, colleges, universities) and faculty. Coverage (till July 2022): 3,662 educational institutes. Across 28 states and 7 UTs. 1 million+ participants trained. Significance: Seeks to instill creativity, innovation, and protection of creations among India’s youth, linking education with IPR protection. 21 / 31 21) The KAPILA Campaign launched on Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s 89th birth anniversary in 2020, was initiated by which of the following ministries? Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Education Ministry of Commerce and Industry Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology KAPILA Campaign: Launched in 2020 on Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s 89th birth anniversary. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Education. Aim: To spread awareness among students in higher educational institutions about the process of patenting their inventions. Many students innovate but lack knowledge about the patent system → KAPILA fills this gap. Significance: Encourages innovation, strengthens India’s Intellectual Property (IP) culture, and ensures students benefit legally and financially from their creations. 22 / 31 22) Match the following WIPO-administered treaties with their subject areas: Treaty/Convention Subject Area 1. Paris Convention (1883) a. Copyright and related rights 2. Berne Convention (1886) b. Patents, trademarks, industrial property 3. Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970) c. Facilitating access to works for the visually impaired 4. Marrakesh Treaty (2013) d. International filing of patents 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d Explanation: Paris Convention (1883) → Patents, trademarks, industrial property (b) One of the earliest intellectual property treaties. Protects industrial property including patents, trademarks, and industrial designs. Provides the principle of “national treatment” (equal protection for foreigners as for nationals). Berne Convention (1886) → Copyright and related rights (a) Deals with literary and artistic works (books, music, paintings, etc.). Introduced the principle of automatic protection (no need for registration). Forms the basis of modern copyright law worldwide. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT, 1970) → International filing of patents (d) Provides a unified procedure for filing patents in multiple countries. Saves time and cost for inventors seeking protection in several jurisdictions. Administered by WIPO. Marrakesh Treaty (2013) → Facilitating access to works for the visually impaired (c) A humanitarian IP treaty. Ensures copyrighted books and materials are made available in accessible formats like Braille, audio, and large print. Aims to end the “book famine” faced by blind and visually impaired persons. 23 / 31 23) In the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2024, India’s rank among 133 global economies is: 29 33 39 42 Global Innovation Index (GII) 2024: India ranked 39th among 133 economies, a leap from 81st in 2015. Ranks 1st in Central & Southern Asia, and 1st among lower-middle-income economies. Also ranks 4th globally in WIPO’s Science & Technology Cluster Rankings, with cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai in the Top 100. Significance: Reflects India’s growing innovation ecosystem supported by strong government policies, R&D investment, and startup culture. Highlights India’s transition to a global innovation hub. 24 / 31 24) The formulation of policy with respect to Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in India is the responsibility of which of the following? Ministry of Law and Justice Department of Science and Technology Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) Ministry of Human Resource Development Explanation: DPIIT, under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, is the nodal body for framing IPR policy in India. It administers matters relating to patents, trademarks, designs, and geographical indications. Key initiatives: National IPR Policy (2016). Strengthening of IP offices and awareness missions (like NIPAM, KAPILA). Other ministries have supportive roles: DST → promotes R&D and innovation. MoE → runs awareness campaigns (like KAPILA). Law Ministry → handles legal reforms, but not IPR policy formulation. 25 / 31 25) Consider the following statements: The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) is a specialised agency of United Nations System of Organisations. WIPO has its headquarters at Rome. The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement is binding on all WTO members. Least developed country members of WTO are not required to apply the provisions of TRIPS Agreements for a period of 20 years from the general date of application of the Agreement. Which of these statements are correct? 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only Explanation: Statement 1 → Correct: WIPO is indeed a specialised agency of the United Nations that promotes global IP protection. Statement 2 → Incorrect: WIPO’s headquarters is at Geneva, Switzerland, not Rome. Statement 3 → Correct: TRIPS Agreement is part of WTO framework and is binding on all WTO members. Statement 4 → Incorrect: LDCs had a transition period, initially 10 years (till 2005), with repeated extensions. Currently, it is extended till July 1, 2034 — not a fixed “20 years from the date of application.” 👉 Hence, only statements 1 and 3 are correct. 26 / 31 26) The concept of Dark Matter, often seen in news, is related to which of the following? Invisible mass in the universe that does not emit or absorb light but has gravitational effects Black holes formed due to the collapse of massive stars Black holes formed due to the collapse of massive stars High-energy particles emitted by quasars Explanation: Dark Matter: Has mass and occupies space, but does not reflect, absorb, or emit light → undetectable directly with current instruments. Makes up about 27% of the universe’s total mass-energy. Discovery history: Proposed in 1930s by Fritz Zwicky while studying galaxy clusters. Stronger evidence in 1970s by Vera Rubin, who observed galaxy rotation curves. Significance: Provides the gravitational framework for galaxy and galaxy cluster formation. Not composed of ordinary matter particles (protons, neutrons, electrons). Central mystery in astrophysics: Exact composition remains unknown; possible candidates include exotic particles (WIMPs, axions, sterile neutrinos). 27 / 31 27) Consider the following statements: Quasars are the most energetic type of active galaxies, often radiating thousands of times more energy than the Milky Way. Blazars appear exceptionally bright because their particle jets are oriented almost directly toward Earth. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Explanation: Quasars are among the brightest and most energetic objects in the universe, powered by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. They emit across the entire electromagnetic spectrum and can outshine entire galaxies. Hence, Statement 1 is correct. Blazars are a subtype of quasars/active galactic nuclei (AGN) where the jets of high-energy particles are pointed almost directly at Earth, which makes them look extremely bright. They are also sources of high-energy cosmic particles like neutrinos. Hence, Statement 2 is correct. 28 / 31 28) In the context of black holes, the term event horizon refers to which of the following? The visible surface of a black hole that emits intense radiation The boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole The point of singularity at the center of a black hole The outer layer of stars orbiting around a black hole Explanation: Event Horizon: An invisible boundary around a black hole. Marks the limit beyond which no signal, matter, or light can escape due to extremely strong gravity. Not a solid surface, but a point of no return. Singularity (different concept): The point at the center where matter is infinitely dense. Importance: Defines the region from which all information is lost to the outside universe, making black holes one of the most mysterious objects in astrophysics. 29 / 31 29) Consider the following pairs of subatomic particles and their discoverers: Electrons – J. J. Thomson Protons – Ernest Rutherford Neutrons – James Chadwick How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? Only one Only two All three None Explanation: Electrons – J. J. Thomson (1897) ✔️ Discovered the electron through his cathode ray experiment. Protons – Ernest Rutherford (1917) ✔️ Identified the proton while studying alpha particle scattering and nuclear reactions. Neutrons – James Chadwick (1932) ✔️ Discovered the neutron, an uncharged particle in the nucleus, through bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. 👉 Hence, all three pairs are correctly matched. 30 / 31 30) The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), often associated with recreating conditions of the Big Bang, is located along the border of which of the following countries? Germany and Austria France and Switzerland Belgium and Netherlands Italy and Switzerland Explanation: Large Hadron Collider (LHC): World’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, operated by CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research). Located in a 27 km long circular underground tunnel near Geneva, along the Franco-Swiss border. Purpose: Accelerates and collides proton beams at nearly the speed of light. Recreates conditions similar to those just after the Big Bang. Helps study quarks, gluons, Higgs boson, and fundamental laws of physics. Technology: Uses 9,600 superconducting magnets to guide beams. Detectors analyze collision results. 31 / 31 31) Consider the following phenomena: Light is affected by gravity. The Universe is constantly expanding. Matter warps its surrounding space-time. Which of the above is/are the prediction/ predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media? 1 and 2 only 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Explanation: 1. Light is affected by gravity – Correct ✔️ According to General Relativity, gravity bends the path of light because massive bodies curve space-time. This was famously confirmed during the 1919 solar eclipse when starlight was observed bending around the Sun. 2. The Universe is constantly expanding – Correct ✔️ Einstein’s equations of General Relativity predicted a dynamic (expanding or contracting) universe. Initially, Einstein introduced the cosmological constant to force a static model. Later, Edwin Hubble’s 1929 discovery confirmed that the universe is expanding, aligning with General Relativity. 3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time – Correct ✔️ A central idea of General Relativity: mass and energy curve the fabric of space-time, and this curvature dictates how objects (and light) move. This is often explained as the “rubber sheet” analogy, where a heavy ball placed on a sheet creates a dip that attracts smaller balls. Your score is 0%
