UPSC CARE 14th October 2025 Current Affairs
News at a Glance
- Polity and Governance: 130th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2025
- Economy: Economics Nobel 2025 for Innovation and Creative Destruction
- International Relations: Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict and its Implications for India
- Gaza Ceasefire Declaration and Israel-Hamas Hostage Exchange
- Sawalkote Project: Balancing Strategy and Sustainability
- Science and Technology: India’s 4G Stack and Its Potential to Counter China’s Digital Silk Road
130th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2025
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS 2- Polity and Governance:
Context: 130th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2025
Why in News?
The 130th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2025, mandates resignation of the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, or Ministers if detained for 30 consecutive days on serious charges.
Introduction
- 130th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2025, seeks to mandate that the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, or Ministers vacate office if arrested and detained for 30 consecutive days on charges punishable with imprisonment for at least five years.
- While the aim is to enhance accountability and integrity in public office, the Bill raises significant constitutional, political, and legal concerns, particularly regarding the presumption of innocence, separation of powers, and parliamentary conventions.
Background
- Parliamentary Conventions: In India’s Westminster-style system, resignation of Ministers is a political act, guided by moral judgment and political accountability, not by legal compulsion.
- Existing Provisions:
- Article 75(1): The President appoints the Prime Minister; Ministers are appointed on the PM’s advice.
- Article 164(1): Governors appoint Chief Ministers; other Ministers on CM’s advice.
- Article 75(3) & 164(2): Ministers are accountable to the legislature.
- Supreme Court Rulings:
- Manoj Narula v Union of India (2014): PM’s advice is binding unless the person is constitutionally disqualified.
- Rai Sahib Ram Jawaya Kapur v State of Punjab (1955): Reinforces parliamentary accountability.
- Observation: The Constitution relies on political judgment, parliamentary scrutiny, and public oversight, rather than codifying every ethical expectation as law.
Objectives of the Bill
- Enhancing integrity: Supporters argue that Ministers facing serious criminal allegations should not hold office.
- Public trust: Detention of high-ranking officials erodes citizens’ faith in governance.
- Curbing impunity: Codifying disqualification aims to deter political leaders from continuing in office while under arrest.
(Image Source: The Hindu)
Major Concerns
Presumption of Innocence
- Detention is not equivalent to conviction.
- Mandatory removal after 30 days of detention treats accusation as guilt, undermining a fundamental principle of criminal law.
Political vs. Legal Judgment
- In parliamentary democracy, resignation is political, not legal.
- The Bill converts a question of legislative confidence into constitutional disqualification, interfering with the Westminster model.
Separation of Powers
- Investigative agencies and the executive may dictate ministerial tenure, bypassing judicial oversight.
- Risk of political vendetta if detention is prolonged.
Collective Responsibility
- In parliamentary systems, if the leader resigns, the entire Council of Ministers must also resign.
- The Bill could destabilize governments without floor tests, undermining legislative supremacy (as highlighted in S.R. Bommai v Union of India, 1994).
Potential for Misuse
- Detention could be politically motivated.
- Ambedkar warned against codifying moral expectations into constitutional mandates, emphasizing discretion and institutional wisdom.
Alternatives and Recommendations
- Judicial findings as triggers: Removal should follow judicial framing of serious charges, not mere detention.
- Protect investigative agencies from political influence.
- Safeguards against misuse: Clearly define detention limits, political neutrality, and procedural safeguards.
- Strengthen parliamentary scrutiny and public accountability, rather than imposing automatic constitutional disqualification.
Conclusion
- The 130th Constitution Amendment Bill has laudable intent—restoring integrity in public office—but risks eroding fundamental principles of parliamentary democracy, including:
- Presumption of innocence
- Separation of powers
- Collective responsibility
- Political accountability
Way forward:
- Reform should balance accountability with restraint, respecting both constitutional design and Westminster conventions, allowing political judgment to guide ministerial tenure while ensuring mechanisms exist to prevent abuse.
CARE MCQ
Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the 130th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2025:
- It mandates that the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, or Ministers vacate office if arrested and detained for 30 consecutive days on charges punishable with imprisonment of at least five years.
- It treats detention as equivalent to conviction, potentially violating the presumption of innocence.
- The Bill strengthens the principle of collective responsibility by allowing the entire Council of Ministers to resign automatically.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer 1- A
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: The Bill explicitly mandates that the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, or Ministers must vacate office if arrested and detained for 30 consecutive days on charges punishable with imprisonment of five years or more. This is a factual provision of the Bill.
- Statement 2 is correct: By linking detention (arrest) to mandatory removal, the Bill effectively treats detention as equivalent to conviction, undermining the presumption of innocence guaranteed under criminal law.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The Bill does not strengthen collective responsibility; rather, it risks disrupting it. In parliamentary practice, if a leader resigns, the entire Council of Ministers must resign as a convention, but the Bill does not create a mechanism to reinforce collective responsibility. Instead, it potentially destabilizes the Council by making removal automatic upon detention of the leader.
- Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. Consider the following statements: (2022)
- The Constitution of India classifies the ministers into four ranks viz. Cabinet Minister, Minister of State with Independent Charge, Minister of State and Deputy Minister.
- The total number of ministers in the Union Government, including the Prime Minister, shall not exceed 15 percent of the total number of members in the Lok Sabha.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: B
Economics Nobel 2025 for Innovation and Creative Destruction
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS 3 Economy
Context: creative destruction theory
Why in News?
The 2025 Economics Nobel was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their research on innovation-driven economic growth and creative destruction.
Introduction
- Recently, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel to Joel Mokyr (US-Israel), Philippe Aghion (France), and Peter Howitt (Canada) for their pioneering research on innovation-driven economic growth.
About the Laureates and Their Contributions
| Name | Nationality | Contribution |
| Joel Mokyr | US-Israel | Identified prerequisites for sustained economic growth through technological progress using historical analysis. |
| Philippe Aghion | France | Developed theory of sustained growth via creative destruction. Co-authored 1992 model with Howitt. |
| Peter Howitt | Canada | Jointly developed mathematical model of creative destruction explaining how new innovations replace older technologies. |
Key Points:
- Mokyr: Focused on historical patterns of innovation, showing that economic growth is not automatic; sustained growth requires institutional, scientific, and technological preconditions.
- Aghion & Howitt: Built formal mathematical models explaining how innovations generate “creative destruction”, a process where new products and technologies replace obsolete ones.
- Significance: Their research quantifies and explains the mechanisms behind long-term economic growth, reinforcing the principle that innovation is central to prosperity.
(Image Source: Indian Express)
Conceptual Framework: Creative Destruction
- Coined by Joseph Schumpeter (1942) in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.
- Definition: The process by which new innovations replace older technologies, making some firms obsolete while driving overall economic growth.
- Modern Relevance: Explains technological revolutions, shifts in industry dominance, and the need for policy support for innovation.
- Example: Electric vehicles replacing internal combustion engines; digital platforms replacing traditional retail.
Policy and Economic Implications
- Innovation is not automatic; it depends on research, investment, institutions, and education.
- Protectionism and trade wars, as highlighted by Aghion, impede global growth and innovation.
- Policymakers can draw on this research to design:
- R&D incentives
- Support for startups and tech adoption
- Educational programs for innovation-oriented skills
- Global Relevance: The study reinforces that economic growth is sustainable only when systems support continuous innovation, applicable to both developed and developing economies.
Historical Context and Nobel Significance
- Economics Nobel formally established in 1968 by Sweden’s central bank, not originally part of Alfred Nobel’s will.
- Presented alongside Nobel Prizes in December, includes:
- Gold medal
- Diploma
- $1.2 million prize
- Previous Nobel 2024 winners (Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson) studied why some countries are rich and others poor, showing continuity in focus on growth and development mechanisms.
Lessons for India and Global Economy
- India’s startup ecosystem, digital economy, and technology policies can be analyzed through the lens of creative destruction.
- Innovation-driven policies ensure long-term competitiveness, avoiding stagnation in manufacturing, agriculture, or services.
- Encourages investment in AI, renewable energy, and green technologies as growth engines.
- Quote by Nobel Committee Chair: “Economic growth cannot be taken for granted. We must uphold the mechanisms that underlie creative destruction, so that we do not fall back into stagnation.”
Conclusion
- The 2025 Economics Nobel highlights that innovation is the engine of economic growth, but it is fragile without supportive institutions and policies.
CARE MCQ
Q2. Consider the following about creative destruction:
- It refers to the process where new innovations replace outdated technologies and businesses.
- Joseph Schumpeter originally conceptualized creative destruction.
- Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt constructed a mathematical model of creative destruction in 1992.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer 2- D
Explanation
- Statement 1 is Correct: Creative destruction describes the process in which new innovations replace old technologies and products, driving economic growth. This is the core concept of the theory.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The concept of creative destruction was originally introduced by Joseph Schumpeter in 1942 in his book Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt later formalized this concept by constructing a mathematical model of creative destruction in 1992, explaining the mechanisms behind sustained economic growth.
- Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards. (2021)
(a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
(b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
(C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
Which of the above statements are not correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (d)
Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict and its Implications for India
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations
Context: Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict
Why in News?
The Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict stems from historical, ethnic, and strategic issues, making it crucial for India to monitor, engage, and ensure regional stability.
Introduction
- The recent escalation in tensions between Afghanistan and Pakistan has highlighted the fragile security dynamics of South Asia.
- During Afghanistan’s Foreign Minister and Taliban leader Amir Khan Muttaqi’s visit to India, clashes erupted between Pakistani and Afghan forces along the Durand Line, involving cross-border airstrikes, military post captures, and casualties on both sides.
- While New Delhi naturally views developments through the lens of bilateral India-Pakistan relations, the conflict reflects deeper historical, cultural, and geopolitical complexities that extend beyond India’s immediate concerns.
Historical Context
Partition Legacy
- The Durand Line, demarcated in 1893 by the British, divides the Pashtun population between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
- Afghanistan has never fully recognized the Durand Line, leading to persistent border disputes.
- Pakistan fears the idea of a Pashtunistan — a potential autonomous homeland for Pashtuns — which influences its border policies.
Post-2021 Scenario
- The U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan in August 2021 allowed the Taliban to return to power.
- Pakistan viewed this as a chance to regain “strategic depth” in Afghanistan, hoping for influence over Kabul.
- However, unresolved historical issues resurfaced, including Afghan resentment over Pakistan’s perceived interference and its sheltering of anti-Pakistan groups like the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP).
Current Conflict Dynamics
Immediate Trigger
- Pakistan carried out airstrikes inside Afghan territory.
- Afghanistan retaliated by capturing military posts across the Durand Line, escalating tensions.
- Both sides suffered casualties among security personnel.
Underlying Causes
- Security concerns: Pakistan accuses the Taliban of harboring terrorists targeting Pakistan.
- Ethnic and political tensions: Afghanistan resents being treated as a puppet of Rawalpindi/Islamabad.
- Domestic unrest in Pakistan: Movements like Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM) seeking rights and autonomy have been sidelined by the military establishment.
(Image Source: DW)
Implications for India
- Regional Security
- Instability in Afghanistan-Pakistan relations affects cross-border terrorism, narcotics trade, and refugee flows.
- India’s strategic investments in Afghanistan’s infrastructure and diplomacy could be affected.
- Diplomatic Leverage
- India can use its relationship with Afghanistan to counter Pakistan’s influence in Kabul.
- Ensuring a stable Afghanistan aligns with India’s long-term interests in South Asian security and connectivity projects.
- Strategic Caution
- India must balance support for Afghan sovereignty with caution to avoid direct confrontation with Pakistan.
- Monitoring developments at the Durand Line is crucial for intelligence and defense preparedness.
Conclusion
- The Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict is more than a bilateral dispute; it is rooted in historical grievances, ethnic politics, and strategic calculations. For India, it is imperative to closely observe developments, strengthen ties with Afghanistan, and prepare for potential spillover effects, while advocating for peaceful resolution and respect for sovereignty.
CARE MCQ
Q3. The term “strategic depth” in Pakistan’s foreign policy context refers to:
a) The ability to maintain influence in Afghanistan for security and geopolitical advantages
b) Military superiority over India in the Indian Ocean region
c) Diplomatic engagement with Central Asian republics
d) Economic collaboration with the Taliban in Afghanistan
Answer 3: A
Explanation
- Option a is Correct: “Strategic depth” in Pakistan’s foreign policy traditionally refers to the objective of maintaining influence over Afghanistan to ensure a geopolitical buffer against India and to secure Pakistan’s western frontier. It is primarily a security and strategic consideration, allowing Pakistan to project influence in Afghanistan and prepare for any conflict with India without direct exposure of its own territory.
- Option b is Incorrect: Military superiority over India in the Indian Ocean region is not the definition of strategic depth. While Pakistan has naval and military ambitions, “strategic depth” specifically relates to land-based buffer zones and influence in Afghanistan, not naval dominance.
- Option c is Incorrect: Diplomatic engagement with Central Asian republics is part of Pakistan’s broader foreign policy, but it is not what “strategic depth” signifies. Strategic depth is focused on Afghanistan and security considerations against India.
- Option d is Incorrect: Economic collaboration with the Taliban may be a tactical approach or byproduct of relations, but it is not the core concept of strategic depth, which is fundamentally about security, influence, and military-strategic advantage.
- Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. Consider the following countries: (2022)
1. Azerbaijan
2. Kyrgyzstan
3. Tajikistan
4. Turkmenistan
5. Uzbekistan
Which of the above have borders with Afghanistan?
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Ans: (c)
Gaza Ceasefire Declaration and Israel-Hamas Hostage Exchange
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations
Context: Gaza Ceasefire declaration
Why in News?
In October 2025, the US, Egypt, Qatar, and Turkiye mediated the Gaza Declaration, ending over two years of Israel-Hamas conflict with a ceasefire, hostage release, and prisoner exchange. Background
- The Gaza conflict escalated on October 7, 2023, when Hamas militants launched an attack on Israel, taking 251 hostages and resulting in the deaths of 1,219 people, mostly civilians.
- Over the following two years, intermittent truces led to the release of most hostages, but 47 remained captive, keeping the humanitarian crisis alive.
- The prolonged conflict caused extensive civilian casualties, destruction of infrastructure, and deepened regional instability in West Asia (Middle East). International actors, particularly the US, Egypt, Qatar, and Turkiye, stepped in to mediate a permanent ceasefire.
The Declaration
- On October 13, 2025, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, a landmark ceasefire agreement—referred to as the Gaza Declaration—was signed by the US President Donald Trump along with leaders of Egypt, Qatar, and Turkiye as guarantors.
Key Provisions:
Hostage and Prisoner Exchange
- Hamas released the last 20 surviving hostages after two years of captivity.
- Israel released 1,968 prisoners, predominantly Palestinians, including 250 security detainees convicted of killing Israelis.
- Hamas agreed to return the bodies of 27 hostages who died or were killed in captivity, along with remains of a soldier from the 2014 Gaza conflict.
- Israel noted that not all deceased hostages were expected to be returned immediately.
Declaration as a Ceasefire Guarantee
- The US, Egypt, Qatar, and Turkiye acted as guarantors of the agreement.
- The document outlined rules, regulations, and enforcement mechanisms for the ceasefire.
- Trump expressed confidence that the declaration would “hold up” and prevent resumption of hostilities.
Diplomatic Engagements
- Trump praised Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi for his instrumental role in mediating with Hamas.
- Trump also met Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to discuss next steps, though representatives from Israel and Hamas were absent.
- Talks on phase-wise implementation of post-ceasefire plans began, aiming to stabilize Gaza and prevent future escalations.
(Image Source: The Hindu)
Key Challenges
- Hamas’s Refusal to Disarm: The group has not agreed to fully relinquish its arms, a critical issue for long-term peace.
- Israel’s Incomplete Withdrawal: Israel has not committed to a full withdrawal from Gaza, leaving territorial and security concerns unresolved.
- Complex Phased Implementation: Multiple phases, including humanitarian aid, reconstruction, and political negotiations, need careful coordination.
Significance
- Marks a major diplomatic breakthrough in ending a two-year conflict.
- Demonstrates the role of multilateral mediation in West Asia peacebuilding.
- Offers humanitarian relief, including the return of hostages and potential reconstruction of Gaza.
- Could serve as a precedent for conflict resolution between Israel and other Palestinian factions.
Implications of Gaza Declaration for India
1. Strategic and Diplomatic Implications
- Enhanced India-West Asia Engagement:
- India has strong diplomatic ties with both Israel and the Arab world (including UAE, Qatar, and Egypt).
- The ceasefire creates opportunities for India to strengthen its diplomatic influence as a neutral actor advocating peace.
- Support for Multilateral Mediation:
- The US-led mediation with regional guarantors showcases a model of conflict resolution India can reference in its West Asia policy, particularly in forums like UN, OIC, and G20.
- Regional Stability:
- Reduction in hostilities in Gaza may stabilize West Asia, crucial for India given its energy imports (~50% of crude oil) from the region.
- Decreased tensions reduce the risk of terrorist spillovers that could affect Indian interests in Israel, the Gulf, and beyond.
2. Economic Implications
- Energy Security:
- Stable relations in West Asia reduce the risk of disruptions in oil and gas supply, supporting India’s energy import security.
- Trade and Investments:
- Stability in Israel, Gaza, and neighboring Arab countries could encourage Indian investments in infrastructure, technology, and renewable energy projects.
- Indian businesses involved in construction, defense, and IT services may find safer operational environments.
3. Humanitarian and Diaspora Considerations
- Protection of Indian Nationals:
- India has a large diaspora in West Asia, especially in Gulf countries and conflict zones.
- Ceasefire reduces risks to Indian expatriates living in or near Gaza, Israel, and surrounding countries.
- Humanitarian Diplomacy:
- India can contribute aid, reconstruction support, and peacebuilding initiatives, enhancing its soft power and international standing.
4. Security Implications
- Counterterrorism and Intelligence Sharing:
- Stable West Asia allows India to coordinate better on intelligence sharing related to regional terrorist networks.
- Reduces the likelihood of conflict-induced radicalization affecting Indian security interests.
- Strategic Partnerships:
- India’s collaboration with Israel (defense, technology) can continue unimpeded, while maintaining relations with Arab countries.
- Balances India’s “multi-alignment” foreign policy approach in West Asia.
5. Geopolitical Significance
- India as a Neutral Mediator:
- By supporting peace initiatives in West Asia without taking sides, India strengthens its image as a responsible global actor.
- Positions India for a bigger role in future multilateral conflict resolution frameworks.
- Energy and Security Corridor:
- Stability enhances the prospects of projects like India-Gulf energy partnerships and ensures safe maritime corridors in the Arabian Sea and Red Sea regions.
CARE MCQ
Q4. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): The Gaza ceasefire has strategic implications for India, including improved energy security and protection of its diaspora in West Asia.
Reason (R): Stability in Gaza reduces risks of regional conflict spillover and ensures uninterrupted trade and energy imports.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
Answer 4- A
Explanation
- Statement 1 (Assertion) is Correct: The Gaza ceasefire directly impacts India’s strategic interests in West Asia. A stable region reduces risks to Indian nationals living there and ensures secure energy imports, as India relies heavily on oil and gas from the region.
- Statement 2 (Reason) is Correct: Stability in Gaza and West Asia more broadly decreases the likelihood of conflict spillovers. This supports uninterrupted trade, energy shipments, and protection of the Indian diaspora, which aligns with India’s national interests.
- Linkage: The reason provided directly explains why the assertion is true—regional stability ensures both energy security and diaspora safety, which are key strategic concerns for India.
- Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2018)
(a) China
(b) Israel
(c) Iraq
(d) Yemen
Ans: (b)
Sawalkote Project: Balancing Strategy and Sustainability
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations
Context: Indus Water Treaty
Why in News?
The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project on the Chenab highlights the tension between India’s strategic assertion over western rivers post-IWT suspension
Introduction
- The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project, a 1.8-GW scheme planned on the Chenab River, has recently gained fresh momentum following India’s unilateral suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in the aftermath of the Pahalgam attack.
- This move has given the project a strong geopolitical significance, overshadowing crucial environmental and social considerations. The project exemplifies the complex balance India faces between national security imperatives, ecological responsibility, and regional diplomacy.
Strategic Significance:
Geopolitical Signaling:
- The timing of Sawalkote reflects India’s intent to operationalise its water rights over western rivers following the IWT suspension.
- By removing treaty constraints, India has enabled projects such as Sawalkote and the Wullar Barrage to advance without procedural delays.
- This underscores India’s strategic posture in asserting control over riverine resources in Jammu & Kashmir.
Risks to Diplomatic Credibility:
- Unilateral suspension of the IWT could erode India’s credibility as a rule-abiding riparian state in international forums.
- Pakistan has already challenged the legality of India’s suspension under the 1960 treaty framework.
- Moving forward without cooperative mechanisms may invite third-party scrutiny, potentially complicating future negotiations.
| Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960
Rivers Covered:
|
(Image Source: News Arena)
Environmental and Social Concerns:
Hydrological and Ecological Stress:
- The Chenab already hosts a “bumper-to-bumper” hydropower corridor with projects like Dulhasti, Baglihar, and Salal.
- Ignoring cumulative impacts risks compounded sediment loads and slope instability, critical issues in fragile Himalayan ecosystems.
Dam Characteristics and Environmental Impact:
- Although Sawalkote is termed a run-of-river project, the proposed gravity dam will form a reservoir of over 50,000 crore litres, functionally closer to a storage dam.
- Forest diversion: 847 hectares of forest land will be affected.
- Human displacement: Nearly 1,500 families will be resettled, yet rehabilitation costs account for only 0.6% of total expenditure.
Financial and Administrative Challenges:
- The project cost has escalated by ₹9,000 crore due to inflation and prolonged administrative uncertainty.
- NHPC Limited’s historical record in Himalayan projects indicates schedule slippages and cost overruns, highlighting governance and project management challenges.
Balancing Strategy and Stewardship:
National Security vs. Ecological Responsibility:
- Strategic assertion of water rights should not come at the expense of ecological sustainability.
- Hydrological and sediment management studies should be institutionalised and regional in scope, ensuring that cumulative environmental impacts are accounted for in all future projects.
Data Transparency and Confidence-Building:
- Institutionalising hydrological monitoring through regional or multilateral platforms can convert potential security risks into confidence-building measures.
- This approach aligns strategic autonomy with environmental stewardship, demonstrating responsible governance in transboundary water management.
Implications on India-Pakistan Relations
- Strain on Bilateral Water Cooperation:
- The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960, has historically governed water sharing between India and Pakistan.
- India’s unilateral suspension of the IWT in the wake of the Pahalgam attack removes treaty constraints for projects like Sawalkote.
- This may erode trust, making Pakistan wary of India’s intentions on western rivers.
- Legal and Diplomatic Challenges:
- Pakistan has already challenged the suspension’s legality under the 1960 treaty framework.
- Moving forward with multiple large projects without consultation may invite third-party or international arbitration, which India has traditionally avoided.
- Geopolitical Signaling and Strategic Assertion:
- India’s operationalisation of hydro projects like Sawalkote signals assertion of control over water resources in Jammu & Kashmir.
- While this strengthens India’s strategic autonomy, it is perceived by Pakistan as a provocative action, potentially heightening bilateral tensions.
- Potential for Conflict and Retaliation:
- Water infrastructure on transboundary rivers is highly sensitive; Pakistan may respond with legal, diplomatic, or even strategic countermeasures.
- Uncoordinated projects could exacerbate water security concerns in Pakistan, influencing the broader regional security environment.
- Impact on Regional Diplomacy and Cooperation:
- India’s credibility as a rule-abiding riparian state could be questioned in multilateral fora where it advocates rule-based governance.
- Lack of cooperative mechanisms may reduce scope for confidence-building measures in the Indus basin, affecting long-term water diplomacy.
- Long-Term Opportunities:
- If India pairs strategic hydro development with transparency, regional data-sharing, and environmental stewardship, it could convert potential friction into confidence-building.
- Properly managed, hydrological cooperation could eventually support peaceful co-existence and sustainable development in the Indus basin.
Conclusion:
- The legacy of the Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project will depend on whether India can successfully integrate national security imperatives with ecological responsibility.
- The key takeaway is that national security and ecological responsibility are not mutually exclusive; they reinforce each other when governance is visionary and inclusive.
CARE MCQ
Q5. Consider the following statements about the Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project:
- It is planned as a 1.8-GW run-of-river project on the Chenab.
- Its implementation gained momentum after India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty unilaterally.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer 5- C
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: The Sawalkote project is planned as a 1.8-GW run-of-river hydroelectric project on the Chenab, with a reservoir of over 50,000 crore litres, making it functionally close to a storage dam.
- Statement 2 is correct: The implementation of the project gained momentum after India unilaterally suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, which removed procedural constraints and allowed projects like Sawalkote to advance.
- Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. With reference to the Indus River System, of the following four rivers, three of them pour into one of them which joins the Indus directly. Among the following, which one is such a river that joins the Indus direct? (2021)
(a) Chenab
(b) Jhelum
(c) Ravi
(d) Sutle
Ans: (d)
India’s 4G Stack and Its Potential to Counter China’s Digital Silk Road
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Relevance: GS 3 Science and Technology
Context: 4G Stack in India
Why in News?
Kaziranga Director becomes first Indian to receive IUCN award for innovation in national parks.
Introduction
- In October 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the launch of India’s indigenously developed 4G stack by BSNL, Tejas Networks, TCS, and the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) at the 9th India Mobile Congress (IMC) in Delhi.
- This development marks a significant step in India’s pursuit of digital sovereignty, reducing dependence on foreign vendors, and positioning India as an exporter of telecom infrastructure.
- India now joins an elite group of countries—Denmark, Sweden, South Korea, and China—capable of manufacturing and deploying their own 4G telecom equipment.
What is the 4G Stack?
- A 4G stack refers to a complete ecosystem of hardware and software that enables 4G mobile network services, including:
- Radio Access Network (RAN) – provided by Tejas Networks, responsible for wireless communication between user devices and the network.
- Core Network (CN) – provided by C-DOT, managing data routing, mobility, and subscriber management.
- Integration & Data Centres – handled by TCS, which installed and commissioned network infrastructure at over 100,000 sites and provides 24/7 network monitoring via its Cognitive Network Operations platform.
Key Features
- Indigenous development reduces reliance on foreign vendors, enhancing national security and strategic autonomy.
- 5G-ready architecture ensures future scalability and migration without replacing large parts of deployed infrastructure.
- Rapid upgrades and easier management via domestic software and control systems.
- Export-readiness: Several developing countries have shown interest, indicating potential for India to compete globally.
(Image Source: Indian Express)
Strategic Implications
1. Digital Sovereignty
- India’s 4G stack allows control over critical communication networks, ensuring protection against cyber vulnerabilities and foreign interference.
2. Export Potential
- By offering an affordable, indigenous alternative to Chinese telecom infrastructure, India can challenge China’s dominance in emerging markets.
3. Countering China’s Digital Silk Road (DSR)
- China’s DSR is part of the Belt and Road Initiative, financing digital connectivity in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
- Chinese firms like Huawei and ZTE dominate 4G infrastructure in Africa (~70% market share) and were first to offer 5G services.
- India’s offering could serve as a strategic counterweight, promoting competition and reducing dependency on Chinese technology.
India Stack and Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
Alongside the 4G stack, India is developing India Stack, a digital public infrastructure that includes:
- Digital identity solutions (e.g., Aadhaar)
- Payment systems (e.g., UPI)
- Data management tools
- This DPI can be exported, offering a comprehensive digital solution to other developing countries, complementing the 4G stack.
| Feature | 4G | 5G | 6G (Emerging) |
| Generation | Fourth Generation | Fifth Generation | Sixth Generation |
| Launch Period | 2009–2012 | 2019 onwards | Expected 2030+ |
| Key Technology | LTE (Long Term Evolution), OFDMA, MIMO | mmWave, Massive MIMO, Network Slicing, Edge Computing | Terahertz (THz) communication, AI-native networks, holographic communication |
| Peak Data Speed | 100 Mbps (mobile), 1 Gbps (stationary) | 10–20 Gbps | 1 Tbps+ (theoretical) |
| Latency | ~50 ms | ~1–10 ms | ~0.1 ms |
| Bandwidth | 20 MHz–100 MHz | 100 MHz–1 GHz | 1–10 THz |
| Connectivity | Mobile internet, HD streaming, VoLTE | IoT, Smart cities, autonomous vehicles, AR/VR | Holographic calls, immersive XR, brain-computer interfaces, pervasive AI |
| Network Architecture | Centralized | Decentralized + Cloud-native | Fully AI-driven, integrated terrestrial + satellite networks |
| Applications | Mobile browsing, video streaming, video calls | Smart cities, industrial automation, connected vehicles | Tactile internet, holographic communications, ultra-intelligent society |
| Deployment Status | Mature, global | Growing, several countries adopted | Experimental, research phase |
| Examples of Use | 4G mobile networks in India, LTE services | 5G trials and commercial rollout by Jio, Airtel, BSNL | Research projects by China, US, EU, India (6G initiatives ongoing) |
Challenges Ahead
- India’s 4G stack may not yet match China’s technological sophistication in certain areas.
- Pricing, financing, and global perception will be crucial in competing with Chinese firms, who benefit from state-backed loans and aggressive foreign policy.
- Establishing trust in new technology and ensuring long-term maintenance and upgrades in foreign markets will be critical.
Conclusion
India’s indigenously developed 4G stack represents a strategic and technological milestone, promoting digital sovereignty, reducing dependency on foreign vendors, and opening avenues for exports.
CARE MCQ
Q6. Which of the following statements about India’s indigenously developed 4G stack is/are correct?
- It includes Radio Access Network, Core Network, and domestic integration.
- The architecture is 5G-ready and allows future migration without replacing infrastructure.
- It reduces reliance on foreign vendors and enhances India’s strategic autonomy.
Select correct options
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer 6-D
Explanation
- Statement 1 is Correct: India’s 4G stack comprises Radio Access Network (RAN) by Tejas Networks, Core Network (CN) by C-DOT, and domestic integration coordinated by TCS, reducing dependency on foreign vendors and enabling a fully indigenous system.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The 4G stack is described as 5G-ready, which allows for seamless future migration to 5G without replacing major parts of the deployed infrastructure.
- Statement 3 is Correct: By being fully indigenous, the stack reduces reliance on foreign vendors, enhances national security, and strengthens India’s strategic autonomy in critical communication networks.
- Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. With reference to Web 3.0, consider the following statements: (2022)
1. Web 3.0 technology enables people to control their own data.
2. In Web 3.0 world, there can blockchain based social networks.
3. Web 3.0 is operated by users collectively rather than a corporation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (d)