UNESCO World Heritage
The UNESCO Convention outlines the kinds of sites eligible for inclusion, including ancient monuments, museums, biodiversity zones, and unique geological formations. The first official list of World Heritage Sites was published in 1978.
- A unique strength of the convention is that it also acknowledges landscapes that combine cultural and natural elements, where human activity has evolved in harmony with the environment. This integration of biological, geological, and cultural features makes many sites globally exceptional.
- The convention also emphasizes integrating heritage conservation with regional planning and development, although this is not always effectively implemented. For instance, modern urban development in Agra has raised concerns regarding the preservation of the Taj Mahal.
Selection Criteria (UNESCO World Heritage)
I. To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius.
II. To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design.
III. To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared.
IV. To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stage(s) in human history.
V. To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment, especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change.
VI. To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria).
VII. To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance.
VIII. To be outstanding examples representing major stages of Earth’s history, including the record of life, significant ongoing geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features.
IX. To be outstanding examples representing significant ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals.
X. To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation.