I.     Telangana Movement: 1 & 2

Theme 2:   Mulki issue (unit 1 specific)

Theme 3:   Merger of Hyderabad State into Indian Union in 1948; Employment Policies under military rule and vellodi, 1948-1952; Violation of Mulki rule and its implication

Theme 4:   Theme-1: Hyderabad State in Independent India- Formation of Popular Ministry under Burgula Ramakrishna Rao.

Theme 5:   Theme-2: 1952 Mulki-Agitation. Demand for Employment of Local people and City College Incident- Its importance. Justice Jagan Mohan Reddy Committee Report, 1953

Theme 6:   Theme-3: Initial debates and demand for Telangana State-Reasons for the Formation of States Reorganization Commission (SRC) under Fazal Ali in 1953-Main Provisions and Recommendations of SRC-Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s views on SRC and smaller states.

29th state&12th largest (114,840Sq km) 15°55′ to 19°56’N and 77°15′ to 80°47’E.

1.      Borders and Size: Chhattisgarh (NE), Maharashtra (NW), Karnataka (W), Andhra Pradesh (E).

2.      Only region in the country that has both the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

3.      Semi-arid region with a favorable climate, warm breeze, and moderate humidity.

4.      Sahyadri Ranges (WG-Adilabad) and Papikondalu(EG-khammam)

5.      Plains: 700 meters above sea level, spread across Hyderabad, Warangal, and Khammam districts.

6.      Rivers: Krishna and Godavari (TG geo)

7.      Mineral Resources: Gondwana rocks- dolomite, and coal. High-quality iron and wootz steel from smelting centers like Konasamudram in Nizamabad district-exported to Rome, Damascus, and Persia 2500 years ago. Iron ore deposits are found in Khammam, Warangal, and Nizamabad..

Intro or Conclusion:

·       Mahatma Gandhi as “Ganga Jamuna Tehzeeb,” symbolizing the cultural syncretism and unity within diversity.

1.      Cultural Mosaic: Cultural Confluence – meeting point of North and South India

2.      Composite culture (Coexistence of Cultures-Deccani Culture- fusion of Persian and Telugu cultures)

3.      Influence of Migrants: Muslims, Kayastha, Lodhis, Marwadis, Khathris, and professionals, migrated to TG. Brought their cultural values.

4.      Linguistic& Literary Heritage: Telugu is the primary language-distinct dialects, words, phrases, conversations, folk songs, and customs are unique. A hub for many literary and linguistic developments in Telugu- Palkuriki, Bammera, Mallinadha Suri, Koravi Goparaju, Gona Buddha Reddy (Telangana dialect in their works).

5.      In 20^th century- Vattikota , Dasaradhi, Kaloji, C. Narayana Reddy, Wanamamalai Varada Chari, Kovela Sampath Kumara Charyulu, Varavara Rao, and Jwala Mulkhi (brought recognition and fame to the Telangana dialect).

6.      Unique Festivals and Fairs (Bonalu, Bathukamma, Peerla, Medaram, Nagoba)

7.      Culinary Heritage (Boti,Phunti,Biryani,Haleem, Irani Chai

8.      Folk Arts and Traditions Perini Sivatandavam, Gussadi and Dandaria dance forms, Kancherla gopanna music (Carnatic+dasarathi sathakam), Bidri craft (named after its birthplace since the time of the Nizams. crafted items from mud and various metals for royal use). Nirmal paintings and toys (renowned for their wooden handicrafts),Karimnagar filigree(crafted from thin strands of silver to create intricate articles and figurines),Pochampalli,Narayanpet, Gadwal handlooms.

1.      Caste & Subcaste Systems (subordinate castes for dominant castes& predominant in Telangana as per scholar and linguist Professor Jayadheer Tirumala Rao)

2.      Cultural Propagation- (Dakkali Jamba Puranam, Nulaka Chandaiah Puranam, and Beeranna Kathalu).

3.      Jagirdari System- upper-caste landlords based on land tenure &built small forts (Gadis) on elevated areas.

4.      Jogini and Basivini Systems

5.      Religious Diversity Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Parsis, Buddhists, and Jains

6.      Gender Relations: traditionally dominated by patriarchy. Later, have become more democratic with the expansion of a modern education system based on equality

7.      Socio-Cultural Renaissance: Library movement (Komarraju Lakshmana Rao, Madapati Hanumantha Rao & M. Narsing Rao), literacy, Arya Samaj Movements(Keshav Rao Koratkar, Damodar Satwalekar, Waman Rao Naik, Vidyalanka, and Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao)& civil liberties and Dalit self-respect movements(Arigai Rama Swamy and Bhagya Reddy Verma+ Harischandra Heda and Jnana Kumari Heda).

The structure of the economic system in the erstwhile Hyderabad state: had the features of tradition and modernity. This combination unveils a complex picture. > 70% of the population of Telangana depend on agriculture – about 70 percent of revenue in the princely state was obtained from land cess.

1.      Lands: khalsa lands (diwani lands-Nizam’s direct control, ljira lands, Panmuktha lands, Tahud lands under Deshmukhs in the villages.) and non Khalsa lands(surf-i-khas lands, peshkush lands, watandar lands, Jagirdar lands and Inam lands).

2.      Patels and patwaris: The power of collecting land cess from this type of Khalsa lands. These land tenure were placed in certain families on the principle of inheritance.

3.      Industrial sector: had certain principal industries such as the Hyderabad Llwyn, Hyderabad Asbestos, Charminar Cigarette Factory, DBR Mills, Praga tools and so on, situated at Hyderabad. Likewise, the Azam Jahi mills at Warangal, paper mill at Sirpur kagaz nagar (Adilabad),

4.      Singareni Coal Mines in Khammam and other places provided employment to thousands of people.

Many royal dynasties made different places in Telangana their capital is a unique aspect

1. Royal Dynasties:

·       4th and 5th centuries B.C., the Vishnukundins ruled parts of Telangana from Keesaragutta near Hyderabad.

·       Later, Badami Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, and Kalyani Chalukyas.

·       Kakatiya Dynasty: Warangal as their capital (11^th AD).

·       Later, the Qutub Shahis and Asaf Jahis ruled from Hyderabad’s Golconda Fort.

Courageous women rulers Rani Rudrama Devi, Rani Shankaramma,Sammakka -Saralamma. Others: Shitab Khan, Turrebaz Khan, Ramji Gond, and Komaram Bheem, Chakali Ilamma and Doddi Komariah, Nakka Ramulu.

2.      Nonviolent Leaders to battle against the Nizam’s police for integrating Hyderabad (Ramananda Thirtha, Govinda Rao Nanal, Harischandra Heda-Jnana Kumari Heda, Paga Pulla Reddy, K.V. Ranga Reddy, Marri Chenna Reddy, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, and Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao).

3.      Peasant Armed Struggle & Distinct Legacy: Dignity, self-respect, and self-rule.

4.      Popular Movement for Integration into Indian Union: Early Nationalist Efforts(Aghornath Chattopadhyaya,Mullah Abdul Khayyum, and Ramachandra Pillai), Vandemataram Movement by P.V. Narasimha Rao,Hayagrivachary,Devulapalli Venkateswar Rao, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, and B. Dharmabiksham (response to the Nizam state’s restrictions that banned students from singing “Vandemataram” and required them to wear blue sherwanis and pajamas). Satyagraha to pressurize the Nizam to lift the ban on Hyderabad state congress (1938) by Govinda Rao Nanal, Ramakrishna Dhoot, Srinivasa Rao Borikar, and Janardhan Rao Desai. Arya Samaj Satyagraha-Parallel to the Congress Satyagraha, Arya Samaj activists also protested communal riots in Dhoolpet faced ban from Nizam.

•         In 1888, people for the 1st time demanded Mulki rights in Hyderabad state. Led by Lawyer Kishan Rao: Demanding that only mulki’s(locals) should be appointed for the vacancies

•         Context: Salar Jung – I (1853-83): the persons from north India were recruited by saying there were no eligible candidates in Hyderabad

•         Mir Mahboob Ali Khan Farman (gazette) stating that only mulkis should be appointed for the vacancies

•         This Farman was not implemented properly. Eventually, once again Mulki agitation started during Mir Osman Ali Khan period in 1919

•         In 1919, 7^th Nizam defined the word “Mulki”

•         Criteria for Mulki Status: By birth or If they resided in Hyderabad State for at least 15 years (provided an undertaking to remain permanently). The status was inheritable.

•         Mulki widow retained her status upon migrating to Hyderabad (her children need to satisfy residence conditions)

•         Administrative Process for Certification: Issuing Mulki certificates lay with Collector cadre officers, highlighting the status’s significance. Appeals could be made to the Subedar, whose rulings were conclusive.

Implications:

1.      Created a privileged class of citizens, granting them specific rights- led to occasional tensions between native Mulkis and non-native residents.

2.      Fostered a strong local identity in employment and political representation.

3.      Despite issuing of Farmanas (1919, 1933), the issue persisted all along 1930s led to league.

Circumstances surrounding the League formation:

1.      Widespread support to the Mulki cause (due to acute unemployment): Maharaja Kishan Prasad, who was appointed as Prime Minister in 1901, supported the cause of Mulkis, for employment.

2.      Non-implementation of Mulki rules

3.      Genesis in Osmania University

4.      Counter to Non-Mulkis: jobs continued to be captured by non-Mulkis

Objectives of the League:

1.      To protect Mulki rights and explain their duties.

2.      To develop cooperation among different castes, sects of Nizam state.

3.      To fight for the protection of local language, culture, and traditions.

4.      To protect Hyderabad State’s monarchy rights.

5.      To make efforts to form Asaf Jahi family rule, which shall be responsible to the legislature.

Reason for the League’s dissolution:

1.      The term ‘Responsible Government’ brought a severe reaction from Nizam.

2.      Divisions in the League: The Hindus exited and started their own association named ‘Peoples Convention’; Hyderabad State Congress (1938) was an extension to this.

3.      With the joining of Muslim Intellectuals in Ithehadul Muslimeen for the sovereignty of Muslims, the League was dissolved in 1939.

‘The Deccani Nationalism’ was also the slogan of the Mulki League. These slogans by the Mulki League have attracted and influenced the Mulkis of Hyderabad towards their objectives.

“Hyderabad for Hyderabadis,” aiming to safeguard the interests of the Mulkis.

Origin of slogans:

1.      Administrative Reforms and Policies (dissolution of the old cabinet council in 1919, transitioning to an executive council model prioritized the employment of local subjects. Hyderabad Civil Service Committee, established by a 1919 Farman, played a crucial role in reinforcing these policies.

2.      Mulki Rules and Regulations Article 39, restricting civil service appointments to natural born subjects.

3.      Formation of Mulki Organizations including the Osmania Graduates Association and the Society of Union and Progress in London.

Implications of the Slogan:

•         Cultural and Social Mobilization-‘Hyderabad for Hyderabadis’ became a symbol of cultural pride and local identity.

•         Substantial political pressure on the Nizam’s administration

The princely state of Hyderabad saw a unique movement for integration into the Indian Union immediately after independence

1.      Early Nationalist Efforts(late 19th century): Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, Mullah Abdul Khayyum, and Ramachandra Pillai attended Indian National Congress conferences in the late 19th century, raising awareness among the people.

2.      Vandemataram Movement(1034): response to the Nizam state’s restrictions that banned students from singing “Vandemataram” and required them to wear blue sherwanis and pajamas. Students who protested these rules faced expulsion. Leaders of this movement included P.V. Narasimha Rao, Hayagrivachary, Devulapalli Venkateswar Rao, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, and B. Dharmabiksham.

3.      Formation of Hyderabad State Congress (1938): faced a ban from the Nizam government. Leaders like Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Kasinadh Rao Vaidya, and M. Narsing Rao tried to convince the Nizam to lift the ban. When these efforts failed, leaders like Govinda Rao Nanal, Ramakrishna Dhoot, Srinivasa Rao Borikar, and Janardhan Rao Desai led a Satyagraha to pressurize the Nizam.

4.      Arya Samaj Satyagraha(1938): Arya Samaj activists protested against communal riots in Dhoolpet (Parallel to the Congress Satyagraha). The Nizam labeled these as communal, failing to distinguish between the Satyagrahas of the Congress and Arya Samaj. Following Mahatma Gandhi’s advice, the Congress party withdrew its Satyagraha on December 24, 1938. These Satyagrahas raised public awareness against the oppressive Nizam state and united nationalist forces.

5.      Nonviolent Leaders, Peasant Armed Struggle (go to first table political segment).

Operation Polo On 13 September 1948 termed as police action by C. Rajagopalachari.

Reasons:

1.      Nizam’s refusal to join the Indian union On 03 June 1947 order not willing to merge only signed the Stand Still Agreement in November 1947. Also fetched weapons secretly through Sydney Cotton.

2.      Nizam’s support to Razakars, a radical Muslim militia: villages like Bairampally, Renikunta, Rayikodu and Machireddypally stand as the testimony of their ignominy.

3.      Understanding between Nizam and the communists lifting of ban on the Communist Party (04 May 1948) worried Govt.

4.      Pressure from public opinion and the media: media portrayed the Nizam as a tyrant and a traitor, colluding with Pakistan to undermine India’s security and safety.

Consequences of Police Action:

1.      People take revenge on Razakars: Guerrilla groups(Pasham Ram Reddy) attacked Razakar camps.

2.      Change in the polity of Hyderabad state: Major General J.N. Chaudhari as the military ruler to streamline the administration of the Hyderabad state (Nizam as a nominal head).

3.      Hyderabad acceded to India via November 1949 Forman. Within five days of the beginning of the operation, On September 17, the Nizam surrendered.

1.      Representation of all social groups: Armed forces from neighbouring states like composite Madras, Central provinces, and Bombay were brought to balance the social composition of state civil services and police services.

2.      Emphasis on Telugu language in state administration: Govt appointed certain people to give importance to Telugu instead of Urdu.

3.      Special drive for recruiting certain administrative personnel: To abolish the Jagirdari system and bring land holding patterns under Revenue administration.

4.      200 officials of Indian Civil Services were appointed: To bring stability in governments’ economic conditions and to achieve normal economic functioning.

5.      Reinstated some removed employees: Based on the recommendation of an official of public service commission headed by M.A. Rahaman.

6.      Reforms in Police Department and Military services: Armed forces in Hyderabad reduced from 17,870 to 10,415. While recruiting employees non-Muslims were also given importance.

7.      Regional Employment Exchanges setup: One at Hyderabad and the other two at Warangal and Aurangabad. These exchanges undertook recruitment to medium level and lower-level posts.

Violation of Mulki rule and its implication

1.      Hundreds of employees came from neighbouring places of Madras and Andhra, who took away the jobs of the locals.

2.      The non-locals appointed their own people in the name of scarcity of technical experts, acquired valuable assets and started dominating the local people.

3.      The violation of Mulki rules continued even after the introduction of these policies.

Implications:

Under military rule-English as Official Language: allowed people from outside Hyderabad, who were fluent in English.

After the military government ended, MK Vellodi led the civilian government starting January 26, 1950- Local Language in Schools: led to many teachers from Madras (where Telugu was also spoken) being hired in Hyderabad, impacting local job opportunities, a rise in corruption with non-locals- fake mulki certificates.

1.      Led to the 1952 Mulki Movement (use causes of this movement in the next table as implications as well) in Telangana, quest for self-respect and economic justice.

2.      This movement was a reaction against perceived injustices and discrimination faced by the local population in terms of employment and representation.

1.      Economic Stability: a committee in 1950 under the chairmanship of a retired ICS officer A.D. Gorwala-target 350 crore surplus funds. By 1952, achieved economic equilibrium in the budget, continued to maintain fiscal discipline.

2.      Abolition of Jagirdari system: Jagirdari regulation (abolition) Act 1949 had not changed the land holding pattern. He undertook deliberations with Jagirdars. Lost 3.5 crore per annum from Jagirdars& had to incur 18 crores as expenditure to bring relief and happiness in the lives of tenant farmers (Indicates his empathetic administration).

3.      Land Reforms: The Hyderabad Tenancy and agricultural lands (amendment of 1950) act 1954. The land ownership increased to about 60.5% more progressive than the original.

4.      Countering Communists with an iron hand:

·       Implementation of the Suppression of Disturbances Act(Disturbed Areas Act- passed by the Madras state Assembly) to act decisively against the insurgents,

·       Mobilization of Armed Forces to effectively enforce the act,

·       Encouraging Political Integration (lifted ban to participate in parliamentary politics).

·       Public Confidence and Law Enforcement Reforms.

5.      Resolution of Mulki rules dispute via Pingali Jagan Mohan Reddy committee-to honour Mulki rules and regulations.

·       He was instrumental in Gentlemen’s Agreement too.

1. Non-Mulkis were invited for employment

2. Mulki rules became inapplicable

3. Non-Mulkis acquired property

4. Employment opportunities for locals reduced

5. Local people belittled

6. Locals had difficulty in promotions

7. Perceived Discrimination

8. Economic Disparities

City college Incident:

• Trigger Incident: Transfer of 180 teachers by Parthasarathi, the divisional inspector of Education, in July 1952(sparked widespread protests in Warangal).
• Protests and March: organized up to the Subedari office in Warangal. Demonstration highlighted the dissatisfaction and anger among the local populace regarding employment practices.
• Formation of Joint Action Committee (JAC): To coordinate and escalate their demands (leadership of Buchaiah).
• Demand and Assurance: On August 6th, 1952, the JAC met with the CM seeking the repatriation (“Ghair Mulkis”) of non-locals holding government positions.
• Police Lathi Charge Incident On 28th August, at the Government High School of Warangal ignited further.
• Spread of Protests: Madhira, Khammam, Suryapet, Miryalaguda, Aurangabad, Bidar, Gulbarga, and the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
• Police Action on 2nd September in the Old City.
• Student Gathering including unemployed youth and rickshaw pullers: On 3rd September, gathered at City College to protest the earlier police actions.
• Police Firing: the deaths of two individuals.
• Mass Meeting at Fateh Maidan: by opposition leaders demanded an inquiry into the police actions and the return of the deceased’s bodies from Osmania Hospital.
• Massive Gathering: On 4th September, deaths of four more people due to police firing.

JUSTICE JAGAN MOHAN REDDY COMMITTEE

On September 9, 1952, the Home Department appointed to investigate the firing incidents on September 3 and 4, 1952, at City College and Osmania Hospital area.

Government Actions:

·       On September 10, 1952, the CM detailed letter to Justice Jagan Mohan Reddy.

·       Registrar G.B. Tiwari issued a public enquiry notification on September 12, 1952.

·       Public Enquiry:

Participants and Proceedings:

·       All Hyderabad Students Federation, Peoples Democratic Front (PDF), and the Communist Party.

·       P. Vasudeva represented the Colleges Union, and advocates Natarajan and Sitaramaiah also participated.

Key persons in Representation:

·       Advocate General Rajaram Iyer assisted the Commission.

·       Nawab Askar Yar Jung and Atha-u-Rahman represented the All Hyderabad Students Federation.

·       D.M. Deshmukh and Omkar Prasad represented the PDF.

·       Gulam Panjathan and M.R. Saxena also appeared before Justice Jagan Mohan Reddy.

Key Witnesses:

·       The Commission cross-examined several witnesses, including Burgula Ramakrishna Rao (Chief Minister), Shivkumarlal (Police Commissioner), and Hayagreeva Chary (Congress Leader), among others who witnessed the incidents.

Key Findings and Observations of the Report:

Justification of Police Action:

·       3rd September: Stating that it was justified under the circumstances.

·       4th September: the firing unjustified and avoidable.

·       Police Procedures: failure to record the firing incidents in the police diary

Government Response:

·       The report criticized the government for its delayed response to the popular aspirations and unrest

·       Nature of Agitations: right to express their discontent peacefully and within legal bounds without deviation towards violence.

Role of Political Leaders: Tendency of political leaders to exploit popular agitations.

Responsibility of Parents: children focus on their studies and do not get involved in agitations.

Reasons for the Formation of SRC:

·        Formation of Andhra state in 1953- demand for the formation of states on a linguistic basis increased

·        Gujaratis, Punjabis, Marathas, Malayalis, kannadis demanded.

·        rearrange the boundaries of states.

·        Political move: On 22nd December, 1953, Prime Minister Nehru announcedà under the leadership of Syed Fazal Ali on 29th December, 1953 by resolution of the Home Department.

• Members of the commission –

·        Hridaynath (H.N) Kunjru (Member of the Council of States)

·        Kavalam Madhav (K.M) Panikkar (Indian Ambassador in Egypt)

The views expressed by the SRC report:

1.    Vishalandhra+Lingistic Basis-hyd into 3 states

2.    Separate Telangana state with 10 dist.

3.    To keep the Hyderabad state as it is.

Vishalandhra by SRC- Arguments (para 369-374):

1.      TG as coastal city with vast water resources, power, mineral etc.

2.      Twin cities: solve the capital problem of Vishalandhra.

3.      Krishna – Godavari Rivers Scheme

4.      TG can use surplus foodgrains from AP

5.      AP can use coal from TG

SRC’s arguments- separate Telangana (para 375–380):

1.      Per capita income AP<TG (high land tax& 5 crore excise income/annum)

2.      Fear of shortage of money for welfare & development like AP

3.      Nandikonda, Kustapuram and Godavari projects- TG not ready to give up its independent rights.

4.      Fear of migration from AP& loosing Opprtunities.

5.      no reason to worry about the financial position of TG(17 cr income)+favourable policies from FC

6.      SRC Sribagh treaty type guarantees if any merge.

After considering all, SRC proposed:

1.      TG as a separate state (with hyd name) until 2/3^rd of the members agree to merge after general election.

2.      Two states will stabilize their revenues if no obstruction- the process of unification.

3.      Transition helpful in overcoming the fear of merging& Consensus to be achieved.

4.      SRC recommended Districts: Mahboobnagar, Nalgonda, Warangal (along with Khammam), Karimnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Hyderabad, Medak, Bidar along with Munagala Paragana in the present Krishna district of Andhra.

Ambedkar’s “Thoughts on Linguistic States”

Favourable points on linguistic states:

1.      States on linguistic lines facilitate better governance and administration

2.      Prevent the dominance of any single language, promoting linguistic equality and cultural preservation.

3.      Linguistically homogeneous states-focus on their specific development needs & resources.

4.      prevent regional disparities, promote uniform economic growth.

5.      Preventing Linguistic Chauvinism

His Thoughts on smaller states:

1.      Smaller states could lead to more efficient and responsive governance.

2.      Reduce bureaucratic delays

3.      Better representation of diverse communities in governanceà inclusive & participatory.

4.      Economic Development: harness local resources, promote local industries& address regional disparities.

5.      Equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.

6.      Linguistic and cultural homogeneity- stronger sense of identity and unityà social cohesion and stability.

Ambedkar’s Concerns and Safeguards:

1.      Risk of Parochialism

2.      Economic unviability: dependency on central assistance

3.      Administrative Challenges: Issues of smooth transitions and effective governance structures.

4.      Minority Rights: ensure that smaller states do not become exclusionary.

His Criticism on SRC:

1.      Not giving due weightage to geographical area-lead to administrative inefficiencies and socio-economic disparities. (his analysis on Maharashtra, of which he wanted four parts).

2.      Risks of Population Imbalance: smaller states in the south and larger states in the north could create regional imbalancesàaffect national cohesion.

His proposal:

1.      Criteria for Forming States: 3 metricsà population, geographical area, and financial self-reliance.

2.      Principle of ‘One state, one language’, rather than ‘one language, one state’, to prevent dominance by any single linguistic group within a state.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s views on smaller states and linguistic reorganization:

1.      Addressing the complexities of governance in a diverse nation

2.      Emphasis on administrative efficiency, regional representation, economic development.

I.     Telangana Movement: 3 & 4

Theme 2: Violations of Employment, Public Works, Education, and Surplus Funds in Telangana

Theme 3: Protest in Kothagudem and other places

Theme 4: Fast unto death by Ravindranath

Theme 5: 1969 Telangana MovementT

Theme 6: Key Political Leaders – Role of Intellectuals, Students, Employees in Jai Telangana Movement.

·       Strong opposition -Telangana people – merge with Andhra – 1st Nov 1956.

·       Resolutions against merger passed –150 institutions, 30 Municipality committees, & 100 Gram Panchayats.

·       25th Nov 1955: Major Hartal – Hyd protesting -merger.

2.      State Reorganization Commission:

·       Recommended – NO merger without Telangana’s consent.

·       Recognized Telangana’s right to decide its future.

3.      Political Involvement:

·       Jawaharlal Nehru initially- opposed Vishalandhra.

·       Congress subcommittee formed –Dec 1955 – discuss Telangana’s future.

·       Telangana leaders –Burgula Ramakrishna Rao eventually supported the merger.

4.      Telangana’s Concerns:

·       Fear of domination & exploitation – Andhra leaders.

·       Majority of Telangana leaders – favored – separate state.

5.      Andhra’s Agenda:

·       Aimed to resolve issues- capital city & water disputes – merger.

·       Andhra leaders urged – convince Telangana people instead – central leaders in Delhi.

6.      Gentlemen’s Agreement:

·       Safeguards – Telangana proposed at the time of the merger.

·       Agreement – not publicly declared – formed the basis for the merger.

7.      Violations:

·       Telangana people continuously – noted violations of the agreed safeguards post-merger.Top of FormBottom of Form

2.      Education: Telangana’s existing educational facilities reserved – Telangana students.

3.      Recruitment: Future recruitment based –population ratio of Andhra and Telangana.

4.      Mulki Rules: Recruitment- Telangana- follow Mulki rules.

5.      Agricultural Land: Regional Council – controls sale of Telangana agricultural lands.

6.      Ministers in Regional Council: Telangana Ministers – oversee development plans.

7.      State Cabinet: Cabinet portfolios shared – based on population, – key portfolios for Telangana Ministers.

8.      Hyderabad Congress Committee: Continued till 1962.

Additional Safeguards

·        Section 108(2): Ongoing projects can’t – stopped without Central Govt approval.

·        Section 115(7): Employee service conditions can’t – altered unfairly.

·        Section 115(5): Advisory committee – ensure fair unification of employees.

• Andhra Leaders showed -NO interest – implementing – Gentlemen’s Agreement.
• Violations – began – before – formation of Andhra Pradesh.

Regional Council:

• Gentlemen’s Agreement called – for strong Regional Council – Telangana with powers – supervise the agreement & make development plans.
• Central Govt instead formed – weaker Telangana Regional Committee – no real powers, only advisory functions.
• The committee – no authority – key areas like Mulki rules/ higher education, – first violation of Telangana’s rights.

Political Violations:

• The Deputy CM clause – ignored – N. Sanjeeva Reddy, violating- agreement.
• Key portfolios – Telangana ministers -withheld /split (e.g., Home without Law and Order, Industries divided).

Congress Committee Merger:

·        Telangana Congress Committee – abolished – 1957 (against- agreement – continue till 1962) & merged – Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee.

·        This merger – stifled Telangana’s political identity and leadership.

Panchayati Raj System:

• Andhra leaders gained control over local governance with the Panchayati Raj system, furthering Telangana’s marginalization.

Consequences:

• Telangana lost political autonomy, & submissive leaders – encouraged -Andhra, leading – erosion of Telangana’s political identity.Top of FormBottom of Form

2.      Water Disparity: Telangana was entitled – 1500 TMCs, but Andhra Pradesh received 811 TMCs (Krishna) and 14850 TMCs (Godavari).

3.      Five-Year Plan Funding: Andhra – Rs. 93.67 crore vs. Telangana’s Rs. 56.76 crore for irrigation – 2nd and 3rd Five-Year Plans.

4.      Pochampadu Project: Originally planned (Nizam) for 260 TMCs and 20 lakh acres; reduced – 66 TMCs and 5.7 lakh acres by Andhra govt.

5.      Nagarjuna Sagar Project: Telangana’s irrigated area reduced – 10 lakh acres to 5.2 lakh acres – post Andhra revisions; by 1968, Andhra irrigated 5.6 lakh acres, Telangana only 0.9 lakh acres.

6.      Agriculture Funding: Andhra got Rs. 35.43 crore vs. Telangana’s Rs. 15.66 crore for agriculture between 1950-1968.

7.      Violation of Safeguards: Telangana’s rightful share in irrigation and agriculture was denied, violating the agreements made during state formation.

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

Key Powers and Functions:

1. Regulation of Agricultural Lands

• Authority – approve sale of agricultural lands –  Telangana – prevent exploitation and ensure local benefit.

2. Supervision of Development Plans

• Oversaw execution – general development plans and activities of institutions like District Boards to ensure alignment with Telangana’s needs.

• Responsible – improving primary and secondary education – Telangana -targeted action plans.

4. Regulation of Educational Admissions

• Controlled admission policies in educational institutions to give preference to local students.

5. Prohibition Enforcement

• Monitored – enforcement of prohibition laws, regulating – sale and consumption of alcohol in the region

• Supervised sectors – cottage industries, agriculture, cooperative societies, markets, and fairs – boost regional economic development.

7. Job Recruitment Supervision

• Ensured fair recruitment processes – government jobs – Telangana, protecting local employment rights.

8. Legislative Oversight

• Had authority – regional non-financial bills (Regional Bills), which required Committee approval before being introduced in the Legislative Assembly.

• Mulki Rules: Continuation – Mulki rules – key provision – Gentlemen’s Agreement.
• Parliament Approval (1957): The Employment Eligibility Law – force – 7th Dec 1957 for Telangana, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh.
• Residential Condition: 15 years – residence – mandatory -employment – local govt institutions.
• Violations: Andhra Pradesh Govt ignored – Mulki rules, favoring Andhra employees over Telangana locals in employment, bypassing Central Govt advisory.

·        Govt Neglect: The Andhra Pradesh Govt – ignored both court verdicts & Central Govt advisories – protecting Andhra employees – expense of Telangana employees.

Education Department

·        Salary Disparities: Non-trained Telangana teachers – received lower salary scales (85-175), unlike their Andhra counterparts.

·        Job Security and Promotions Denied: Telangana teachers appointed – Nizam period – job insecurity – denied promotions.

• Gentlemen’s Agreement: Telangana’s surplus income – supposed – reserved – development.
• Ambiguities: Lack of clear definitions – terms of “general administration” and NO specific expenditure ratio for Andhra and Telangana.
• Income vs. Expenditure: Telangana – higher income than expenditure; however, funds – not allocated for its development.
• 1969 Movement: The unresolved surplus funds issue – a significant factor in the Telangana Movement.
• All-Party Meeting (1969): Led – Chief Minister Kasu Brahmananda Reddy and Regional Committee Chairman J. Chokka Rao, an agreement – to calculate Telangana’s surplus funds combining revenue and investment surplus.

Conclusion

• Broken Safeguards: The failure to implement – agreed protections for Telangana as per the Gentlemen’s Agreement questioned the survival of Andhra Pradesh.
• 1969 Movement: Stemmed – repeated violations & non-allocation of Telangana’s surplus funds.

·        Gentlemen’s Agreement: Promised fair employment – resource allocation & educational opportunities – Telangana.

Employment and Service Rules

·        Mulki Rules: Reserved govt jobs – Telangana locals (15 years residency /born- Telangana).

·        Established – protect Telangana – Andhra administrative domination.

·        Widespread violations – govt jobs & educational seats – filled – non-locals (Andhra).

·        Recruitment ignored- domicile criteria, resulting – appointment of Andhra officials – key Telangana posts.

Protests in Kothagudem and Other Areas

Kothagudem Protests

·        Kothagudem, specifically Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL), became – center of protests – locals demanding – employment rights.

2.      Violence and Police Action: Protests turned violent; police clashes exacerbated tensions.

Other Affected Areas

·        Protests spread to Warangal, Karimnagar, & Hyderabad, – common demands- local employment rights & fair administration.

·        Issuance of Govt Order 36 (GO 36): Reaffirmed – Mulki Rules and reserved jobs for locals.

·        Measures – seen- insufficient by the protestors.

Continued Discontent

·        Lack of genuine govt action – continued dissatisfaction, keeping – agitation alive.

Long-Term Impact and Resolution

Resurgence of the Telangana Movement

·        Employment violations fueled –revival of the Telangana movement -1990s and 2000s.

Formation of Telangana State (June 2, 2014)

·        The long-standing agitation culminated – creation of Telangana, addressing historical grievances- fair representation and opportunities -local population.

·        His goal was -address employment, resource allocation, and political representation issues.

• Massive support – students, intellectuals, and political groups.
• Protests, rallies, and demonstrations were organized –Telangana.

Government Response

• Initially hesitant, – government took notice – growing agitation.
• Made efforts – persuade Ravindranath to end his fast -providing assurances to address Telangana’s concerns.

• Ravindranath’s fast intensified – Telangana agitation & brought national attention -to issue.
• Pressured – government – take the demands – movement more seriously.

Ravindranath’s Health and End of Fast

• As his health deteriorated, public concern increased.
• Ravindranath eventually ended – fast under pressure and government assurances.

Long-term Impact

• The fast – symbol of Telangana’s struggle for statehood.
• It inspired future leaders and played a crucial role in the ongoing movement for a separate Telangana state.

·        January 7-10, 1969:
Formation –Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS) and other student groups- organize protests.

·        January 11, 1969:
Massive rally – Hyderabad by students and youth, gaining widespread attention.

·        January 12-15, 1969:
Protests spread – other towns and villages, intensifying across Telangana.

·        February 5-10, 1969:
General strikes (bandhs) paralyzed Telangana, amplifying the movement.

·        February 11, 1969:
Government response – Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, offering inadequate solutions.

·        February 21-28, 1969:
Violent clashes erupted, leading to curfews in many areas, further intensifying the agitation

·        March 5: Talks b/n JAC & government ended without resolution.

·        March 10: All-Party Committee formed – address Telangana demands.

·        March 15-20: Strikes and protests continued across Telangana.

·        March 22: Another major rally held, reinforcing public discontent.

·        March 25: Police crackdown led to violent clashes.

·        March 30: Government announced new measures, but skepticism persisted among protesters.

·        April 6: All-Party Meeting -Delhi; Telangana representatives demanded statehood.

·        April 10: PM Indira Gandhi proposed Eight-Point Formula to address grievances.

·        April 15: Mixed reactions – Eight-Point Formula; demand for statehood persisted.

·        April 20-30: Protests reduced in intensity but continued due to unresolved statehood issue.

May 1969

·        May 1-10: Ongoing protests, strikes, and public meetings in Telangana.

·        May 15: Violent clashes; curfews imposed in several areas.

·        May 20-31: Political leaders pressed Telangana demands in state assembly and parliament.

June 1969 and Beyond

·        Sustained Agitation: Telangana movement persisted, leading – eventual statehood – 2014.

• Role: Leader – Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS)
• Contribution: Instrumental – organizing protests, rallies, and raising awareness about Telangana’s issues. Spearheaded the demand for statehood.

Konda Laxman Bapuji

• Role: Advocate – Telangana statehood, known as the ‘Father of Telangana’
• Contribution: Resigned – ministerial post – protest Telangana’s neglect, adding political & moral weight to the movement.

Makhdoom Mohiuddin

• Role: Poet, politician, and leader – Communist Party of India (CPI)
• Contribution: Used literature- highlight socio-economic injustices – Telangana, inspiring public mobilization.

Acharya Konda Lakshman Bapuji

• Role: Important leader – resigned – cabinet in protest
• Contribution: His activism and resignation increased national attention & momentum – Telangana cause.

• Role: Key student leader- Osmania University
• Contribution: Organized protests and rallies, playing a critical role in articulating student demands and mobilizing support.

 Mallikarjun

• Role: Student leader & protest coordinator
• Contribution: Helped maintain momentum in student strikes, rallies, and protests during the movement.

Civil Society and Intellectuals

B. J. Ranga Reddy

·       Role: Influential intellectual and activist

·       Contribution: Shaped public opinion through writings and speeches, advocating for Telangana statehood and addressing regional issues.

P. V. Narasimha Rao

·       Role: Mediator during -1969 movement, later – Prime Minister of India

·       Contribution: Played- key role in mediating between the government and protesters, offering political insights to ease tensions.

Women Activists

Mandalapu Ramadevi

·       Role: Prominent women’s rights activist

·       Contribution: Mobilized women – support – Telangana cause, adding strength and visibility to the movement.

·       Leaders Involved: Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy, Konda Laxman Bapuji

·       Significance: TPS coordinated protests, organized movements, and demanded a separate Telangana state.

2.      Student Protests

·       Leaders Involved: M. V. Ranga Reddy, Mallikarjun

·       Significance: Student protests acted as a catalyst for the widespread Telangana agitation, emphasizing issues of regional disparity.

3.      Mass Rallies and Strikes

·       Leaders Involved: Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy, Konda Laxman Bapuji, student leaders

·       Significance: Demonstrated the mass support for the Telangana cause, pressuring the government to consider statehood.

4.      Resignation of MLAs

·       Leaders Involved: Konda Laxman Bapuji and other Telangana MLAs

·       Significance: Resignations signified- seriousness of the movement and regional discontent, forcing the government to take note.

Conclusion

• The 1969 Telangana Movement was propelled – key leaders – Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy, Konda Laxman Bapuji, student activists like M. V. Ranga Reddy, and civil society figures like B. J. Ranga Reddy.
• Their collective actions laid – foundation -eventual formation of Telangana state – 2014, showcasing the significance of their contributions to the region’s history.

I.     Telangana Movement: 5

Theme 2: Major events after 1970

Theme 3: All Party Accord

Theme 4: G.O. 36

Theme 5: The Eight Point FormulaT

Theme 6: Five-Point Formula.

Ø  Formation of Organizing Committee

• Necessity for structured leadership
• 18 February 1969 meeting

Ø  Initial Meeting

• 8th and 9th March 1969
• Reddy Hostel premises
• Led by Smt Sada Laxmi
• Inaugurated by Osmania University VC, Sri Ravvada Satyanarayana
• Attended by several thousand people

Transition to Telangana Praja Samithi

• 25 March 1969
• Renaming from Peoples Convention to TPS
• Leadership by Sri Madan Mohan
• Formation of a 25-member committee

Ø  Inception

·       Founding of Telangana Praja Samithi – formed on March 25, 1969

·       Role of Marri Chenna Reddy

Ø  Objectives

·       Creation of a separate Telangana state

·       Addressing regional grievances

Leadership and Key Figures

Ø  Marri Chenna Reddy

·       Leadership and mobilization efforts

·       Articulation of Telangana demands

Ø  Other Prominent Leaders

·       J. V. Narsing Rao

·       A. Madhava Reddy

·       Konda Lakshman Bapuji

·       Madan Mohan

Strategies and Activities

Ø  Mobilization and Protests

·       Public meetings and rallies

·       Student involvement

Ø  Civil Disobedience

·       Non-cooperation with the government

·       Boycotts and tax refusals

Political Maneuvering

Ø  Lobbying and Negotiations

·       Engagements with the central government

·       Delegations to Delhi

Ø  Elections and Political Pressure

·       Contesting elections

·       Using electoral success as leverage

Ø  Wider Support and Recognition

·       Support from influential leaders and regions

·       Discussion in Indian Parliament

Ø  Community Engagement and Resources

·       Engagement by leaders like Sadalaxmi

·       Personal sacrifices for funding and motivation

Ø  Inclusive Participation

·       Roles of women leaders

·       Contributions from diverse groups

Six principles by TPS :

1. Leadership Change
2. Statutory Powers
3. Special Committee Formation
4. Separate Budget
5. Mulky Rules
6. State Decision Authority

·        First State Level Meeting (January 10, 1970)

o   Inauguration by Marri Chenna Reddy

o   Special guest M.P. “Gray” from the British Labour Party

o   Referendum request for separate Telangana statehood

·        Day of Protest (January 15, 1970)

o   Anniversary of Telangana movement initiation

o   Large meeting at Keshav Memorial

·        Merger of TPS Factions (January 21, 1970)

o   Unification under Mrs. Sadalakshmi and M. Sridhar Reddy

·        Martyr’s Day Observation (January 24, 1970)

o   Commemoration of Martyr Shankar’s death

Formation and Activities of Telangana United Front

·        Formation Meeting (January 1970)

o   Led by Nukala Ram Chandra Reddy

·        Formation of Telangana United Front (February 6, 1970)

o   Resignation of V.B. Raju from State Cabinet

o   Official recognition as opposition (February 9, 1970)

·        Important Leaders Joining

o   Inclusion of key figures like Konda Laxman Bapuji

·        Assembly Walkout during Budget Session (March 24, 1970)

o   Protest against budget estimations for Andhra and Telangana

Enhancement of Regional Powers

·        Extension of Powers to Telangana Regional Council (March 7-9, 1970)

o   President’s order amending the Andhra Pradesh Regional Committee order

Key Elections and Political Movements

·        Legislative Council Elections (June 24, 1970)

o   TPS wins three out of five contested seats

·        Khairatabad By-elections (June 15, 1970)

o   Victory of Nagam Krishna Rao

·        Siddipet By-election (November 17, 1970)

o   Victory of Madan Mohan; significant political implications

·        Sub-State Status Proposal by V.B. Raju (May 13, 1970)

o   Speech in Rajya Sabha advocating for Telangana as a sub-state

Additional Events and Proposals

·        Death of K. V. Ranga Reddy (July 24, 1970)

o   Funeral marked with Telangana flag; significant public mourning

·        Formation of Telangana Praja Parishad (September 3, 1970)

o   Aimed at achieving separate Telangana; supported by key personalities

·        Meeting and Participants

o   Central Government initiative

o   Inclusion of major political parties: Congress, PSP, Swatantra, etc.

·        Objectives of the Accord

o   Address Telangana grievances

o   Implementation of agreed safeguards from 1956

Key Provisions of the Accord

·        Implementation of the Gentlemen’s Agreement

o   Job protection and resource allocation for Telangana

·        Development Measures

o   Acceleration of regional projects

o   Equitable fund distribution

·        Employment and Education

o   Enforcement of Mulki Rules

o   Local representation in government and education sectors

·        Administrative Reforms

o   Local hiring for administrative roles in Telangana

Short-term Impact

·        Temporary Resolution

o   Initial calming of the agitation

o   Government efforts and perceived inadequacies

Long-term Impact

·        Persistent Dissatisfaction

o   Incomplete resolution of issues

o   Resurgence of the movement in the 1990s and 2000s

o   Formation of the state of Telangana in 2014

Major Players

·        M. Chenna Reddy

o   Leadership and negotiations

·        K.V. Ranga Reddy

o   Advocacy for Telangana rights

·        Students and Intellectuals

o   Key role in protests and articulation of demands

Conclusion

·        Effectiveness of the Accord

o   Temporary quelling of unrest

o   Long-term dissatisfaction leading to state formation

GO 36

·        Issuance

o   Issued in January 1969

o   Aimed at addressing employment grievances in Telangana

Key Provisions of GO 36

·        Implementation of Mulki Rules

o   Reservation for locals in government jobs

o   Eligibility based on residency or birth in Telangana

·        Reservation in Employment

o   80% reservation in lower cadre jobs for locals

o   Significant reservations in higher cadre jobs

·        Special Considerations in Education

o   Reservations for local students in educational institutions

Impact and Reactions

·        Short-term Impact

o   Seen as a positive response to agitation

o   Reduction in the intensity of protests

·        Long-term Impact

o   Continued issues with non-implementation

o   Persistent dissatisfaction and protests

Aftermath and Further Developments

·        Continued Agitation

o   Ongoing unrest due to implementation issues

o   Growing momentum for separate statehood

·        Formation of Telangana State

o   Established on June 2, 2014

o   Aimed at rectifying historical grievances

Objectives:

·        Immediate Relief

o   Alleviate grievances in Telangana

·        Equitable Development

o   Promote balanced growth

·        Administrative Efficiency and Transparency

o   Enhance governance and openness

·        Implementation of Safeguards

o   Fulfill promises to Telangana

Detailed Explanation of the Eight Points

1.      Committee for Developmental Programmes

o   Assess development needs

o   Monitor project implementation

2.      Proportional Representation in Services

o   Address employment disparities

o   Ensure fair employment opportunities

3.      Regional Committees

o   Decentralize administration

o   Enhance regional representation

4.      Review of Financial Allocations

o   Equitable financial distribution

o   Ensure fair resource allocation

5.      Educational Opportunities

o   Improve educational infrastructure

o   Enhance access to education

6.      Irrigation Projects

o   Boost agricultural productivity

o   Prioritize water resource management

7.      Employment in Public Sector

o   Local employment in industries

o   Job reservation for locals

8.      Monitoring Mechanism

o   Oversee implementation

o   Ensure transparency and accountability

Five-Point Formula

Declaration:  November 27, 1972

Provisions:

1.      Mulki Rules

• Non-Gazetted appointments
• Telangana region

2.      Combined Offices Recruitment

• Secretariat
• Allocation for Telangana locals

3.      Gazetted Posts

• Local recognition
• First or second level positions

4.      Educational Facilities

• Arranged for Andhra residents
• Hyderabad-Secunderabad

5.      Police Force Recruitment

• Combined recruitment
• Unified police force