TGPSC Daily Current Affairs – 2nd February 2026

TGPSC Daily Current Affairs - 2nd February 2026

Relevance:
Group-I Mains Paper-IV: Economy and Development

Important Keywords

For Prelims:

  • Union Budget 2026–27, High-Speed Rail Corridors, Hyderabad–Pune–Bengaluru–Chennai, BioPharma Shakti Scheme, Kakatiya Mega Textile Park, Fertiliser Subsidy, MSME Fund, Tax Devolution, MRTS, Metro Rail

For Mains:

  • Infrastructure-Led Growth, High-Speed Rail Connectivity, Bio-Pharma Hub, Manufacturing & MSMEs, Fiscal Federalism, Urban Mobility, Atmanirbhar Bharat, Viksit Bharat

Why in News?

The Union Budget 2026–27 announced three high-speed rail corridors originating from Hyderabad, positioning Telangana as a major infrastructure and growth hub. The Budget also introduced sector-specific initiatives in railways, bio-pharma, textiles, MSMEs, agriculture, education, and women’s welfare, with direct implications for the State.

Image source: The Hindu

Hyderabad at the Centre of High-Speed Rail Expansion

As part of the announcement of seven new high-speed rail corridors nationwide, Hyderabad will be connected to Pune, Bengaluru, and Chennai. These corridors are expected to significantly enhance regional connectivity and economic integration across southern and western India.

The proposed rail links are likely to:

  • Strengthen ring road connectivity and urban mobility
  • Boost IT, bio-pharma, real estate, and logistics sectors
  • Reduce travel time and promote labour mobility
  • Support Hyderabad’s role as a national economic growth engine

The railway budget allocation increased by 10% to ₹2.77 lakh crore, reinforcing the Centre’s infrastructure-led growth strategy.

BioPharma Shakti and Industrial Growth

The Budget introduced the BioPharma Shakti scheme, aimed at elevating Hyderabad as a global pharma and vaccine capital. The initiative focuses on:

  • Bulk drugs and formulations
  • Vaccines, biologics, and biosimilars
  • Strengthening India’s position in global pharmaceutical supply chains

This aligns with Hyderabad’s existing strengths in life sciences and medical research, reinforcing Telangana’s leadership in the sector.

Textiles, MSMEs and Manufacturing Push

  • The Kakatiya Mega Textile Park at Warangal is set to benefit from the Tex-Eco initiative, strengthening textile manufacturing and employment generation.

    For MSMEs, the Budget announced:

    • ₹10,000 crore fund covering nearly 38 lakh MSME units
    • Measures to improve credit access and business stability

    These steps aim to expand domestic manufacturing, reduce import dependence, and generate jobs.

Agriculture, Rural Development and Farmers’ Support

The Budget significantly increased the fertiliser subsidy from ₹7,000 crore to ₹1.26 lakh crore, offering direct relief to farmers, including those in Telangana.

Additional rural initiatives focus on:

  • Agricultural productivity
  • Purchasing power enhancement
  • Poverty reduction and inclusive rural growth

Education, Women’s Welfare and Human Capital

A notable social sector announcement is the establishment of STEM hostels for girls in all 33 districts, aimed at improving access to education and promoting women’s participation in science and technology.

Women’s welfare and skill development form a key pillar of the Budget’s inclusive growth framework.

Fiscal Transfers and State Finances

State tax devolution to Telangana increased by 13.5%, rising from ₹29,280 crore (2025–26) to ₹33,180 crore (2026–27). This strengthens the State’s fiscal capacity to invest in infrastructure and social development.

Other Key Announcements Impacting Telangana

  • ₹28,740 crore allocation for MRTS and metro projects
  • Incentives for municipal bonds
  • Tax holiday for data centres till 2047
  • Tweaks in IT safe harbour norms
  • Launch of a critical minerals corridor involving Odisha, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh to support self-reliance

Conclusion

The Union Budget 2026–27 positions Hyderabad and Telangana at the forefront of India’s next growth phase through high-speed rail connectivity, life-sciences leadership, industrial expansion, and inclusive welfare measures. With a strong emphasis on infrastructure, manufacturing, and human capital, the Budget reinforces Telangana’s role as a key driver of India’s journey towards a Viksit Bharat.

CARE MCQ

With reference to the Union Budget 2026–27, consider the following statements regarding high-speed rail corridors announced for Hyderabad:

  1. Hyderabad will be connected by high-speed rail to Pune, Bengaluru and Chennai.
  2. These corridors are expected to boost sectors such as IT, biopharma and real estate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C Explanation: Statement 1 – Correct The Union Budget 2026–27 announced three high-speed rail corridors originating from Hyderabad, connecting it with Pune, Bengaluru and Chennai. These corridors are part of the broader push for next-generation rail infrastructure aimed at improving inter-city connectivity, reducing travel time and integrating major economic hubs. Statement 2 – Correct The proposed high-speed rail corridors are expected to have significant positive spillover effects on multiple sectors. Improved connectivity is likely to:
  • Strengthen the IT and services ecosystem by enhancing workforce mobility,
  • Boost biopharma and life sciences clusters by improving logistics and inter-regional integration,
  • Accelerate real estate and urban development along the corridors and around transit nodes.
Such infrastructure-led growth aligns with the government’s Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat vision by stimulating regional development and private investment.

Relevance:
GS Paper III: Indian Economy and Planning, Budget, Growth, Development and Employment, Infrastructure, Manufacturing, MSMEs, Energy Security, Logistics, Investment

Important Keywords

For Prelims:

  • Union Budget 2026–27, Yuva Shakti, Kartavya Bhawan, Biopharma Shakti, National Fibre Scheme, City Economic Regions, Dedicated Freight Corridor, National Waterway Number Five, Khelo India Mission, Bharat Vistaar.

For Mains:

  • Youth-led growth strategy, Manufacturing-led economic transformation, Infrastructure as growth multiplier, Energy security and resilience, Inclusive development and regional balance, Fiscal consolidation with growth.

Why in News?

The Union Budget for the year 2026–2027 is a Yuva Shakti-driven Budget. Presented by the Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman.

Overall Theme and Context

  • The Union Budget for the year 2026–2027 is a Yuva Shakti-driven Budget.
  • It emphasizes the Government’s Sankalp, meaning firm resolve, to focus on:
  • The poor
  • The underprivileged
  • The disadvantaged sections of society
  • This is the first Union Budget prepared in Kartavya Bhawan.
  • The Budget is inspired by three Kartavya, meaning duties.
Image source: The Hindu

The Three Kartavya of the Budget

First Kartavya

  • To accelerate and sustain economic growth.
  • This will be achieved by:
    • Enhancing productivity
    • Enhancing competitiveness
    • Building resilience against volatile global economic dynamics

Second Kartavya

  • To fulfil the aspirations of the people.
  • To build the capacity of citizens, making them strong partners in India’s journey towards prosperity.

Third Kartavya

    • Aligned with the vision of Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikas.
    • To ensure that:
      • Every family
      • Every community
      • Every region
      • Every sector has access to resources, amenities and opportunities for meaningful participation in national development.

Broader Economic Backdrop

  • India will continue to take confident steps towards Viksit Bharat, balancing ambition with inclusion.
  • As a growing economy with expanding trade and capital requirements, India must:
    • Remain deeply integrated with global markets
    • Export more goods and services
    • Attract stable and long-term investment
  • The country is facing:
    • Disruptions in global trade and multilateralism
    • Disruptions in access to resources and supply chains
    • Rapid technological transformation of production systems
    • Increasing pressure on water, energy and critical minerals

Government Reforms Since 2025

  • Following the Prime Minister’s announcement on Independence Day in 2025:
    • More than three hundred and fifty reforms have been rolled out.
  • These include:
    • Simplification of the Goods and Services Tax
    • Notification of Labour Codes
    • Rationalisation of mandatory Quality Control Orders
  • High-level committees have been formed.
  • The Central Government is working with State Governments to:
    • Deregulate sectors
    • Reduce compliance requirements

First Kartavya: Accelerating And Sustaining Economic Growth

Six Key Intervention Areas

  1. Scaling up manufacturing in seven strategic and frontier sectors
  2. Rejuvenating legacy industrial sectors
  3. Creating Champion Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
  4. Delivering a strong push to infrastructure
  5. Ensuring long-term energy security and stability
  6. Developing City Economic Regions

BIOPHARMA SECTOR

  • Biopharma Shakti will be established with an outlay of ten thousand crore rupees.
  • Objective:
    • To build an ecosystem for domestic production of biologics and biosimilars over the next five years.
  • Key components:
    • Establishment of a biopharma-focused network
    • Setting up three new National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
    • Upgrading seven existing National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
    • Creation of a network of more than one thousand accredited clinical trial sites
    • Strengthening of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation
      • Dedicated scientific review cadre
      • Specialists to meet global approval standards and timelines

Textile Sector: Integrated Programme

Five Sub-Parts

  1. National Fibre Scheme
    • Self-reliance in:
      • Silk
      • Wool
      • Jute
      • Man-made fibres
      • New-age fibres
  2. Textile Expansion and Employment Scheme
    • Modernisation of traditional textile clusters
    • Capital support for:
      • Machinery
      • Technology upgradation
      • Common testing and certification centres
  3. National Handloom and Handicraft Programme
    • Integration and strengthening of existing schemes
    • Targeted support for weavers and artisans
  4. Textile Ecology Initiative
    • Promotion of globally competitive and sustainable textiles and apparel
  5. Samarth Version Two
    • Modernisation of textile skilling ecosystem
    • Collaboration with industry and academic institutions

MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES

  • Recognised as a vital engine of economic growth.
  • A dedicated ten thousand crore rupees Small and Medium Enterprise Growth Fund proposed.
  • Objective:
    • To create future champion enterprises
    • Incentives based on select performance criteria

Public Capital Expenditure

  • Public capital expenditure increased from:
    • Two lakh crore rupees in the year two thousand fourteen to two thousand fifteen
    • To eleven lakh twenty thousand crore rupees in the Budget Estimate of two thousand twenty-five to twenty-six
  • Proposed increase to twelve lakh twenty thousand crore rupees in the year two thousand twenty-six to twenty-seven.

LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Freight and Waterways

  • Dedicated Freight Corridor connecting:
    • Dankuni in the eastern region
    • Surat in the western region
  • Operationalisation of twenty new National Waterways over five years
  • Starting with National Waterway Number Five in Odisha
    • Connecting Talcher and Angul mineral regions
    • Linking Kalinga Nagar industrial centres
    • Connecting to Paradeep and Dhamra ports
  • Training institutes to be established as Regional Centres of Excellence for manpower development

CITY ECONOMIC REGIONS

  • Mapping of city economic regions based on growth drivers.
  • Allocation of five thousand crore rupees per City Economic Region over five years.
  • Implementation through:
    • Challenge mode
    • Reform-cum-results-based financing mechanism

HIGH-SPEED RAIL CORRIDORS

Seven high-speed rail corridors to promote environmentally sustainable passenger systems:

  1. Mumbai to Pune
  2. Pune to Hyderabad
  3. Hyderabad to Bengaluru
  4. Hyderabad to Chennai
  5. Chennai to Bengaluru
  6. Delhi to Varanasi
  7. Varanasi to Siliguri

SECOND KARTAVYA: FULFILLING ASPIRATIONS AND BUILDING CAPACITY

  • Nearly twenty-five crore individuals have exited multidimensional poverty due to sustained government efforts.

MEDICAL TOURISM AND HEALTHCARE

  • Scheme to establish five Regional Medical Hubs in partnership with the private sector.
  • Each hub will include:
    • Medical facilities
    • Educational institutions
    • Research facilities
    • Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy centres
    • Medical Value Tourism Facilitation Centres
    • Diagnostics, post-care and rehabilitation infrastructure
  • Employment generation for doctors and allied health professionals

VETERINARY SECTOR

  • Loan-linked capital subsidy scheme proposed.
  • Objective:
    • To scale up availability of veterinary professionals by more than twenty thousand.
  • Support for:
    • Veterinary colleges
    • Para-veterinary colleges
    • Veterinary hospitals
    • Diagnostic laboratories
    • Breeding facilities in the private sector

CREATIVE ECONOMY

  • Support to Indian Institute of Creative Technologies, Mumbai.
  • Establishment of Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming and Comics Content Creator Laboratories in:
    • Fifteen thousand secondary schools
    • Five hundred colleges

GIRLS’ EDUCATION

  • One girls’ hostel to be established in every district.
  • Focus on Higher Education Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics institutions.
  • Support through viability gap funding and capital assistance.

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY SKILLS

  • National Institute of Hospitality to be established by upgrading the National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology.
  • Pilot scheme to upskill ten thousand tourist guides.
  • Coverage:
    • Twenty tourist sites
    • Twelve-week standardised training
    • Hybrid mode
    • Collaboration with an Indian Institute of Management

SPORTS SECTOR

  • Launch of Khelo India Mission.
  • Objective:
    • Transform the sports sector over the next decade.
  • Focus areas:
    • Integrated talent development pathway
    • Coach and support staff development
    • Sports science and technology integration
    • Competitions and leagues
    • Sports infrastructure development

THIRD KARTAVYA: SABKA SATH, SABKA VIKAS

Agriculture

  • Bharat Vistaar, a multilingual digital tool.
  • Integration of:
    • Agricultural data portals
    • Indian Council of Agricultural Research practices
  • Objective:
    • Increase productivity
    • Improve decision-making
    • Reduce risk through customised advisories

Women and Self-Help Groups

  • Self-Help Entrepreneur Marts
  • Community-owned retail outlets at cluster level federations
  • Enhanced and innovative financing

Mental Health

  • Establishment of second National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
  • Upgradation of mental health institutes at Ranchi and Tezpur as regional apex institutions

Purvodaya and North-East

  • Integrated East Coast Industrial Corridor with node at Durgapur
  • Five tourism destinations in Purvodaya States
  • Provision of four thousand electric buses
  • Scheme for development of Buddhist circuits in:
    • Arunachal Pradesh
    • Sikkim
    • Assam
    • Manipur
    • Mizoram
    • Tripura

FISCAL CONSOLIDATION

  • Debt to Gross Domestic Product ratio:
    • Fifty-six-point one percent in Revised Estimates two thousand twenty-five to twenty-six
    • Fifty-five-point six percent in Budget Estimates two thousand twenty-six to twenty-seven
  • Fiscal deficit:
    • Four-point four percent of Gross Domestic Product in Revised Estimates two thousand twenty-five to twenty-six
    • Four-point three percent of Gross Domestic Product in Budget Estimates two thousand twenty-six to twenty-seven

DIRECT TAXATION

  • New Income Tax Act, two thousand twenty-five effective from April two thousand twenty-six.
  • Simplified income tax rules and redesigned forms to be notified.
  • Reduction in Tax Collected at Source:
    • Overseas tour packages reduced to two percent
    • Education and medical remittances under Liberalised Remittance Scheme reduced to two percent
  • One-time six-month foreign asset disclosure scheme for specified categories
  • Integration of assessment and penalty proceedings
  • Decriminalisation of minor tax offences

COOPERATIVES

  • Deduction extended to cattle feed and cotton seed.
  • Inter-cooperative dividend income deduction.
  • Three-year exemption for notified national cooperative federations.

SUPPORT TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

  • Single category of Information Technology Services.
  • Common safe harbour margin of fifteen-point five percent.
  • Threshold raised to two thousand crore rupees.
  • Automated approval and five-year continuity.

ATTRACTING GLOBAL INVESTMENT

  • Tax holiday till year two thousand forty-seven for foreign cloud service providers using Indian data centres.
  • Exemption from Minimum Alternate Tax for non-residents on presumptive taxation.
  • Five-year income tax exemption for global experts under notified schemes.

INDIRECT TAXATION AND CUSTOMS

    • Duty exemptions for:
      • Lithium-ion battery manufacturing capital goods
      • Critical mineral processing equipment
      • Seventeen medicines
    • Tariff on personal imports reduced from twenty percent to ten percent.
    • Warehouse operator-centric customs framework.
    • Single digital window for cargo clearance.
    • Removal of value cap on courier exports.

Conclusion

The Union Budget 2026–27 represents a strategic shift from welfare-led expenditure to youth-driven, capacity-building growth, anchored in fiscal prudence and inclusive development. By aligning economic acceleration with Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikas, the Budget lays a comprehensive foundation for India’s journey towards Viksit Bharat in an uncertain global environment.

UPSC PYQ

1. Along with the Budget, the Finance Minister also places other documents before the Parliament which include ‘The Macro Economic Framework Statement’. The aforesaid document is presented because this is mandated by (2020)

(a) Long standing parliamentary convention
(b) Article 112 and Article 110(1) of the Constitution of India
(c) Article 113 of the Constitution of India
(d) Provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003

(a) Long standing parliamentary convention
(b) Article 112 and Article 110(1) of the Constitution of India
(c) Article 113 of the Constitution of India
(d) Provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003

Ans: (d)

2. What is the difference between “vote-on-account” and “Interim Budget”? (2011)

  1. The provision of a “vote-on-account” is used by a regular Government while an “interim budget” is a provision used by a caretaker Government.
  2. A “vote-on-account” only deals with the expenditure in Government’s budget, while an “interim budget” includes both expenditures and receipts.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (b)

CARE MCQ

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Biopharma Shakti announced in the Union Budget 2026–27:

  1. It aims to promote domestic production of biologics and biosimilars.
  2. It includes the establishment of new and upgradation of existing NIPERs.
  3. It focuses exclusively on vaccine manufacturing.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A

Explanation:

  • Statement 1 – Correct, it aims to promote domestic production of biologics and biosimilars.
  • Statement 2 – Correct, it includes the establishment of new and upgradation of existing NIPERs.
  • Statement 3 – Incorrect (scope includes biologics, biosimilars, clinical trials, CDSCO strengthening)

Relevance:
GS Paper III – Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management

Important Keywords

For Prelims:

  • Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), Himalaya–Karakoram Region, Moraine-Dammed Lakes, Ice-Dammed Lakes, Supraglacial Lakes, Elevation-Dependent Warming, Glacier Retreat, Cryosphere, Third Pole, Flash Floods, Early Warning Systems (EWS)

For Mains:

  • Climate Change and Mountain Hazards, Himalayan Ecology, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Climate-Induced Disasters, Vulnerability of Mountain Communities, Cryosphere Monitoring, Adaptation and Resilience, Role of Remote Sensing, Transboundary Disaster Risks, Sustainable Development in Himalayan Region

Why in News?

A recent study published in npj Natural Hazards (January 2026) warns that glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) risks in the Himalaya–Karakoram region are poorly assessed and weakly monitored, despite rapid climate-driven expansion of glacial lakes. Nearly one million people living downstream face potential flood threats due to inadequate research, monitoring and early-warning systems.

What are Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs)?

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) occurs when a natural dam holding a glacial lake collapses, releasing a sudden surge of water downstream.

  • These floods often carry debris, rocks, soil and ice, amplifying destruction.
  • Types of glacial lakes:
    • Moraine-dammed lakes – blocked by loose rock and debris.
    • Ice-dammed lakes – restrained primarily by ice.
    • Supraglacial lakes – form on glacier surfaces and can drain suddenly during rapid melting.
Image source: The Hindu

Rising GLOF Events in the Himalaya–Karakoram Region

The study documents 388 GLOF events across the region so far:

  • Karakoram: 196 events
  • Central Himalayas: 99 events
  • Eastern Himalayas: 72 events
  • Western Himalayas: 21 events

By lake type:

  • Moraine-dammed lakes: 163 events
  • Ice-dammed lakes: 144 events
  • Supraglacial lakes: ~50 events

By country:

  • Pakistan: 131 events
  • China: 123 events
  • India: 59 events
  • Nepal: 54 events

India’s Experience with GLOFs

  • India has witnessed some of the deadliest GLOF disasters:

    • Uttarakhand (2013): Failure of the Chorabari glacial lake triggered floods and landslides, killing nearly 5,000 people.
    • Sikkim (2023): Collapse of a glacial lake wall killed 55 people and caused massive infrastructure damage.

    These events highlight India’s high vulnerability to glacial hazards.

Climate Change, Warming and Expanding Glacial Lakes

  • Climate change is intensifying GLOF risks due to elevation-dependent warming, where higher altitudes warm faster.

    Since 1990:

    • Number of glacial lakes increased by 53%
    • Total lake area increased by 51%
    • Total lake volume increased by 48%

    Glaciers ending in lakes are retreating faster than land-terminating glaciers, creating a feedback loop that accelerates lake growth and instability.

Research Gaps and Monitoring Deficiencies

Despite rising risks, research and preparedness have not kept pace:

  • Limited social vulnerability assessments for downstream communities.
  • Inadequate studies on future GLOF frequency under climate change.
  • Poor coverage of early-warning systems (EWS).
  • Heavy reliance on remote sensing, with limited ground-based observations.
  • Lack of standardised definitions and size thresholds for glacial lakes.
  • Most datasets are static, failing to capture seasonal changes, rapid lake evolution and short-lived but dangerous lakes.

These gaps reduce the effectiveness of risk assessment and disaster preparedness.

Why the Himalayas are Hard to Study

  • Rugged terrain and harsh climate restrict field-based research.
  • Satellite data often suffers from coarse spatial and temporal resolution.
  • Variations in lake classification (moraine, supraglacial, ice-contact) lead to inconsistent datasets across regions.

Way Forward

  • Develop region-specific, integrated GLOF risk assessments.
  • Strengthen ground-based monitoring and high-resolution mapping.
  • Expand early-warning systems and disaster preparedness in vulnerable areas.
  • Incorporate social vulnerability and community-based adaptation.
  • Improve cross-border cooperation in the Himalaya–Karakoram region.

Conclusion

The Himalaya–Karakoram region is entering a phase of heightened glacial flood risk due to climate change, expanding glacial lakes and insufficient monitoring. Without urgent improvements in research, data integration and early-warning mechanisms, GLOFs could become one of the most dangerous climate-induced disasters for mountain communities in South Asia.

UPSC PYQ

Q. ISRO, in its studies, has revealed that there is a 178% increase in the size of the Ghepang Ghat Glacial Lake. In which of the following States/UTs is this lake located? (CDS-II/2024)

  •  
  1. Jammu & Kashmir
  2. Ladakh
  3. Himachal Pradesh
  4. Uttarakhand

Answer: C

Explanation:

  • Ghepang Ghat Glacial Lake is located in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, at an elevation of around 4,068 metres.
  • ISRO and NRSC satellite-based studies show that the lake expanded by 178%, from 36.49 hectares (1989) to 101.30 hectares (2022).
  • The expansion is driven by glacial retreat and accelerated melting in the Indus River Basin.
  • Such rapid growth significantly increases the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), threatening downstream settlements and infrastructure.

CARE MCQ

Q.With reference to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and Lake Outburst Floods (LOFs), consider the following factors:

    1. Large volume of water stored in moraine-dammed glacial lakes.
    2. Narrow and high moraine dams with limited freeboard.
    3. Presence of stagnant glacier ice within the moraine dam.
    4. Avalanche displacement waves caused by calving glaciers, rockfalls and hanging glaciers.
    5. Catastrophic drainage of water into the lake from sub-glacial, englacial or supraglacial channels.

    Which of the above contribute to the occurrence of glacial lake outburst hazards?

      1. 1, 2 and 3 only
      2. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
      3. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
      4. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Answer: D

    Explanation:

    • Statement 1 – Correct:
      Larger lake volume increases hydrostatic pressure on the moraine dam, raising failure risk.
    • Statement 2 – Correct:
      Narrow, steep moraine dams with low freeboard are structurally unstable and prone to overtopping.
    • Statement 3 – Correct:
      Stagnant ice within moraine dams can melt internally, weakening dam integrity.
    • Statement 4 – Correct:
      Avalanches, glacier calving, and rockfalls generate displacement waves that can overtop or breach the dam.
    • Statement 5 – Correct:
      Sudden inflow from sub-glacial, englacial or supraglacial channels can rapidly raise lake levels, triggering outbursts.
TGPSC Daily Current Affairs - 3rd February 2026

Enroll Now for Unlimited UPSC Utsav

Start Date

22/03/2026

Timings

08 AM – 4 PM

    Courses

    Scroll to Top