Relevance: TGPSC Group-I Mains Paper-III: Indian Society, Constitution and Governance
For Prelims:
- Performance Grading Index 2.0, PGI-S, PGI-D, Ministry of Education, UDISE+, PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan 2024, PM POSHAN Portal, PRABAND Portal, Vidyanjali Portal, National Education Policy 2020, Sustainable Development Goals, Prachesta-3
For Mains:
- School education governance, learning outcomes, equity in education, infrastructure improvement, evidence-based policymaking, district-level education monitoring, NEP 2020 implementation, human capital development
Why in News?
- The Ministry of Education released the Performance Grading Index 2.0 for States/UTs and Performance Grading Index for Districts for 2025–26. Telangana’s school education performance improved, with the State placed in the Prachesta-3 band. Telangana scored 599.7 out of 1000 in 2025–26, improving from 552.2 in the previous year. The report evaluates school education on indicators such as learning outcomes, access, infrastructure, equity, governance and teacher training.
What is Performance Grading Index?
- The Performance Grading Index is an evidence-based assessment framework developed by the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education.
- It evaluates the performance of States, Union Territories and districts in school education.
- The index was introduced in 2017 to help governments identify:
- Key strengths in school education
- Gaps in implementation
- Areas requiring policy attention
- Interventions needed for improving learning and governance
- It is aligned with the goals of National Education Policy 2020 and Sustainable Development Goals.
Telangana’s Performance in PGI 2025–26
- Telangana has shown steady improvement in school education performance.
| Academic Year | Telangana PGI Score |
| 2022–23 | 489.3 / 1000 |
| 2023–24 | 511.9 / 1000 |
| 2024–25 | 552.2 / 1000 |
| 2025–26 | 599.7 / 1000 |
In 2025–26, Telangana was placed in the Prachesta-3 band with a score of 599.7 out of 1000.
Telangana shares the same band with:
- Karnataka
- Andhra Pradesh
- Tamil Nadu
The top performers include:
- Chandigarh
- Delhi
- Kerala
- Punjab
- Maharashtra
- Odisha
This improvement indicates better performance in school education indicators, though the State still has scope to improve further in learning outcomes, governance and infrastructure quality.
PGI-S Framework for States and UTs
- The PGI for States/UTs evaluates school education performance across 70 indicators with a total weightage of 1000 points.
These indicators are grouped under two broad categories:
1. Outcomes
This category measures the actual results achieved in school education.
2. Governance and Management
This category measures the administrative and governance capacity of the education system.
The framework covers six domains:
- Learning Outcomes and Quality
- Access
- Infrastructure and Facilities
- Equity
- Governance Processes
- Teachers’ Education and Training
Weightage in PGI-S
- Equity: 260 marks
- Learning Outcomes and Quality: 240 marks
- Infrastructure and Facilities: 190 marks
- Remaining weightage is distributed across access, governance processes and teacher education/training.
Data Sources
The PGI-S framework uses data from:
- UDISE+
- PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan 2024
- PM POSHAN Portal
- PRABAND Portal
- Vidyanjali Portal
This makes PGI an evidence-based tool for monitoring school education reforms.
PGI-D Framework for Districts
- The Ministry of Education has also extended the PGI exercise to the district level through the Performance Grading Index for Districts.
- The purpose of PGI-D is to assess districts on common parameters and shift attention towards outcome measurement of educational policies.
The PGI-D framework has:
- Total weightage: 600 points
- Indicators: 70
- Categories: 6
- Domains: 11
Six Categories of PGI-D
- Outcomes
- Effective Classroom Transaction
- Infrastructure Facilities and Student Entitlements
- School Safety and Child Protection
- Digital Learning
- Governance Process
Eleven Domains of PGI-D
- Learning Outcomes and Quality
- Access Outcomes
- Teacher Availability and Professional Development Outcomes
- Learning Management
- Learning Enrichment Activities
- Infrastructure, Facilities and Student Entitlements
- School Safety and Child Protection
- Digital Learning
- Funds Convergence and Utilisation
- Attendance Monitoring Systems
- School Leadership Development
Data Sources for PGI-D
PGI-D uses data from:
- UDISE+
- PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan 2024
- PRABANDH Portal
This district-level grading helps governments design localised interventions.
Significance of PGI
Evidence-Based Governance
- PGI helps States and districts identify specific gaps using measurable indicators instead of general assumptions.
NEP 2020 Implementation
- It supports the goals of National Education Policy 2020, especially quality learning, equity, access and governance reforms.
Focus on Learning Outcomes
- By measuring learning outcomes and quality, PGI shifts attention from mere enrolment to actual educational achievement.
District-Level Accountability
- PGI-D enables district-wise comparison and helps identify weak-performing districts for targeted action.
Equity-Oriented Approach
- The high weightage for equity ensures focus on inclusive education for children from disadvantaged sections.
Improved Policy Planning
- PGI supports better planning in infrastructure, teacher training, school safety, digital learning and student entitlements.
Key Policy Takeaways for Telangana
- Telangana’s score improvement from 489.3 in 2022–23 to 599.7 in 2025–26 shows progress in school education governance.
However, to move into higher performance bands, the State should focus on:
- Improving learning outcomes and foundational literacy
- Strengthening teacher training and classroom practices
- Enhancing school infrastructure and facilities
- Improving digital learning access
- Strengthening attendance monitoring systems
- Ensuring equity in education outcomes
- Using PGI-D data for district-level reforms
Telangana can use PGI as a diagnostic tool to move from input-based reforms to outcome-based education governance.
Conclusion
Telangana’s improved performance in PGI 2025–26 reflects progress in school education indicators such as access, infrastructure, equity, governance and teacher training. The rise in score from 489.3 in 2022–23 to 599.7 in 2025–26 indicates a positive trend. However, achieving higher education quality requires deeper reforms in learning outcomes, teacher capacity, digital learning and district-level governance. A strong evidence-based education system will support inclusive development, human capital formation, good governance and Viksit Bharat 2047.
CARE MCQ
Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Performance Grading Index 2.0:
- It is released by the Union Ministry of Education to assess school education performance of States and Union Territories.
- The PGI-S framework has a total weightage of 1000 points across 70 indicators.
- Telangana was placed in the Prachesta-3 band in PGI 2025–26.
- PGI-D assesses districts only on infrastructure facilities and does not include learning outcomes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 2 and 3 only
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: (b) 1, 2 and 3 only
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: The Performance Grading Index is released by the Union Ministry of Education to evaluate school education performance.
Statement 2 is correct: The PGI-S framework has 1000 points across 70 indicators.
Statement 3 is correct: Telangana scored 599.7 and was placed in the Prachesta-3 band in 2025–26.
Statement 4 is incorrect: PGI-D includes several domains such as learning outcomes, access, teacher availability, digital learning, school safety, governance and infrastructure.
FAQs
Q. What is PGI?
PGI is an index that assesses school education performance of States and Union Territories.
Q. Who releases PGI?
It is released by the Union Ministry of Education.
Q. What was Telangana’s PGI score in 2025–26?
Telangana scored 599.7 out of 1000.
Q. Which band was Telangana placed in?
Telangana was placed in the Prachesta-3 band.
Q. What is PGI-D?
PGI-D is the district-level Performance Grading Index for assessing school education outcomes and governance.
Relevance: UPSC GS Paper III: Science and Technology, Emerging Technologies, Cybersecurity
For Prelims:
- Quantum Computing, Qubit, Superposition, Entanglement, Interference, Decoherence, NISQ, Quantum Error Correction, Logical Qubit, Google Willow, National Quantum Mission, QKD, Josephson Junction, Quantum Dot Qubits, Trapped Ion Qubits, Photonic Qubits, NMR Qubits
For Mains:
- Quantum technology, deep-tech self-reliance, quantum error correction, fault-tolerant computing, cybersecurity, cryptography, climate modelling, materials science, emerging technology governance
Why in News?
- Advances in Quantum Error Correction by companies such as Google, especially through the Willow processor, have renewed global attention on quantum computing.
- India’s National Quantum Mission, sanctioned in April 2023 with an allocation of over ₹6,000 crore, aims to make India a leading nation in quantum technologies by 2031.
- These developments may accelerate the shift from today’s error-prone Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum systems to fault-tolerant quantum computers.
- Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography, climate modelling, materials science, logistics and molecular simulation.
What is Quantum Computing?
- Quantum computing is an emerging field that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to solve certain complex problems beyond the capability of classical computers.
- Quantum mechanics deals with matter and light at atomic and subatomic scales, where particles do not behave according to normal classical rules.
- For selected problems, quantum computers may perform calculations in minutes or hours that could take conventional supercomputers thousands of years.
Classical Bit vs Qubit
| Feature | Classical Computer | Quantum Computer |
| Basic unit | Bit | Qubit |
| State | Either 0 or 1 | Can be 0, 1 and intermediate states |
| Working principle | Transistors switch ON/OFF | Quantum states are manipulated |
| Processing style | Mostly sequential | Can evaluate many possibilities simultaneously |
| Strength | Reliable, general-purpose computing | Powerful for selected complex problems |
- Classical computers use transistors to represent data as bits. A bit is either 0 or 1. Quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in multiple states at the same time due to superposition.
Core Principles of Quantum Computing
1. Superposition
A qubit can exist in a blend of multiple states at the same time. It is often compared to a spinning coin, which appears as both heads and tails until it is measured.
2. Entanglement
Qubits can become linked in such a way that the state of one qubit affects another, even when they are separated by distance.
3. Interference
Quantum computers manipulate quantum states so that wrong answers cancel out, while correct answers are amplified.
4. Massive Parallelism
Superposition and entanglement allow quantum computers to work like massively parallel machines. This helps in tasks such as sorting algorithms, search algorithms, optimisation and simulation.
Different Types of Qubits
| Type of Qubit | Description |
| Superconducting Qubits | Made using Josephson junctions, where two superconductors are separated by a thin barrier and cooled near absolute zero. Example: Google’s Willow processor |
| Quantum Dot Qubits | Fabricated using tiny semiconductor particles such as silicon, gallium arsenide or germanium |
| Trapped Ion Qubits | Created by trapping and manipulating individual charged atoms using electromagnetic fields |
| Photonic Qubits | Use particles of light, or photons, to carry quantum information |
| NMR Qubits | Use angular momentum of nuclei within molecules; used in the first quantum computer demonstration in 1998 |
- The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit, a breakthrough linked to superconducting circuits used in quantum technologies.
Noise Problem in Quantum Computing
- The biggest challenge in quantum computing is not merely building more qubits, but building stable and reliable qubits.
- Present quantum computers are called Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum systems because they are fragile and error-prone.
Decoherence
- Qubits are extremely sensitive. Any interaction with the environment, such as heat, light or electromagnetic interference, can make them lose their quantum state. This is called decoherence.
High Error Rates
- To prevent decoherence, quantum processors are cooled to temperatures near absolute zero, around -273°C.
| System | Error Rate |
| Current quantum processors | Around 1% to 0.1%, or one error in every 100 to 1,000 operations |
| Classical computers | Around one error in every quintillion operations |
Imperfect Control Systems
- Lasers and microwave pulses used to control qubits are not perfect. This adds further noise and produces calculation errors.
- Thus, the quantum computing age will become practical only when scientists can control noise, decoherence and errors.
Quantum Error Correction
- Quantum Error Correction is a method used to reduce errors in quantum computers.
- It forces several noisy physical qubits to work together as one more reliable logical qubit.
- However, simply adding more qubits is not enough. If all qubits are noisy, adding more of them can worsen the system. Scientists must first push individual qubit error rates below a certain threshold. After that, adding more qubits can reduce the overall error rate exponentially.
Google Willow Breakthrough
In 2024, Google’s Willow processor demonstrated that scaling up physical qubits could suppress the encoded error rate.
- The system moved from 3×3 to 5×5 to 7×7 lattices of physical qubits.
- Each increase reduced the encoded error rate by a factor of two.
- This marked an important step towards a fault-tolerant quantum computer.
Google expects useful quantum computing applications within the next few years, while IBM aims to develop a fault-tolerant quantum computer by 2029.
Quantum Key Distribution
Quantum Key Distribution is a highly secure method of sharing encryption keys using quantum particles such as photons.
It is important because:
- It helps two users share secret encryption keys securely.
- If a hacker tries to intercept the key, the quantum particles get disturbed.
- This disturbance alerts users to possible intrusion.
- It is based on principles such as the observer effect and no-cloning rule.
QKD can become important for future cybersecurity, defence communication, banking networks and strategic communication systems.
India’s National Quantum Mission
- National Quantum Mission is India’s flagship mission to develop quantum technologies in computing, communication, sensing and materials.
Objectives
- Develop intermediate-scale quantum computers.
- Build secure quantum communication systems.
- Promote Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).
- Develop advanced quantum sensors and atomic clocks.
- Create next-generation quantum materials and devices.
- Strengthen India’s capability in quantum-safe cybersecurity.
Major Targets
- Develop quantum computers with:
- 20–50 physical qubits in 3 years
- 50–100 physical qubits in 5 years
- 50–1000 physical qubits in 8 years
- Establish satellite-based quantum-secured communication over 2,000 km within India.
- Develop inter-city QKD network over 2,000 km.
- Build multi-node quantum networks using quantum memories, entanglement swapping and quantum repeaters.
Thematic Hubs
Four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) have been established in leading institutions:
- IISc Bengaluru
- IIT Madras with C-DOT, New Delhi
- IIT Bombay
- IIT Delhi
These hubs focus on:
- Quantum Computing
- Quantum Communication
- Quantum Sensing and Metrology
- Quantum Materials and Devices
Implementation Model
- NQM follows the Hub-Spoke-Spike model.
- Hubs: Central institutions for coordination.
- Spokes: Research projects.
- Spikes: Individual research groups.
- It involves 14 Technical Groups across 17 States and 2 Union Territories.
Key Initiatives
- Quantum-safe ecosystem framework for securing digital infrastructure.
- DRDO projects on quantum-resilient security schemes.
- SETS work on Post-Quantum Cryptography for FIDO authentication and IoT security.
- C-DOT development of QKD, PQC and quantum-secure video IP phones.
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Applications of Quantum Computing
1. Cryptography and Cybersecurity
Quantum computers can challenge existing encryption systems, while quantum technologies like QKD can support secure communication.
2. Climate Modelling
Quantum computers may help model complex natural systems that overwhelm classical supercomputers.
3. Materials Science
They can help discover new materials, alloys, superconductors and energy-efficient technologies.
4. Molecular Simulation
Quantum computers can simulate molecules and chemical reactions, supporting drug discovery and advanced chemistry.
5. Logistics and Optimisation
They can improve supply chains, transport networks, scheduling and other optimisation-heavy systems.
Challenges
- High noise and error rates in quantum processors.
- Decoherence due to environmental interaction.
- Requirement of near absolute zero cooling.
- Complex and expensive hardware.
- Shortage of skilled quantum scientists and engineers.
- Commercially useful quantum advantage still remains limited.
- Future risks to existing cryptographic systems.
Way Forward
- Invest in Quantum Error Correction and logical qubits.
- Strengthen the National Quantum Mission through academia-industry collaboration.
- Build indigenous quantum hardware, software and materials ecosystems.
- Expand QKD networks for secure strategic communication.
- Promote quantum-safe cryptography.
- Support deep-tech startups through patient capital and innovation financing.
- Avoid hype and focus on practical, measurable progress.
Conclusion
Quantum computing is one of the most important frontiers of modern science. Its power comes from superposition, entanglement, interference and massive parallelism, but its practical use is limited by noise, decoherence and errors. Advances in Quantum Error Correction are bringing the world closer to fault-tolerant quantum computers. For India, the National Quantum Mission offers a strategic opportunity to build deep-tech self-reliance, strengthen cybersecurity, support advanced research and contribute to Viksit Bharat 2047.
UPSC PYQ
Q. Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
A qubit (quantum bit) is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing. Unlike a classical bit, which can be either 0 or 1, a qubit can exist in both states simultaneously (superposition), enabling quantum computers to solve certain complex problems much faster than classical computers.
CARE MCQ
Q. Consider the following statements regarding quantum computing:
- A qubit can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to superposition.
- Decoherence refers to the loss of a qubit’s quantum state due to interaction with the environment.
- Quantum Error Correction uses several physical qubits to create a more reliable logical qubit.
- India’s National Quantum Mission targets only quantum computing and does not include quantum communication.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 2 and 3 only
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: B
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: A qubit can exist in multiple states at once due to superposition.
Statement 2 is correct: Decoherence occurs when a qubit loses its quantum state because of environmental disturbance.
Statement 3 is correct: Quantum Error Correction combines many physical qubits into a more stable logical qubit.
Statement 4 is incorrect: The National Quantum Mission includes quantum computing, quantum communication, QKD networks, quantum sensing, metrology, materials and devices.
FAQs
Q. What is quantum computing?
It is computing based on quantum mechanics to solve selected complex problems faster than classical computers.
Q. What is a qubit?
A qubit is the basic unit of quantum information that can exist as 0, 1 or both simultaneously.
Q. What is decoherence?
Decoherence is the loss of a qubit’s quantum state due to environmental disturbance.
Q. What is Quantum Error Correction?
It is a method where several physical qubits work together as one reliable logical qubit.
Q. What is India’s National Quantum Mission?
It is a mission sanctioned in 2023 to make India a leading nation in quantum technologies by 2031.
Relevance: UPSC GS Paper II: International Relations, Bilateral Relations, Indo-Pacific
For Prelims:
- India–Japan Annual Summit, Special Strategic and Global Partnership, UNICORN Project, JAIMEX 25, 2+2 Ministerial Meeting, CEPA, LUPEX Mission, FOIP, IPOI, MAHASAGAR, CBG Initiative, Strait of Hormuz, Quad, BIMSTEC, Sendai Framework, UNSC Reforms
For Mains:
- Indo-Pacific security, defence co-development, resilient supply chains, energy security, economic security, strategic autonomy, rules-based international order, maritime security, technology partnership, Act East Policy, North-East connectivity
Why in News?
- The 16th India–Japan Annual Summit was held in New Delhi.
- Japan’s Prime Minister H.E. Ms. Takaichi Sanae paid her first official visit to India from 1–3 July 2026.
- The summit reviewed and strengthened the India–Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership.
- Major focus areas included defence co-development, clean energy, artificial intelligence, resilient supply chains, maritime security and Indo-Pacific cooperation
.
Background of India–Japan Relations
India and Japan share deep civilisational links through Buddhism and long-standing cultural exchanges.
Important milestones include:
- 1952: Diplomatic relations established.
- 2000: Relations elevated to a Global Partnership.
- 2006: Annual Summit mechanism launched.
- 2011: Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement signed.
- 2014: Relations upgraded to Special Strategic and Global Partnership.
- 2017: India–Japan Act East Forum established.
- 2017: Revival of the Quad.
These developments show that India–Japan ties have expanded from economic cooperation to strategic, security, technology and Indo-Pacific cooperation.
Key Outcomes of the 16th India–Japan Annual Summit
1. Defence and Security Cooperation
A major breakthrough was achieved through agreement in principle on the remaining technical aspects of the UNICORN Project.
UNICORN stands for Unified Complex Radio Antenna.
It is significant because:
- It marks the first major India–Japan defence co-development programme.
- It can strengthen India’s naval capabilities.
- It supports advanced stealth capabilities in naval platforms.
Other defence outcomes include:
- Expansion of defence equipment collaboration.
- Strengthening of maritime security.
- Cooperation in naval Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul.
- Strengthening of Maritime Domain Awareness.
- Expansion of joint military exercises.
- Plan to hold the 4th India–Japan 2+2 Ministerial Meeting later in 2026.
The two sides also welcomed the successful conduct of JAIMEX 25 and Japan’s participation in the International Fleet Review 2026 at Visakhapatnam.
2. Economic Security and Resilient Supply Chains
The summit adopted the India–Japan Joint Declaration on Economic Security Cooperation.
It focuses on cooperation in:
- Semiconductors
- Critical minerals
- Information and Communication Technology
- Clean energy
- Pharmaceuticals
This is important because global supply chains are facing disruptions due to geopolitical tensions, resource concentration and strategic competition.
For India, cooperation with Japan can support Atmanirbhar Bharat, technology access and resilient industrial value chains.
3. Energy Security and Clean Energy Partnership
India and Japan adopted a Joint Statement on Energy Resilience.
Key areas of cooperation include:
- Strategic petroleum reserves
- Maritime energy transport
- Freedom of navigation
- Uninterrupted flow of global commerce
- Free movement through the Strait of Hormuz
Japan reaffirmed support for India’s membership of the International Energy Agency.
This is significant because the Strait of Hormuz is a critical energy chokepoint. Any disruption affects oil supply, inflation and energy security.
4. India–Japan Cooperative Biogas for Growth Initiative
India and Japan launched the India–Japan Cooperative Biogas for Growth Initiative.
It supports India’s target of establishing 1,000 biogas and organic fertilizer plants.
The two countries also expanded cooperation in:
- Green hydrogen
- Clean ammonia
- Solar photovoltaic technologies
- Nuclear energy
They also reaffirmed support for the clean ammonia project in Odisha.
This cooperation can support India’s goals of energy transition, circular economy, organic farming and rural income generation.
5. Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies
India and Japan launched the first India–Japan AI Strategic Dialogue.
They also adopted a Joint Statement on AI Cooperation.
This cooperation is linked with:
- Hiroshima AI Process
- New Delhi Declaration on AI Impact
AI cooperation is important for:
- Digital public infrastructure
- Industry 4.0
- Governance innovation
- Cybersecurity
- Responsible and ethical AI
6. Trade, Investment and Industrial Cooperation
Both sides agreed to accelerate the review of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement.
They also agreed to work towards achieving the ¥10 trillion Japanese investment target.
A Memorandum of Cooperation was signed for a USD 10 billion investment package.
Important initiatives include:
- India–Japan SME Forum
- Japan–India Startup Support Initiative
- India–Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership
India–Japan bilateral trade reached USD 27.48 billion in FY 2025–26.
- India’s exports: USD 6.04 billion
- India’s imports: USD 21.44 billion
- Japan is the 5th largest source of FDI in India.
7. Development Cooperation and Infrastructure
Japan’s development cooperation has been important for India’s socio-economic development.
The summit welcomed progress on:
- Mumbai Metro Line 11
- Bengaluru Metro Phase 3
- Healthcare delivery and education system in Maharashtra
- Sustainable horticulture in Punjab
Japan remains India’s largest bilateral donor and supports major infrastructure projects through Official Development Assistance.
8. High-Speed Rail and Mobility Cooperation
- The Mumbai–Ahmedabad High Speed Rail Project was reaffirmed as a flagship India–Japan project.
- Japan acknowledged India’s target to begin commercial operations on priority sections in 2027.
- Both sides also expressed willingness to explore cooperation on future high-speed rail corridors to support India’s vision of a 7,000 km national High Speed Rail network.
- They also welcomed the Next-Generation Mobility Partnership.
9. Science, Technology and Space Cooperation
India and Japan noted progress in scientific and technological cooperation.
Important areas include:
- Joint research collaborations
- Scientist exchange visits
- Industry-academia partnerships
- Internship opportunities in Japanese companies
- LOTUS Programme
- Sakura Science Exchange Programme
- Indo-Japan Cooperative Science Programme
- MEXT Scholarship
They also noted progress in the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission, jointly developed by ISRO and JAXA.
A Letter of Intent in Quantum Technologies was signed between India’s Department of Science and Technology and Japan’s Cabinet Office.
10. Human Capital and Cultural Exchange
The two countries reaffirmed commitment to people-to-people exchanges.
Focus areas include:
- Talent circulation
- Japanese language education in India
- Nihongo Partners Programme
- Two-way tourism
Visitors between India and Japan crossed 5,40,000 in 2025.
Initiatives like the Technical Intern Training Programme and Specified Skilled Worker Programme also support movement of Indian workers and professionals to Japan.
11. State-Prefecture and City-Level Cooperation
The summit welcomed the establishment of the India–Japan Governors’ Network for Friendship and Exchange.
Recent sub-national collaborations include:
- Yamanashi Prefecture – Uttar Pradesh
- Toyama Prefecture – Andhra Pradesh
- Shizuoka Prefecture – Gujarat
- Hamamatsu City – Ahmedabad
- Wakayama Prefecture – Maharashtra
- San’in Region – Kerala
- Ehime Prefecture – Tamil Nadu
- Fukuoka Prefecture – Delhi
- Kitakyushu City – Telangana
This shows the growing role of Indian States in foreign economic and technology partnerships.
Indo-Pacific and Global Strategic Cooperation
Free and Open Indo-Pacific
India and Japan reaffirmed commitment to a Free and Open Indo-Pacific.
This aligns with India’s:
- Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative
- MAHASAGAR vision
Both countries stressed a rules-based international order, freedom of navigation and peaceful settlement of disputes.
Quad, ASEAN and BIMSTEC
India and Japan agreed to strengthen cooperation through:
- Quad
- ASEAN
- BIMSTEC
They supported:
- Freedom of navigation under UNCLOS
- United Nations Security Council reforms
- Disaster risk reduction
- Counter-terrorism cooperation
- Rules-based global order
North-East India and Act East Policy
Japan’s support to India’s North-Eastern Region was appreciated in:
- Road networks
- Bridges
- Healthcare
- Forest management
- Disaster risk reduction
- Semiconductors
- Biofuel sector
- Skill development
- Japanese language training
The summit reaffirmed the goal of developing industrial value chains connecting North-East India with the Bay of Bengal region.
Global Issues Discussed
Maritime Security
India and Japan expressed concern over developments in the East China Sea and South China Sea.
They opposed:
- Unilateral attempts to change the status quo
- Militarisation of disputed features
- Use of force or coercion
- Actions affecting freedom of navigation and overflight
North Korea
Both sides expressed concern over North Korea’s nuclear and missile programmes and supported complete denuclearisation in line with relevant UN Security Council resolutions.
Myanmar
They called for:
- Immediate cessation of hostilities
- Inclusive dialogue
- Myanmar-led and Myanmar-owned peaceful solution
Middle East and Iran
They stressed:
- Free and safe navigation through the Strait of Hormuz
- Stable energy supply chains
- Upholding international law, especially UNCLOS
UNSC Reforms
India and Japan reiterated commitment to work with other G4 countries for urgent UNSC reform.
They supported expansion of both:
- Permanent categories
- Non-permanent categories
They also expressed mutual support for each other’s candidature for permanent seats in a reformed UNSC.
Disaster Management
- Japan will support India in hosting the 4th UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2030.
- This carries forward the spirit of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.
- Terrorism
- Both Prime Ministers condemned terrorism and violent extremism, including cross-border terrorism from Pakistan.
They condemned:
- Pahalgam terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir on 22 April 2025
- Terror incident in Delhi on 10 November 2025
They also called for action against:
- Al Qaeda
- ISIS/Daesh
- Lashkar-e-Tayyiba
- Jaish-e-Mohammad
- Their proxies
Significance of the Summit
For India
- Strengthens India’s role in the Indo-Pacific.
- Supports Make in India through defence co-development.
- Enhances cooperation in semiconductors, critical minerals and clean energy.
- Supports India’s energy security and green transition.
- Improves infrastructure through Japanese investment and ODA.
- Promotes development of North-East India under the Act East Policy.
For Japan
- Strengthens partnership with a major Indo-Pacific democracy.
- Supports diversification of supply chains.
- Creates investment opportunities in India’s infrastructure, technology and clean energy sectors.
- Enhances Japan’s role in regional security and economic governance.
For Indo-Pacific
- Reinforces a rules-based maritime order.
- Supports freedom of navigation.
- Strengthens Quad-based and minilateral cooperation.
- Balances coercive behaviour in maritime spaces.
Challenges in India–Japan Relations
- Trade imbalance remains significant, with India’s imports from Japan much higher than exports.
- Implementation delays in infrastructure projects need attention.
- Language and skill barriers affect mobility of Indian workers to Japan.
- Defence co-development requires faster technology transfer and industrial coordination.
- China remains a major economic factor for both India and Japan.
- Differences in regulatory systems may slow investment and industrial cooperation.
Way Forward
- Fast-track implementation of the UNICORN defence co-development project.
- Deepen cooperation in semiconductors, critical minerals and clean energy.
- Improve India’s export competitiveness under CEPA.
- Expand Japanese investments in North-East India and coastal infrastructure.
- Strengthen AI, quantum and space cooperation.
- Promote Japanese language education and skilling in India.
- Use the Quad, BIMSTEC and ASEAN platforms for practical Indo-Pacific cooperation.
- Accelerate high-speed rail, metro and green mobility projects.
Conclusion
The 16th India–Japan Annual Summit 2026 reflects the growing strategic depth of India–Japan relations. The partnership now covers defence co-development, clean energy, artificial intelligence, space, quantum technologies, resilient supply chains and Indo-Pacific maritime security. For India, Japan remains a trusted partner in infrastructure, technology and strategic balancing. For Japan, India is a key democratic partner in shaping a free, open and rules-based Indo-Pacific. Stronger India–Japan cooperation will contribute to Viksit Bharat 2047, regional stability and a more balanced global order.
UPSC PYQ
Q. In which one of the following groups are all four countries members of the G20?
(a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey
(b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand
(c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam
(d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea
Answer: A
Explanation:
The G20 (Group of Twenty) comprises 19 countries and two regional organizations (the African Union and the European Union). It includes the world’s major advanced and emerging economies.
- (a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey – All are G20 members.
- (b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand – Malaysia and New Zealand are not G20 members.
- (c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam – Iran and Vietnam are not G20 members.
- (d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea – Singapore is not a G20 member (though it is often invited as a guest).
CARE MCQ
Q. With reference to the 16th India–Japan Annual Summit 2026, consider the following statements:
- The summit was held in New Delhi.
- The two countries reached an agreement in principle on the remaining technical aspects of the UNICORN Project.
- India and Japan launched the first India–Japan AI Strategic Dialogue.
- Japan opposed India’s membership of the International Energy Agency.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: The 16th India–Japan Annual Summit was held in New Delhi.
- Statement 2 is correct: The summit achieved progress on the UNICORN Project, India and Japan’s first defence co-development programme.
- Statement 3 is correct: India and Japan launched the first India–Japan AI Strategic Dialogue.
- Statement 4 is incorrect: Japan reaffirmed support for India’s membership of the International Energy Agency.
Therefore, 1, 2 and 3 only are correct.
FAQs
1. What was the 16th India–Japan Annual Summit 2026?
The 16th India–Japan Annual Summit 2026 was held in New Delhi during the official visit of Japan’s Prime Minister H.E. Ms. Takaichi Sanae to India from 1–3 July 2026. It reviewed and strengthened the Special Strategic and Global Partnership between India and Japan.
2. What is the significance of the UNICORN Project?
The UNICORN Project is significant because it marks the first major India–Japan defence co-development programme. It is linked to advanced naval communication and stealth capabilities.
3. What is JAIMEX?
JAIMEX is a naval exercise between India and Japan. At the summit, both countries welcomed the successful conduct of JAIMEX 25.
4. What is the India–Japan Joint Declaration on Economic Security Cooperation?
It is a declaration focusing on cooperation in strategic sectors such as semiconductors, critical minerals, ICT, clean energy and pharmaceuticals. It aims to build resilient and secure supply chains.
5. What is the India–Japan Cooperative Biogas for Growth Initiative?
It is a new initiative launched to support India’s target of establishing 1,000 biogas and organic fertilizer plants. It also supports rural economy, clean energy and circular economy.
