For Admissions Contact @ 9133527733

Menu

Leave a Comment / By /

TGPSC CARE 8th October 2025 Current Affairs

News at a Glance

Sammakka Saralamma Central Tribal University

Source: The Hindu

TGPSC Relevance: Governance

Context: Sammakka Saralamma Central Tribal University

Why in News?

Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan unveiled the logo of the Sammakka Saralamma Central Tribal University in Delhi.

Introduction

  • Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan and Union Coal and Mines Minister G. Kishan Reddy unveiled the official logo of the Sammakka Saralamma Central Tribal University in New Delhi. The ceremony was attended by the university’s Vice-Chancellor Y. L. Srinivas.
  • The event highlighted the Centre’s commitment to advancing tribal education and cultural inclusion in Telangana and neighbouring states.

Background:

  • The Sammakka Saralamma Central Tribal University is located in Mulugu district, Telangana, a region with a significant tribal population.
  • The university is named after Sammakka and Saralamma, revered tribal warrior women from the Koya tribe who led a historic resistance against oppressive rule in the 13th century.
  • Their bravery and sacrifice are remembered during the famous Sammakka Saralamma Jatara, one of Asia’s largest tribal festivals, recognised for its cultural and spiritual significance.
  • Naming the university after these leaders reflects the respect for tribal heritage and local identity.

Key Highlights of the Logo

  • The logo incorporates words from various tribal languages, symbolising unity in diversity and inclusiveness.
  • It reflects the creative spirit and cultural vibrancy of tribal communities.
  • The design seeks to embody the vision of empowering tribal youth through education rooted in their heritage.

(Image Source: the Hindu)

Government Initiatives and Funding

  • Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan emphasised the Centre’s commitment to tribal education, noting that ₹800 crore has been allocated for the development of the university.
  • The Telangana State Government has already allocated land for the construction of the campus.
  • Minister Kishan Reddy urged the Education Ministry to expedite the construction of academic and administrative buildings, highlighting the need for timely infrastructure development.

Academic Vision

The university aims to integrate cultural relevance into its curriculum by offering courses such as:

  • Tribal food traditions and culinary heritage, to preserve indigenous knowledge.
  • Ayurveda and traditional healing practices, reflecting tribal medicinal wisdom.
  • Instruction in tribal languages, to promote linguistic diversity and cultural identity.
  • Programs that focus on sustainable development and livelihoods for tribal regions.

Significance

  • Empowerment of Tribal Communities: The university is designed to cater to the educational, cultural, and socio-economic needs of tribal populations in Telangana and neighbouring states like Maharashtra, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh.
  • Preservation of Indigenous Knowledge: By offering courses related to tribal culture, language, and health systems, the institution will help document and preserve indigenous traditions for future generations.
  • Regional Development: The university’s presence in Mulugu is expected to enhance access to higher education in remote areas, boost local employment, and contribute to regional economic development.
  • Promoting Inclusivity in Education: The initiative aligns with the goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which advocates for inclusive and equitable access to education.

CARE MCQ

Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Sammakka Saralamma Central Tribal University:

  1. The university is located in the Mulugu district of Telangana and is named after two revered tribal warrior women.
  2. Over ₹800 crore has been allocated by the Central Government for the development of this university.
  3. The newly unveiled logo incorporates words from various tribal languages to celebrate diversity and inclusion.
  4. The university aims to introduce courses focused on tribal food traditions, Ayurveda, and instruction in tribal languages.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1, 3, and 4 only
C. 2, 3, and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 1- D

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The university is located in Mulugu, Telangana, and named after Sammakka and Saralamma, tribal warrior women celebrated in Telangana’s history.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The Centre has allocated over ₹800 crore for the university’s development.
  • Statement 3 is correct: The logo includes words from tribal languages as a symbol of diversity and inclusion.
  • Statement 4 is correct: The university plans to offer culturally relevant courses such as tribal food traditions, Ayurveda, and tribal languages.
  • Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Telangana DCA Issues ‘Stop Use Notice’ for Two Cough Syrups Contaminated with Diethylene Glycol

Source: The Hindu

TGPSC Relevance: Public Health

Context: ‘Stop Use Notice’ issue

Why in News?

Telangana Drugs Control Administration issued a ‘Stop Use Notice’ for two cough syrups after the Madhya Pradesh Drug Testing Laboratory detected Diethylene Glycol (DEG) contamination.

Introduction

  • The Telangana Drugs Control Administration (DCA) issued a ‘Stop Use Notice’ after being alerted by the Drug Testing Laboratory (DTL), Government of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, regarding the presence of Diethylene Glycol (DEG) in two cough syrups.
  • This step was taken to protect public health following the detection of a highly toxic chemical compound known to cause serious health risks, including fatalities.

(Image Source: the Hindu)

Key Details of the Notice:

Adulterated Cough Syrups Identified:

  • Relife Cough Syrup (Ambroxol Hydrochloride, Guaiphenesin, Terbutaline Sulphate, and Menthol Syrup)
  • Batch No.: LSL25160
  • Manufacturer: M/s. Shape Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Shekhpar, Gujarat
  • Respifresh TR Cough Syrup (Bromhexine Hydrochloride, Terbutaline Sulphate, Guaiphenesin, and Menthol Syrup)

Batch No.: R01GL2523

  • Manufacturer: M/s. Rednex Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Bavla, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
  • Both batches carry an expiry date of December 2026.
  • Toxic Compound Detected – Diethylene Glycol (DEG):
  • DEG is an industrial solvent that is not suitable for pharmaceutical use.
  • It is known to cause acute kidney failure, neurological damage, metabolic acidosis, and in severe cases, death when ingested.

Immediate Public Safety Measures:

  • The DCA has urged the public to stop using these syrups immediately if in possession.
  • Citizens have been advised to report these syrups to the nearest Drugs Control Authority.
  • A toll-free helpline (1800-599-6969) has been made available between 10:30 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on all working days for complaints and reporting.

Regulatory Actions:

  • All Drugs Inspectors and Assistant Directors across Telangana were directed to alert retailers, wholesalers, distributors, and hospitals.
  • Instructions were given to freeze the stocks of the affected batches to ensure that the syrups are neither sold nor dispensed.
  • Previous Similar Advisory:
  • The DCA had earlier issued a public advisory to discontinue the use of Coldrif Syrup (Batch No. SR-13) after reports from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan linked its consumption to the deaths of several children.

Significance:

  • Public Health Protection: The swift issuance of the Stop Use Notice underscores the critical role of state drug regulators in safeguarding the public from adulterated and unsafe medicines.
  • Pharmaceutical Vigilance: The case highlights the importance of inter-state coordination in monitoring drug quality, as the warning originated from a laboratory in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Regulatory Accountability: It brings attention to the need for stringent quality control and compliance in pharmaceutical manufacturing, especially for medicines used by vulnerable populations such as children.
  • Strengthening Supply Chain Monitoring: The incident highlights gaps in quality assurance during the manufacturing and distribution process, emphasizing the need for real-time testing and tracking systems.

Conclusion:

The action taken by the Telangana DCA to halt the distribution and use of the adulterated Relife and Respifresh TR cough syrups shows proactive regulatory intervention to protect public health.

CARE MCQ

Q2. Consider the following statements regarding the recent ‘Stop Use Notice’ issued by the Telangana Drugs Control Administration (DCA):

  1. The notice was issued after the detection of Diethylene Glycol, a toxic industrial solvent, in two cough syrups.
  2. The Relife Cough Syrup batch in question was manufactured in Telangana.
  3. Citizens have been advised to report these syrups through a toll-free number provided by the DCA.
  4. Diethylene Glycol contamination can lead to kidney failure, neurological damage, and even death.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1, 3 and 4 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1, 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer 2- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The Stop Use Notice was issued after the Madhya Pradesh Drug Testing Laboratory found Diethylene Glycol (DEG) in two cough syrups—Relife and Respifresh TR.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: The Relife batch (LSL25160) was manufactured by M/s. Shape Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Gujarat, not in Telangana.
  • Statement 3 is correct: The DCA advised citizens to report the syrups via its toll-free number (1800-599-6969), operational on working days.
  • Statement 4 is correct: DEG contamination can lead to kidney failure, neurological damage, and fatalities.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Rail Multi-Tracking Projects Across Four States

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS3- Economy

Context: PM Gati Shakti

Why in News?

The Union Cabinet approved four rail multi-tracking projects across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh under PM Gati Shakti.

Introduction

  • Recently the Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister, approved four multi-tracking projects spanning 18 districts across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh, adding approximately 894 km to the Indian Railways network.
  • The projects, with a total estimated cost of ₹24,634 crore, are scheduled for completion by 2030-31.
  • These projects are part of the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan, aimed at enhancing integrated and multi-modal connectivity in India.

Background

  • Project Details and Scope
    • Wardha–Bhusawal (Maharashtra):
    • Track Expansion: Two-track to four-track
    • Vadodara–Ratlam (Gujarat–Madhya Pradesh):
    • Itarsi–Bhopal–Bina (Madhya Pradesh):
    • Gondia–Dongargarh (Maharashtra–Chhattisgarh):
  • Overall Benefits:
    • Connectivity to approximately 3,633 villages
    • Direct benefit to a population of ~85.84 lakh
    • Enhanced access to two aspirational districts: Vidisha and Rajnandgaon
    • Improved connectivity to heritage, tourism, and wildlife destinations like Sanchi, Satpura Tiger Reserve, Bhimbetka rock shelters, Hazara Falls, and Nawegaon National Park
  • Additional freight traffic capacity of 78 MTPA (million tonnes per annum), facilitating movement of coal, cement, fly ash, food grains, and steel

Strategic and Economic Significance

  • Freight and Trade Efficiency: Multi-tracking reduces congestion on heavily used routes, allowing smoother flow of goods and reducing transit times. The planned routes intersect key industrial belts and mineral corridors, boosting regional trade.
  • Gati Shakti Alignment: These projects exemplify the PM Gati Shakti vision of integrated infrastructure planning, linking railways, highways, ports, and logistics nodes to reduce logistical costs.
  • Support for Industrial Growth: Routes like Vadodara–Ratlam and Wardha–Bhusawal serve as arteries for freight-intensive industries, supporting sectors like steel, cement, and power, which are critical to Make in India initiatives.

9Image Source: The Hindu)

Socio-Economic Impacts

  • Rural Connectivity: Expansion benefits over 3,600 villages, improving access to markets, healthcare, and education. Enhanced rail infrastructure can stimulate rural economies through better mobility.
  • Aspirational District Development: Vidisha and Rajnandgaon, identified under NITI Aayog’s Aspirational District Programme, will experience improved connectivity, which can accelerate local socio-economic development.
  • Tourism Promotion: Enhanced access to heritage and wildlife destinations supports eco-tourism and heritage tourism, contributing to employment generation and local income.

Environmental and Sustainability Considerations

  • While railways are comparatively energy-efficient, the environmental costs of multi-tracking need consideration:
  • Land Use Changes: Acquisition and track laying may impact forests, agricultural lands, and wildlife habitats.
  • Carbon Footprint: Construction activities may temporarily increase emissions.
  • Mitigation: Adoption of eco-friendly construction methods, afforestation, and wildlife corridors can reduce negative impacts.
  • This also touches upon the risk of greenwashing, where the perceived environmental benefits of rail expansion may overshadow the ecological costs if not properly managed.

About the Gati Shakti Scheme

  • The PM Gati Shakti scheme seeks to ensure integrated planning and execution of infrastructure projects over the next four years, with a focus on accelerating on-ground work, reducing costs, and generating employment. It subsumes the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) worth ₹110 lakh crore, launched in 2019.
  • Beyond cost savings, the scheme aims to increase cargo handling capacity, reduce port turnaround times, and facilitate trade growth.
  • It also envisages the development of 11 industrial corridors and two new defence corridors (in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh), the extension of 4G connectivity to all villages, and an addition of 17,000 km to the gas pipeline network.
  • The plan contributes to government targets for 2024-25, such as expanding the national highway network to 2 lakh km and establishing over 200 new airports, heliports, and water aerodromes.

Other Features

  • Integrated Approach:
    • Gati Shakti seeks to bring together 16 infrastructure-related ministries, addressing long-standing issues like fragmented planning, lack of standardisation, delays in approvals, and underutilisation of infrastructure.
  • Gati Shakti Digital Platform:
    • A common digital platform has been proposed for coordinated planning and implementation of infrastructure projects in real time, allowing ministries and departments to collaborate efficiently.
  • Expected Outcomes:
    • The scheme will facilitate the mapping of existing and planned connectivity projects, providing clarity on regional and industrial linkages, especially for last-mile connectivity.
    • An integrated transport connectivity strategy will support Make in India, improve multimodal transport efficiency, and strengthen India’s position as a global business hub.
  • Need for Integrated Infrastructure Development:
    • Currently, there is a significant gap between macro-level planning and micro-level execution due to siloed operations and inadequate information sharing across departments.
    • High logistical costs—around 13% of India’s GDP, compared to developed countries—reduce export competitiveness. Quality infrastructure development is globally recognised as a driver for sustainable economic growth and large-scale employment generation.
    • The scheme aligns with the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP), which provides a structured framework for monetising assets and attracting investment.

Challenges and Stress Factors for Indian Railways

  • Congestion on Major Corridors: Despite multi-tracking, freight-heavy routes may face bottlenecks if capacity expansion is not complemented with modern signalling systems.
  • Maintenance and Operational Costs: Multi-track lines increase infrastructure complexity and operational expenditure.
  • Integration with Other Transport Modes: Maximising benefits requires seamless integration with highways, ports, and logistics hubs.

Significance of Recent Development

  • Infrastructure and Economic Development: Highlights India’s policy approach toward improving transport networks and facilitating industrial growth.
  • PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan: A key scheme for integrated infrastructure, relevant for questions on government initiatives and economic planning.
  • Rural and Regional Development: Shows how infrastructure projects align with aspirational district development and rural connectivity.
  • Sustainability and Environmental Governance: Raises questions about balancing development with environmental concerns, a recurrent UPSC theme.
  • Disaster and Logistic Management: Multi-tracking supports resilient logistics networks, crucial during natural disasters or emergencies.

Conclusion

  • The Cabinet’s approval of multi-tracking projects across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh is a decisive step toward modernising the Indian Railways and enhancing both freight and passenger capacity.

CARE MCQ

Q1.  Consider the following statements about PM Gati Shakti – National Master Plan:

  1. It aims to provide integrated multi-modal connectivity by synchronizing 16 ministries.
  2. The plan primarily focuses on urban housing and smart cities development.
  3. It seeks to reduce logistics cost and improve freight efficiency.
  4. It includes projects related to railways, highways, ports, and airports.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1, 3, and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. All of the above

Answer 1- B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: PM Gati Shakti seeks to ensure integrated multi-modal connectivity by bringing together 16 infrastructure-related ministries, promoting coordinated planning and execution.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: The plan does not primarily focus on urban housing or smart cities; its main aim is to improve infrastructure, logistics, and connectivity.
  • Statement 3 is correct: One of the key objectives is to reduce logistics costs and enhance freight efficiency, thereby improving the competitiveness of Indian exports.
  • Statement 4 is correct: The plan includes projects across multiple sectors including railways, highways, ports, and airports, among others, for integrated infrastructure development.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.   With reference to ‘National Investment and Infrastructure Fund’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)

  1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
  2. It has a corpus of Rs. 4,00,000 crore at present.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (b)

Rail Multi-Tracking Projects Across Four States

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS3- Economy

Context: PM Gati Shakti

Why in News?

The Union Cabinet approved four rail multi-tracking projects across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh under PM Gati Shakti.

Introduction

  • Recently the Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister, approved four multi-tracking projects spanning 18 districts across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh, adding approximately 894 km to the Indian Railways network.
  • The projects, with a total estimated cost of ₹24,634 crore, are scheduled for completion by 2030-31.
  • These projects are part of the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan, aimed at enhancing integrated and multi-modal connectivity in India.

Background

  • Project Details and Scope
    • Wardha–Bhusawal (Maharashtra):
    • Track Expansion: Two-track to four-track
    • Vadodara–Ratlam (Gujarat–Madhya Pradesh):
    • Itarsi–Bhopal–Bina (Madhya Pradesh):
    • Gondia–Dongargarh (Maharashtra–Chhattisgarh):
  • Overall Benefits:
    • Connectivity to approximately 3,633 villages
    • Direct benefit to a population of ~85.84 lakh
    • Enhanced access to two aspirational districts: Vidisha and Rajnandgaon
    • Improved connectivity to heritage, tourism, and wildlife destinations like Sanchi, Satpura Tiger Reserve, Bhimbetka rock shelters, Hazara Falls, and Nawegaon National Park
  • Additional freight traffic capacity of 78 MTPA (million tonnes per annum), facilitating movement of coal, cement, fly ash, food grains, and steel

Strategic and Economic Significance

  • Freight and Trade Efficiency: Multi-tracking reduces congestion on heavily used routes, allowing smoother flow of goods and reducing transit times. The planned routes intersect key industrial belts and mineral corridors, boosting regional trade.
  • Gati Shakti Alignment: These projects exemplify the PM Gati Shakti vision of integrated infrastructure planning, linking railways, highways, ports, and logistics nodes to reduce logistical costs.
  • Support for Industrial Growth: Routes like Vadodara–Ratlam and Wardha–Bhusawal serve as arteries for freight-intensive industries, supporting sectors like steel, cement, and power, which are critical to Make in India initiatives.

9Image Source: The Hindu)

Socio-Economic Impacts

  • Rural Connectivity: Expansion benefits over 3,600 villages, improving access to markets, healthcare, and education. Enhanced rail infrastructure can stimulate rural economies through better mobility.
  • Aspirational District Development: Vidisha and Rajnandgaon, identified under NITI Aayog’s Aspirational District Programme, will experience improved connectivity, which can accelerate local socio-economic development.
  • Tourism Promotion: Enhanced access to heritage and wildlife destinations supports eco-tourism and heritage tourism, contributing to employment generation and local income.

Environmental and Sustainability Considerations

  • While railways are comparatively energy-efficient, the environmental costs of multi-tracking need consideration:
  • Land Use Changes: Acquisition and track laying may impact forests, agricultural lands, and wildlife habitats.
  • Carbon Footprint: Construction activities may temporarily increase emissions.
  • Mitigation: Adoption of eco-friendly construction methods, afforestation, and wildlife corridors can reduce negative impacts.
  • This also touches upon the risk of greenwashing, where the perceived environmental benefits of rail expansion may overshadow the ecological costs if not properly managed.

About the Gati Shakti Scheme

  • The PM Gati Shakti scheme seeks to ensure integrated planning and execution of infrastructure projects over the next four years, with a focus on accelerating on-ground work, reducing costs, and generating employment. It subsumes the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) worth ₹110 lakh crore, launched in 2019.
  • Beyond cost savings, the scheme aims to increase cargo handling capacity, reduce port turnaround times, and facilitate trade growth.
  • It also envisages the development of 11 industrial corridors and two new defence corridors (in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh), the extension of 4G connectivity to all villages, and an addition of 17,000 km to the gas pipeline network.
  • The plan contributes to government targets for 2024-25, such as expanding the national highway network to 2 lakh km and establishing over 200 new airports, heliports, and water aerodromes.

Other Features

  • Integrated Approach:
    • Gati Shakti seeks to bring together 16 infrastructure-related ministries, addressing long-standing issues like fragmented planning, lack of standardisation, delays in approvals, and underutilisation of infrastructure.
  • Gati Shakti Digital Platform:
    • A common digital platform has been proposed for coordinated planning and implementation of infrastructure projects in real time, allowing ministries and departments to collaborate efficiently.
  • Expected Outcomes:
    • The scheme will facilitate the mapping of existing and planned connectivity projects, providing clarity on regional and industrial linkages, especially for last-mile connectivity.
    • An integrated transport connectivity strategy will support Make in India, improve multimodal transport efficiency, and strengthen India’s position as a global business hub.
  • Need for Integrated Infrastructure Development:
    • Currently, there is a significant gap between macro-level planning and micro-level execution due to siloed operations and inadequate information sharing across departments.
    • High logistical costs—around 13% of India’s GDP, compared to developed countries—reduce export competitiveness. Quality infrastructure development is globally recognised as a driver for sustainable economic growth and large-scale employment generation.
    • The scheme aligns with the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP), which provides a structured framework for monetising assets and attracting investment.

Challenges and Stress Factors for Indian Railways

  • Congestion on Major Corridors: Despite multi-tracking, freight-heavy routes may face bottlenecks if capacity expansion is not complemented with modern signalling systems.
  • Maintenance and Operational Costs: Multi-track lines increase infrastructure complexity and operational expenditure.
  • Integration with Other Transport Modes: Maximising benefits requires seamless integration with highways, ports, and logistics hubs.

Significance of Recent Development

  • Infrastructure and Economic Development: Highlights India’s policy approach toward improving transport networks and facilitating industrial growth.
  • PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan: A key scheme for integrated infrastructure, relevant for questions on government initiatives and economic planning.
  • Rural and Regional Development: Shows how infrastructure projects align with aspirational district development and rural connectivity.
  • Sustainability and Environmental Governance: Raises questions about balancing development with environmental concerns, a recurrent UPSC theme.
  • Disaster and Logistic Management: Multi-tracking supports resilient logistics networks, crucial during natural disasters or emergencies.

Conclusion

  • The Cabinet’s approval of multi-tracking projects across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh is a decisive step toward modernising the Indian Railways and enhancing both freight and passenger capacity.

CARE MCQ

Q1.  Consider the following statements about PM Gati Shakti – National Master Plan:

  1. It aims to provide integrated multi-modal connectivity by synchronizing 16 ministries.
  2. The plan primarily focuses on urban housing and smart cities development.
  3. It seeks to reduce logistics cost and improve freight efficiency.
  4. It includes projects related to railways, highways, ports, and airports.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1, 3, and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. All of the above

Answer 1- B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: PM Gati Shakti seeks to ensure integrated multi-modal connectivity by bringing together 16 infrastructure-related ministries, promoting coordinated planning and execution.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: The plan does not primarily focus on urban housing or smart cities; its main aim is to improve infrastructure, logistics, and connectivity.
  • Statement 3 is correct: One of the key objectives is to reduce logistics costs and enhance freight efficiency, thereby improving the competitiveness of Indian exports.
  • Statement 4 is correct: The plan includes projects across multiple sectors including railways, highways, ports, and airports, among others, for integrated infrastructure development.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.   With reference to ‘National Investment and Infrastructure Fund’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)

  1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
  2. It has a corpus of Rs. 4,00,000 crore at present.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (b)

Modernisation of Financial Architecture and Stablecoins

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Economy

Context: stablecoins

Why in News?

India’s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has highlighted the need for India to be ready to engage with crypto assets such as stablecoins

Introduction

  • The financial landscape globally is witnessing a rapid transformation, driven by digital innovation and blockchain technologies.
  • Among the emerging innovations, stablecoins—blockchain-based digital assets designed to maintain a stable value—are gaining prominence.
  • Unlike volatile cryptocurrencies, stablecoins are pegged to traditional assets such as fiat currencies, commodities, or crypto assets, offering stability while leveraging blockchain efficiency.
  • Until recently, India’s stance on stablecoins was cautious, prioritising regulatory clarity and financial stability.
  • However, with the global adoption of stablecoins for cross-border payments, remittances, and institutional finance, India is recalibrating its approach.
  • Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has emphasized the need to engage with crypto assets such as stablecoins, signaling a gradual policy shift.

Understanding Stablecoins

Stablecoins are classified broadly into three types:

  • Fiat-backed stablecoins – These are pegged to traditional currencies such as USD or Euro and are backed by reserves in regulated institutions. Examples: USDT, USDC.
  • Crypto-backed stablecoins – These are collateralized by other cryptocurrencies, offering decentralization but with greater volatility. Example: DAI (backed by Ethereum).
  • Algorithmic stablecoins – Stability is maintained through algorithms adjusting supply and demand, without relying on reserves. Examples include TerraUSD. These are experimental and carry higher risks.
  • The key feature of stablecoins is value stability, which differentiates them from other Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs). They combine the programmability and transparency of blockchain with the economic reliability of traditional assets.

What are Stablecoins?, Genius Act ...

(Image Source: Padhai. Ai)

Global Financial Implications

Stablecoins are redefining traditional financial infrastructures, especially in cross-border payments:

  • Traditional methods are slow, costly, and fragmented, often taking several days with fees averaging $44 per transaction.
  • Stablecoin transactions settle within seconds at minimal costs, sometimes as low as $0.01 per transaction.
  • This enables real-time, programmable payments, where AI systems could autonomously execute transactions such as subscription renewals or treasury reallocations.
  • In global finance, institutional adoption of stablecoins has accelerated. Firms like BlackRock, Fidelity, and Bank of America have initiated stablecoin projects.
  • Regulatory clarity is also emerging: the EU’s MiCA framework and the U.S. GENIUS Act now provide definitions, reserve standards, and consumer protection measures.
  • Thus, stablecoins are not a replacement of fiat currency but a modernisation of financial plumbing, comprising three layers:
    • Blockchain Base Layer – Decentralised, auditable, and interoperable.
    • Reserve Layer – Backed by fiat or regulated treasury reserves.
    • Interface Layer – Digital wallets, APIs, and payment cards enabling usability in daily transactions.
  • Visa and Mastercard integrating stablecoin settlements on Ethereum and Solana exemplify this trend, signaling mainstream financial recalibration.

India’s Position and Opportunities

  • India has already demonstrated digital payment leadership through UPI, Aadhaar, and account aggregator frameworks.
  • Stablecoins could extend this leadership by enabling cross-blockchain and cross-currency interoperability, potentially creating a digital financial ecosystem for real-time payments and remittances.
  • Key opportunities for India:
    • Financial inclusion – Stablecoins can reach unbanked populations in rural and semi-urban areas where traditional banks face challenges.
    • Cost and efficiency gains – Reduces remittance costs, accelerates cross-border settlements, and lowers transaction friction.
    • Global competitiveness – Positioning India as an early adopter of programmable, interoperable money can enhance its role in global digital finance.
  • Challenges include:
    • Regulatory clarity around stablecoins and broader crypto-assets.
    • Ensuring financial stability, particularly in volatile market conditions.
    • Cybersecurity and fraud risks associated with digital asset transactions.

Blockchain:

  • Blockchain is a decentralized, immutable, and distributed digital ledger that records transactions across multiple computers in a secure and transparent manner.
  • Key Features of Blockchain
  1. Decentralisation – Data is stored across multiple nodes, reducing reliance on a central authority and making it less vulnerable to single-point failures.
  2. Immutability – Once a transaction is recorded, it cannot be altered or deleted, ensuring data integrity.
  3. Transparency – Transactions are visible to all participants, promoting accountability.
  4. Security – Uses cryptographic algorithms to secure data, making it resistant to hacking.
  5. Consensus Mechanism – Transactions are verified by network participants using mechanisms like Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS).
  • Types of Blockchains
  1. Public Blockchain – Open to anyone (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum).
  2. Private Blockchain – Restricted access controlled by a single organisation (e.g., Hyperledger).
  3. Consortium/Hybrid Blockchain – Controlled by a group of organisations, offering partial decentralisation.
  • Applications of Blockchain
  1. Cryptocurrencies & Stablecoins – Blockchain forms the backbone for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and stablecoins.
  2. Financial Services – Cross-border payments, smart contracts, and supply chain finance.
  3. Governance & Public Services – Land records, voting systems, and identity management.
  4. Healthcare & Supply Chain – Ensures data integrity, traceability, and transparency.
  • Relevance to India
    • Digital Finance: Supports UPI, account aggregators, and emerging crypto regulations.
    • Financial Inclusion: Enables low-cost, real-time payments in rural and remote areas.
    • Regulation & Policy: India is exploring a central bank digital currency (CBDC) using blockchain technology for controlled digital money issuance.

Significance

  • Economic Dimension – They modernize payment systems, reduce transaction costs, and facilitate efficient capital flow.
  • Technological Dimension – Blockchain enables transparency, decentralization, and real-time programmable transactions.
  • Policy and Regulatory Dimension – India faces the dual challenge of innovation vs. regulation. Structured frameworks like MiCA and GENIUS Act globally can serve as references.
  • Global Geopolitics – As financial architecture evolves, nations that adopt interoperable stablecoins could influence the rules of the new digital economy, potentially challenging the dominance of traditional financial hubs.

Conclusion

  • Stablecoins are at the forefront of financial modernisation, bridging the gap between digital assets and traditional fiat currencies. India, with its robust digital infrastructure and proactive regulatory stance, has the potential to leverage stablecoins for enhancing inclusion, efficiency, and global competitiveness.

CARE MCQ

Q2.   Consider the following statements about stablecoins:

  1. They are blockchain-based digital assets designed to maintain a stable value.
  2. All stablecoins are fully decentralised and do not rely on any reserves.
  3. Fiat-backed stablecoins are pegged to traditional currencies like USD or Euro.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 2- C

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: Stablecoins are indeed blockchain-based digital assets designed to maintain a stable value over time, distinguishing them from other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum, which are highly volatile.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: Not all stablecoins are fully decentralised. Many stablecoins, especially fiat-backed ones like USDT and USDC, rely on reserves held by regulated institutions. Only some crypto-backed or algorithmic stablecoins attempt decentralisation.
  • Statement 3 is correct: Fiat-backed stablecoins are pegged to traditional currencies such as USD or Euro, ensuring value stability through backing reserves in regulated institutions.
  • Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q With reference to Central Bank digital currencies, consider the following statements : (2023)

  1. It is possible to make payments in a digital currency without using US dollar or SWIFT system.
  2. A digital currency can be distributed with condition programmed into it such as a time-frame for spending it.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (c)

India must be pragmatic in manufacturing semiconductor chips

Source: Indian Express

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Economy

Context: semiconductor chips

Why in News?

US tariffs on Russian oil imports via India highlight the challenges of global trade uncertainty and India’s strategic balancing between the West and other powers.

Introduction

  • Semiconductor chips are the backbone of modern electronics, forming the core of devices ranging from smartphones to electric vehicles, AI systems, and defense hardware.
  • Global geopolitical shifts and technological competition have made semiconductor self-reliance a key strategic priority for nations, including India.
  • Recently, Kristy Hsu, Director of Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center, emphasized that India should adopt a pragmatic approach in domestic semiconductor manufacturing by focusing on chips that cater to the local market rather than striving to produce the world’s most advanced semiconductors.

Semiconductor chips

(Image Source: Indian Express)

About Semiconductors

  • Semiconductors are materials whose electrical conductivity lies between conductors (like copper) and insulators (like glass).
  • Key property: Their conductivity can be controlled by temperature, impurities (doping), or electric field, making them essential for electronic devices.
  • Common materials: Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs).
  • Types of Semiconductors
  1. Intrinsic Semiconductors
    • Pure form of semiconductor with no impurities.
    • Conductivity depends solely on the material and temperature.
    • Example: Pure silicon.
  2. Extrinsic Semiconductors
    • Doped with impurities to increase conductivity.
    • Types:
      • N-type: Adds electrons (negative charge carriers).
      • P-type: Creates holes (positive charge carriers).
    • Used in diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits (ICs).

Importance and Applications

  1. Electronics: Microchips, processors, memory devices, smartphones, and computers.
  2. Communication: Used in 5G devices, fiber optics, and telecommunication systems.
  3. Automobiles: Electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles, and autonomous driving systems rely heavily on semiconductors.
  4. Defense and Aerospace: Radars, missiles, satellites, and communication systems.
  5. Renewable Energy: Solar panels, power electronics, and energy management systems.
    • Semiconductors are critical for economic growth, defense, and technological

India and Semiconductors

  1. Current Scenario
    • India imports ~90% of chips used domestically.
    • Focus so far has been on chip design, assembly, testing, and packaging rather than cutting-edge fabrication.
  2. India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), 2021
    • Objective: Create a robust semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem.
    • Incentives for fabrication plants (fabs), design, and allied industries.
    • Focus on mid-tier chips that serve domestic consumption and local industry needs.
  3. Opportunities
    • Growing electronics market, EVs, solar energy, telecom, and defense sectors.
    • Skilled engineering talent available for design and R&D.
    • Potential for public-private partnerships and foreign investment.

Current Scenario

  1. Global Semiconductor Supply Chain
    • Taiwan plays a dominant role in global semiconductor production, particularly in advanced nodes (sub-5nm technologies).
    • The U.S.-China trade war and geopolitical tensions have highlighted vulnerabilities in supply chains. Nations dependent on foreign chips face risks of supply disruption.
    • Asian countries, especially India, are exploring ways to participate in the value chain without engaging in ultra-high-end chip manufacturing, which is capital- and technology-intensive.
  2. India’s Semiconductor Initiatives
    • India has launched the India Semiconductor Mission with incentives for manufacturing and design capabilities.
    • Focus areas include assembly, testing, packaging, and design-linked manufacturing rather than cutting-edge fabrication.
    • Engineering talent and a growing electronics market provide India a comparative advantage for mid-range chips serving local demand.

Key Takeaways from Kristy Hsu’s Perspective

  1. Pragmatism over Ambition
    • Nations need not compete in the production of the most advanced chips globally.
    • India can focus on chips tailored to its domestic consumption and industrial requirements, including automotive, consumer electronics, and renewable energy sectors.
  2. Regional Collaboration
    • Asian manufacturers should collaborate to maintain global market access while strengthening regional resilience.
    • India can leverage Taiwan’s expertise in semiconductor engineering and design for technology transfer and skill development.
  3. Supply Chain Resilience
    • Diversification of production and sources is critical to mitigate geopolitical risks.
    • A focus on mid-tier semiconductor production can reduce import dependence while ensuring economic viability.

Analytical Perspective

  1. Economic Implications
    • Developing a semiconductor ecosystem can boost Make in India, enhance domestic electronics manufacturing, and generate skilled employment.
    • Targeting locally relevant chip production ensures higher ROI and faster market adoption compared to pursuing cutting-edge technologies with uncertain commercial prospects.
  2. Strategic Implications
    • Reduces India’s dependence on global supply chains in sensitive sectors like defense and telecom.
    • Aligns with global trends of regionalization of semiconductor manufacturing to reduce exposure to geopolitical tensions.
  3. Challenges
    • Capital and technological intensity of semiconductor production remains high.
    • Attracting foreign investment and technology transfer requires consistent policy incentives and a stable regulatory environment.
    • Scaling from design to full-scale manufacturing may take several years; India must set realistic milestones.

Way Forward / Policy Recommendations

  1. Focused Strategy
    • Prioritize chips with high local demand (e.g., automotive, 5G devices, consumer electronics).
    • Gradually build capability for higher-end chip manufacturing as ecosystem maturity improves.
  2. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborate with global leaders like Taiwan, South Korea, and U.S. firms for technology transfer and joint ventures.
  3. Skill Development: Develop talent in chip design, packaging, testing, and embedded systems through specialized institutes and industry-academia collaborations.
  4. Incentivization & Infrastructure: Provide fiscal incentives, ensure land and power availability, and create semiconductor clusters with integrated logistics.
  5. Geopolitical Engagement: Strengthen ties with key semiconductor nations to ensure India’s access to critical technologies and global markets.

CARE MCQ

Q3.  Consider the following statements regarding India’s approach to semiconductor manufacturing:

  1. India aims to manufacture the world’s most advanced semiconductor chips immediately.
  2. India focuses on semiconductor chips that serve local market needs.
  3. India is collaborating with global semiconductor leaders for technology transfer.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 3: B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is incorrect. India’s approach, as highlighted by experts like Kristy Hsu, is pragmatic. India is not trying to compete immediately with global leaders in the most advanced chips (like sub-5nm nodes), because it requires extremely high capital, technology, and expertise.
  • Statement 2 is correct. India is prioritizing chips that cater to domestic consumption—for electronics, automotive, renewable energy, and telecom devices—rather than trying to manufacture the world’s most advanced semiconductors.
  • Statement 3 is correct. India is engaging with countries like Taiwan, South Korea, and others to facilitate technology transfer, skill development, and joint ventures to build its semiconductor ecosystem.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. Which one of the following laser types is used in a laser printer? (2008)

(a) Dye laser
(b) Gas laser
(c) Semiconductor laser
(d) Excimer laser

Ans: (a)

Gaza: Erasure of Cultural Heritage Amid Conflict

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations:

Context: Gaza Conflict and Cultural impact

Why in News?

Ongoing Israeli military operations in Gaza have caused massive civilian casualties and widespread destruction of historical, religious, and cultural sites, threatening Palestinian heritage and identity.

Introduction

  • The ongoing conflict in Gaza, which escalated after October 7, 2023, when Israel declared a state of war in response to cross-border attacks by Hamas, has not only caused massive human casualties but has also devastated Gaza’s rich cultural heritage.
  • Over two years of sustained military offensives, Israel has targeted strategic sites, including urban centres, historical landmarks, and civilian spaces.
  • According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health, the human toll has reached 67,160 deaths, with thousands of families entirely wiped out.
  • Beyond the human tragedy, Gaza’s civilizational and cultural heritage has faced systematic destruction, raising serious concerns about compliance with international conventions such as the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.

The Scope of Cultural Destruction

UNESCO’s preliminary assessment (August 2025) highlights that 110 cultural and historical sites in Gaza have been damaged, including:

  • Religious sites: 13
  • Buildings of historical/artistic interest: 77
  • Monuments: 9
  • Museums: 1
  • Archaeological sites: 7
  • Depositories of movable cultural property: 3
  • This widespread damage represents not just physical destruction but also the obliteration of Gaza’s historical memory, identity, and social fabric, echoing the International Criminal Court’s assertion that attacks on cultural heritage can erode fundamental aspects of humanity.

Key Cultural Sites Targeted

1. Great Omari Mosque

  • Dating back to the 7th century, it is the second-oldest mosque in Palestine.
  • The site previously hosted a temple, a Byzantine church, and later structures under Crusader and Mamluk rule.
  • Its Mamluk and Ottoman-era inscriptions and decorations were significantly damaged in a December 2023 Israeli attack.

2. Al-Qissariya (Gold) Market

  • Established during the Mamluk dynasty in the 14th century, adjacent to the Omari Mosque.
  • Known for its narrow lanes and gothic-style arches, it served as a hub for local commerce and cultural exchange.
  • Destroyed in the same bombardment that hit the Great Omari Mosque.

3. Church of Saint Porphyrius

  • A Greek Orthodox church dating to the 5th century Byzantine period.
  • Converted into a mosque in the 7th century and restored to a church during the 12th-century Crusades.
  • In October 2023, it sheltered hundreds of displaced Palestinians, yet suffered a bombardment killing at least 18 civilians.

4. Pasha’s Palace (Qasr al-Basha)

  • A 17th-century Mamluk-Ottoman palace, also known as Radwan Dynasty Castle.
  • Housed a museum with artefacts from Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods.
  • Reduced to rubble after Israeli strikes in December 2023.

5. Hamam al-Sammara

  • Gaza’s only surviving traditional Turkish bath, restored in 2023 with UN support.
  • Its domed roof and coloured glass represented a historic architectural style, destroyed in December 2023 strikes.

This combination of pictures shows (L) Gaza City’s Qissariya Gold Market (Caesarea Market) after damage in Israeli bombardment on January 5, 2024, and (R) the same building after further damage on September 22, 2024.

(Image Source: the Hindu)

6. Rashad Al-Shawa Cultural Center

  • Built in 1985, it was a hub for theatre, literature, and free expression.
  • Hosted peace talks in 1990 between PLO leader Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton.
  • Destroyed in November 2023, curbing cultural expression and civic engagement.

7. Deir al-Balah War Cemetery

  • Contains 724 Commonwealth burials, including an Indian section from World War I.
  • About 10% of headstones have been damaged since the conflict began.

8. Al-Ahli Arab Baptist Hospital

  • Gaza’s only Christian-run hospital and sole cancer-treatment provider.
  • Struck repeatedly in Israeli airstrikes, causing civilian casualties and service disruptions.

9. Bureij Mosaic

  • A Byzantine-era mosaic discovered in 2022, covering 500 sq. m., dating from the 5th–7th centuries.
  • Initially preserved by archaeologists, it has since suffered damage due to ongoing bombardments.

Analytical Perspective

1. Violation of International Norms

  • Israel is a signatory to the 1954 Hague Convention, which mandates protection of cultural heritage during armed conflicts.
  • The deliberate or indiscriminate targeting of historical and civilian sites violates international humanitarian law and principles of proportionality.

2. Cultural Genocide

  • Beyond physical casualties, the destruction of heritage represents an erasure of identity and continuity for the Palestinian people.
  • Bombing of cemeteries, archives, libraries, and cultural centres parallels aspects of cultural genocide, as recognized under international law.

3. Long-term Societal Impact

  • Loss of educational, religious, and cultural landmarks weakens inter-generational transmission of history.
  • Erasure of shared spaces such as markets, baths, and theatres hampers community cohesion and social resilience.

4. Urban and Civilizational Erosion

  • UNESCO terms the phenomenon ‘urbicide’—the systematic destruction of a city’s cultural and civic identity.
  • Gaza exemplifies urban and cultural erosion, where repeated bombardments reduce historical urban structures to rubble, leaving civilians without physical or symbolic anchors to their heritage.

Conclusion

  • The destruction of Gaza’s cultural heritage illustrates how modern conflicts extend beyond the battlefield to target identity, history, and memory. While the human cost remains staggering, the cultural devastation risks erasing centuries of civilization, making post-conflict reconstruction far more challenging.

CARE MCQ

Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the impact of the 2023–2025 conflict in Gaza:

  1. The Great Omari Mosque and Pasha’s Palace, dating back to the Mamluk period, were damaged during Israeli airstrikes.
  2. UNESCO’s assessment indicates that over 100 cultural and historical sites in Gaza have been damaged.
  3. The destruction of cultural sites in Gaza may constitute a violation of international conventions on protection of cultural property.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer 4- D

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The Great Omari Mosque and Pasha’s Palace, both historic structures from the Mamluk period, sustained significant damage during Israeli airstrikes.
  • Statement 2 is correct: UNESCO’s preliminary assessment in 2025 recorded verified damage to 110 sites, including religious sites, monuments, museums, and archaeological locations.
  • Statement 3 is correct: Israel is a signatory to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property, and the destruction of cultural sites may therefore constitute a violation of international law.
  • Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: 2022

  1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
  2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
  3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A 1 and 2 only

B 2 and 3 only

C 1 and 3 only

D 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

Macroscopic Quantum Tunnelling and the 2025 Physics Nobel Prize

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Science and Technology

Context: Quantum Tunnelling

Why in News?

Recently, EAM S. Jaishankar emphasised that India’s national interests are best secured through strategic autonomy and multi-alignment in a multipolar world.

Background:

  • The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their pioneering experiments demonstrating macroscopic quantum tunnelling in superconducting circuits.
  • This work fundamentally extended quantum mechanics from the microscopic world of atoms and subatomic particles to macroscopic electrical circuits, bridging foundational physics and practical technology.
  • Quantum mechanics traditionally describes phenomena at atomic and subatomic scales—electrons, photons, and nuclei can “tunnel” through energy barriers that they classically cannot surmount. The Nobel-recognised experiments proved that macroscopic systems, visible to the naked eye, could also exhibit such tunnelling behavior, a breakthrough with profound implications for both theory and technology.

Josephson Junctions: The Key Experimental Platform

  • The Josephson junction was central to the laureates’ work.
  • Structure: Two superconductors separated by a very thin insulating layer.
  • Function: Electrons in superconductors form pairs (Cooper pairs) that move without resistance. The phase difference of the superconducting order parameter across the junction acts as a macroscopic quantum variable.
  • Goal of Experiment: Investigate whether this macroscopic variable behaves as a single quantum particle, capable of tunnelling and displaying discrete energy levels.
  • Classical vs Quantum Prediction:
    • In classical physics, if the current is below a critical threshold, electron flow remains blocked indefinitely.
    • Quantum mechanics predicts that the trapped electrons can tunnel through the barrier, producing a measurable voltage, even if the system is macroscopically large.
  • Challenges in Observing Macroscopic Quantum Effects
    • Observing quantum phenomena in macroscopic circuits is extremely delicate due to environmental noise:
    • Thermal fluctuations could mimic tunnelling, requiring ultra-low temperatures to suppress them.
    • Electromagnetic interference from stray microwaves could distort measurements.
  • Solution by Clarke, Devoret, and Martinis:
    • Redesigned experiments with special filters and shielding to block external signals.
    • Cooled the system to near absolute zero for stability.
    • Applied faint, precisely tuned microwave pulses to probe the circuit without disturbing its quantum state.
  • Outcome: The measured behavior of the Josephson junction matched quantum tunnelling predictions, confirming macroscopic quantum phenomena.

Quantum Tunnelling

  • Quantum tunnelling is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where a particle crosses an energy barrier even when it does not have sufficient classical energy to overcome it.
  • Unlike classical physics, where the particle would be reflected, quantum mechanics allows a finite probability of the particle “tunnelling” through the barrier due to its wave-like nature.

Evidence of Quantum Behaviour

  • Macroscopic Quantum Tunnelling:
    • The circuit could “escape” from a trapped state despite classical barriers.
    • Temperature-independent tunnelling rates confirmed the quantum nature of the phenomenon.
  • Discrete Energy Levels:
    • By applying microwaves of different frequencies, the circuit transitioned between specific energy levels.
    • The system absorbed or emitted quantized packets of energy, behaving analogously to a single quantum particle or atom.
    • This demonstrated that a macroscopic electrical system could obey quantum mechanics, a revolutionary finding.

Technological Implications

The laureates’ work laid the foundation for several emerging quantum technologies:

  • Superconducting Qubits: Using Josephson junctions as qubits in quantum computers. Enabled circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED)—coupling qubits with resonators to manipulate and read quantum states.
  • Quantum Amplifiers: Amplify extremely weak signals without adding noise. Useful in medical diagnostics and fundamental physics experiments (e.g., dark matter searches).
  • Precision Measurements: Measure current, voltage, and other physical quantities with unprecedented accuracy.
  • Quantum Networks: Microwave-to-optical converters link quantum processors to fiber-optic networks, critical for quantum communication.
  • Quantum Simulators: Model complex materials or chemical reactions at the atomic level, aiding material science and pharmaceutical research.

9Image Source: The Hindu)

Quantum Science

  • Quantum science (or quantum physics/quantum mechanics) is the branch of physics that studies the behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic scales, where the classical laws of physics no longer apply.
  • Unlike classical physics, which describes large objects like planets or cars, quantum science deals with particles such as electrons, photons, atoms, and molecules. At these scales, phenomena like wave-particle duality, superposition, and tunnelling become important.
  • Key Principles of Quantum Science
    • Wave-Particle Duality:
      • Particles such as electrons and photons behave both as particles and waves.
      • Example: Light can behave as a wave (interference, diffraction) or as particles (photons in the photoelectric effect).
    • Quantum Superposition:
      • A particle can exist in multiple states simultaneously until measured.
      • Example: Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment – a cat can be both alive and dead until observed.
      • Practical use: Quantum computers exploit superposition to process many possibilities at once.
    • Quantization of Energy:
      • Energy in quantum systems exists in discrete amounts (quanta), not continuous.
      • Example: Electrons in an atom occupy discrete energy levels; they absorb or emit energy in packets called photons when jumping between levels.
    • Quantum Entanglement:
      • Two particles can become linked so that the state of one instantly affects the other, regardless of distance.
      • Example: Used in quantum communication and quantum encryption.
    • Quantum Tunnelling:
      • Particles can pass through energy barriers even if they do not have enough energy classically.
      • Example: Nuclear fusion in the Sun relies on tunnelling of protons.
      • Macroscopic quantum tunnelling (2025 Nobel) shows this can occur in large, visible circuits.
  • Applications of Quantum Science
    • Quantum science is not just theoretical—it has transformative technologies:
    • Quantum Computing: Uses qubits (quantum bits) to perform complex calculations much faster than classical computers.
    • Quantum Communication: Quantum key distribution ensures unbreakable encryption using entanglement.
    • Quantum Sensors: Extremely precise measurements of time, magnetic fields, and gravitational waves.
    • Medical Imaging & Electronics: MRI technology, semiconductors, and superconductors rely on quantum physics.
    • Quantum Materials: Superconductors, topological insulators, and other materials have applications in energy and electronics.

Significance

  • The work exemplifies the interplay between fundamental research and technology. By demonstrating quantum effects in visible, controllable systems, the laureates turned what was once considered a limitation—a circuit’s sensitivity to external influences—into a practical advantage.
  • Their research not only confirms quantum theory at larger scales but also provides tools for manipulating information in fundamentally new ways, ushering in the era of quantum engineering.

CARE MCQ

Q5.  Consider the following statements about Josephson junctions and the 2025 Nobel-winning experiments:

  1. A Josephson junction consists of two superconductors separated by a thin insulating layer.
  2. The phase difference of the superconducting order parameter behaves as a macroscopic quantum variable.
  3. Classical physics predicts that electron pairs can escape the junction at very low currents without tunnelling.

Which of the statements are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 5- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: A Josephson junction physically consists of two superconductors separated by a very thin insulating layer, which allows tunnelling of Cooper pairs.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The phase difference of the superconducting order parameter behaves as a macroscopic quantum variable, meaning the collective behavior of trillions of electron pairs can be described using quantum mechanics.
  • Statement 3 is incorrect: Classical physics does not predict electron pairs escaping at very low currents without tunnelling. In classical terms, the trapped electrons would remain blocked unless enough energy (like thermal excitation) is provided.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.  Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?

(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies

Ans: (b)

Konkan-25: Significance of India-UK Carrier Strike Group Maritime Exercise

Source: Indian Express

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Defence

Context: Konkan-25 Exercise

Why in News?

The Indian Navy’s carrier strike group and the United Kingdom Royal Navy’s Carrier Strike Group (CSG) began their first-ever bilateral exercise Konkan.

Introduction

  • The first-ever bilateral Carrier Strike Group (CSG) exercise, Konkan-25, between India and the United Kingdom, commenced on October 5, 2025, off the western coast of India. It coincides with the UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to India, highlighting the growing defence and strategic cooperation between the two countries.
  • India’s Side: INS Vikrant-led carrier battle group, including MIG-29K jets, Kamov-31, MH-60R helicopters, and indigenous Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) and Light Combat Aircraft (LCA-Navy).
  • UK’s Side: HMS Prince of Wales-led CSG, supported by destroyers, frigates, Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships, and operating F-35B aircraft and Merlin/Wildcat helicopters.

Background of Exercise Konkan

  • Named after the Konkan Coast, the exercise has been biennial since 2004.
  • Significance of 2025 Edition:
  • First time both nations’ carrier strike groups are participating together.
  • Marks India’s growing capability as a blue-water navy alongside the UK.
  • Two Phases of Exercise:
  • Sea Phase:
    • Maritime operational drills: anti-air, anti-surface, anti-submarine warfare.
    • Flying operations and seamanship exercises.
    • Deployment of frontline naval assets, including carriers, destroyers, frigates, submarines, and air assets.
  • Harbour Phase:
    • Professional interactions, cross-deck visits, sports, and cultural engagements.
    • Joint Working Group meetings and Subject Matter Expert Exchanges.

The United Kingdom's Carrier Strike Group participates in exercise Konkan with the Indian Navy in the western Indian Ocean.

(Image Source:

Strategic and Defence Significance

  • A. Enhancing Interoperability
    • The exercise strengthens joint operational readiness between the two navies.
    • Technology sharing and best practices: Both carriers’ operations allow sharing of carrier-based air operations and multi-domain combat tactics.
  • B. Indo-Pacific Focus
    • The Indo-Pacific is strategically vital for global trade and security, witnessing rising geopolitical tensions.
    • By conducting joint CSG operations, India and the UK project maritime power, deterrence, and freedom of navigation in international waters.
  • C. Commitment to Rules-Based Maritime Order
    • Both nations reaffirm a free and open Indo-Pacific, emphasizing adherence to international maritime law.
    • Strengthens regional security architecture under India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
  • D. Blue-Water Capability Demonstration
    • Both navies are multi-carrier, blue-water capable, placing them in an exclusive club of maritime powers.
    • Enables long-duration, high-seas operations, showcasing India’s growing indigenous naval capabilities, especially with INS Vikrant.

Part of India-UK Vision 2035

  • Konkan-25 aligns with India-UK Vision 2035, emphasizing defence and security cooperation.
  • Key Objectives:
    • Maritime Security Centre of Excellence (RMSCE): Capacity-building for non-traditional maritime threats in the Indian Ocean.
    • Military Interoperability: Exchange of training, joint exercises, and positioning of instructors in each other’s institutions.
    • India as Logistics Hub: Sustaining UK forces’ presence in the Indian Ocean Region.

Analytical Significance for UPSC Perspective

A. Bilateral Relations

  • Exercise strengthens India-UK strategic partnership, expanding beyond trade to security and defence.
  • Diplomatic signaling: Coordination amid regional tensions in Indo-Pacific, particularly with China’s maritime assertiveness.

B. Security and Geopolitics

  • Enhances deterrence and operational readiness of the Indian Navy.
  • Reflects India’s multi-alignment foreign policy, collaborating with Western powers without compromising strategic autonomy.

C. Defence Modernisation

  • Highlights Indigenisation of Defence: INS Vikrant as a symbol of India’s self-reliance in naval aviation and shipbuilding.
  • Promotes joint learning in advanced CSG operations, benefiting tactical, operational, and strategic capabilities.

D. Implications for Regional Maritime Security

  • Supports free trade and safe sea lanes in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
  • Contributes to maritime domain awareness and readiness against non-traditional threats such as piracy, trafficking, and natural disasters.

Conclusion

  • Konkan-25 marks a historic milestone in India-UK maritime cooperation by combining both nations’ carrier strike groups. Beyond operational drills, it is a strategic statement of partnership, regional security, and blue-water capabilities.

CARE MCQ

Q6. Consider the following statements about the Konkan-25 maritime exercise between India and the United Kingdom:

  1. Konkan-25 is the first-ever bilateral exercise where both India and UK carrier strike groups are participating together.
  2. The exercise is named after India’s Konkan coast and has been held biennially since 2004.
  3. The Indian carrier INS Vikrant operates only MIG-21 fighter jets during the exercise.
  4. Konkan-25 is part of India-UK Vision 2035, aiming to enhance defence and security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.

Which of the above statements is incorrect?

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 4 only

Answer 6-C

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: This edition of Konkan marks the first-ever bilateral exercise where both India and UK carrier strike groups are participating together, highlighting operational and strategic cooperation.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The exercise is named after India’s Konkan coast and has been held biennially since 2004, establishing a long-standing defence engagement.
  • Statement 3 is incorrect: INS Vikrant operates MIG-29K fighter jets, Kamov-31, MH-60R helicopters, indigenous ALH, and LCA (Navy) during Konkan-25. MIG-21 jets are outdated and not part of the carrier air wing.
  • Statement 4 is correct: Konkan-25 is part of India-UK Vision 2035, aiming to enhance defence and security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific, improve interoperability, and strengthen regional maritime security.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. ‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’, a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which one of the following countries?

Options:

(a) China

(b) Japan

(c) Russia

(d) USA

Ans: (a)

 
TGPSC CARE 9th October 2025 Current Affairs
TGPSC CARE 6th October 2025 Current Affairs
Scroll to Top