TGPSC Current Affairs – (26-06-2025)
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News at a Glance |
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Telangana: Centre, Telangana join hands for 3,245 acres Zaheerabad Industrial Area project |
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Muslim woman’s right to Khula is absolute |
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Economy: Govt has provided ₹21,535 crore of incentives under PLI schemes |
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Polity and Governance: New ECINET platform used during bypolls helped with faster update of voter turnout trends |
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Union Cabinet passes resolution marking 50 years of Emergency |
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Social Justice: CBSE Class 10 students to get option of two exams |
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Public Health: India’s Zero-Dose Crisis for Children Miss Vaccines |
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Science and Technology: Shubhanshu Shukla Makes Historic Journey to ISS on Axiom-4 Mission |
Centre, Telangana join hands for 3,245 acres Zaheerabad Industrial Area project
Source: The Hindu
TGPSC Syllabus Relevance Governance
Context: Smart Integrated Industrial City
Why in News
The Central and Telangana governments will jointly develop a Smart Integrated Industrial City in Zaheerabad under the Hyderabad-Nagpur Industrial Corridor (HNIC).
Introduction
- The Zaheerabad Industrial Area (ZIA) is a strategic industrial development initiative taken up as a priority project under the Hyderabad-Nagpur Industrial Corridor (HNIC).
- It aims to transform Zaheerabad in Telangana into a Smart Integrated Industrial City, promoting manufacturing, infrastructure development, and regional connectivity in line with the Make in India and Act East Policy.
Key Features of the Zaheerabad Industrial Area (ZIA)
1. Project Scope and Location
- Spread across 3,245.48 acres in Nyalkal and Jharasangam mandals of Sangareddy district, Telangana.
- Strategic location:
- ~125 km from Hyderabad airport.
- Close to Mahindra’s automobile plant.
- Near Krishnapatnam Port (320 km) and Manoharabad Multi-Modal Logistics Park (110 km).
2. Ownership and Governance Structure
- A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) named NICDIT Zaheerabad Industrial Smart City has been formed.
- Equity Holding:
- 49% – National Industrial Corridor Development and Implementation Trust (NICDIT), Government of India.
- 51% – Telangana Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (TGIIC), State Government.
Objectives and Significance
1. Integrated Infrastructure Development
- Development of state-of-the-art industrial infrastructure backed by professional management.
- Includes:
- Roads, power supply, water, ICT, and common utilities.
- Urban and social infrastructure for liveability and workforce support.
2. Boost to Industrialisation
- Expected to:
- Attract investments in manufacturing and allied sectors.
- Enhance Telangana’s share in national industrial production.
- Act as a regional growth node for the HNIC.
3. Employment and Economic Impact
- Likely to generate large-scale employment.
- Encourage SMEs, startups, and technology-driven industries.
- Develop Zaheerabad into a self-sustaining economic zone.
Strategic Relevance
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Aspect |
Details |
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Make in India |
Facilitates domestic production and global competitiveness. |
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Act East Policy |
Enhances connectivity between central India and eastern trade corridors. |
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Industrial Corridor Goals |
Integrates infrastructure with manufacturing clusters for economic growth. |
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Logistics Connectivity |
Links with NH network, major ports, and logistics parks. |
Land Acquisition and Development Status
- 91% of land (2,961 acres) is already in government possession.
- Remaining 284.48 acres includes patta, assigned, and government land under acquisition.
- Infrastructure development will be in phases based on investment potential and sectoral focus.
Complementary Projects by TGICC
- TGICC (State nodal agency):
- Previously developed land in Kancha Gachibowli near Hyderabad IT hub.
- Proposed major projects like Hyderabad Pharma City.
- This project adds to Telangana’s profile as a hub of industrial infrastructure innovation.
Challenges
- Timely completion of land acquisition.
- Environmental clearances and sustainable development.
- Ensuring equity in local employment and rehabilitation (if applicable).
Way Forward
- Strengthen industrial policy for investor facilitation.
- Establish industrial training institutes in the region.
- Integrate with national logistics and export promotion schemes.
Conclusion
- The Zaheerabad Industrial Area under the Hyderabad-Nagpur Industrial Corridor is a landmark initiative that underscores India’s focus on industrial transformation through smart infrastructure.
- With strong central-state cooperation, it is poised to become a model for integrated industrial city development, contributing to both regional and national economic goals.
CARE MCQ |
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Q1. With reference to the Zaheerabad Industrial Area (ZIA) project, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1, 2 and 3 only |
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Answer 1- B
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Muslim woman’s right to Khula is absolute
Source: New Indian Express
TGPSC Syllabus Relevance: Social Justice
Context: Woman’s right
Why in News
The Telangana High Court ruled that a Muslim woman’s right to seek Khula (divorce initiated by her) is absolute and does not require the husband’s consent or justification.
Background
- In a landmark judgment, the Telangana High Court ruled that a Muslim married woman’s right to demand Khula — a form of divorce initiated by the wife — is absolute, does not require the husband’s consent, and does not need to be based on specific causes.
- The judgment has reaffirmed and expanded judicial recognition of Muslim women’s autonomy under personal law in India.
What is Khula?
- Khula (Arabic: “خلع”, meaning “to remove” or “to take off”) is a form of divorce under Islamic law wherein a woman initiates separation by offering to return her dower or other settlement.
- It is a non-adjudicatory, out-of-court method that may involve consultation with a Mufti or Dar-ul-Qaza, though such consultation is not legally mandatory, as clarified by the High Court.
Case Background:
- A man filed an appeal challenging a Family Court order that accepted his wife’s decision to end the marriage through Khula.
- The appellant did not dispute the factual findings of the Family Court, nor did he deny that the marriage had effectively ended.
- His primary grievance was that the Family Court lacked the jurisdiction to recognize or formalize the Khula.
Key Observations by the Telangana High Court:
On the Absolute Right to Khula:
- A Muslim woman’s right to demand Khula is absolute — it does not require the husband’s acceptance, nor does it have to be justified by a cause.
- The court emphasized that this right exists independently, and only a court’s judicial stamp is needed to finalize the termination of marriage.
Role of Mufti or Dar-ul-Qaza:
- The Khulanama (certificate of dissolution) issued by a Mufti or Islamic body is not binding on the courts.
- Such opinions are advisory in nature, and a civil court’s approval holds final authority in legally recognizing the dissolution.
Judicial Scope:
- The role of the Family Court is to recognize and record the dissolution, not to refuse or invalidate the woman’s autonomous decision.
- Any court inquiry should be summary in nature, avoiding prolonged litigation or detailed fact-finding.
On Reconciliation Efforts:
- Before proceeding, courts should attempt reconciliation between the couple, as per the Family Courts Act.
- However, failure to reconcile does not negate the woman’s right to Khula.
Comparative Reference:
- The Bench referred to a similar precedent from the Kerala High Court, reinforcing that Muslim women should not be subjected to prolonged uncertainty post-Khula demand.
Impact and Significance:
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Aspect |
Implication |
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Women’s Rights |
Strengthens Muslim women’s autonomy in matters of personal law and marriage dissolution. |
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Legal Certainty |
Clarifies that judicial formalization of Khula is sufficient, without need for husband’s consent. |
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Personal Law vs. Civil Law |
Reiterates that civil courts are the final authority in matters of marriage dissolution under personal law. |
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Access to Justice |
Reduces delays and confusion for Muslim women seeking exit from oppressive marital relationships. |
Conclusion:
- This judgment by the Telangana High Court is a significant step in advancing gender justice within the framework of Muslim personal law in India.
- It reaffirms that patriarchal interpretation or procedural delay should not obstruct a woman’s fundamental right to exit a marriage.
- The ruling is likely to influence future cases and may serve as a guiding precedent across jurisdictions, enhancing the legal standing of Khula in India.
CARE MCQ |
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Q2. With reference to the Telangana High Court’s recent judgment on Khula, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1, 3 and 4 only |
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Answer 2- A
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Govt has provided ₹21,535 crore of incentives under PLI schemes
UPSC Relevance: GS-3 Economy
Context: PLI schemes
Why in News
The government’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme has led to ₹21,534 crore in incentives disbursed.
Introduction
- The Government of India launched the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme in 2020 as a strategic industrial policy initiative to enhance domestic manufacturing capabilities, attract investments, reduce import dependence, and promote exports.
- As of March 2025, the scheme has shown significant results, with ₹21,534 crore disbursed in incentives across 12 sectors, generating investments worth ₹1.76 lakh crore and resulting in cumulative production or sales of ₹16.5 lakh crore.
- The review of the scheme was recently conducted by the Union Commerce and Industry Minister, Piyush Goyal, who underscored the need to prioritize sectors where India enjoys a comparative advantage globally.
Objectives of the PLI Scheme
The PLI scheme was launched with the following key objectives:
- To strengthen domestic manufacturing by incentivizing incremental production
- To reduce the country’s reliance on imports, especially for critical goods
- To encourage export-oriented growth through competitive manufacturing
- To attract global and domestic investment into targeted sectors
- To generate large-scale employment opportunities, both directly and indirectly
- To lay the foundation for an Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India)
Sectoral Coverage
Initially launched for three sectors, the scheme was later expanded to cover 14 critical sectors. As of March 2025, 12 sectors have received disbursements, including:
- Large-Scale Electronics Manufacturing (LSEM)
- IT hardware
- Bulk drugs
- Medical devices
- Pharmaceuticals
- Telecom and networking products
- Food processing
- White goods (e.g., ACs and LEDs)
- Automobiles and auto components
- Specialty steel
- Textiles
- Drones and drone components
Key Achievements (as of March 2025)
- Incentive Disbursal and Investment Mobilization
- A total of ₹21,534 crore in incentives has been disbursed across 12 sectors
- The scheme has attracted ₹1.76 lakh crore in investments
- It has generated ₹16.5 lakh crore worth of production or sales, reflecting its catalytic role in economic output
Sector-wise Success Narratives
1. Pharmaceutical Sector
- Achieved ₹2.66 lakh crore in cumulative sales, with exports worth ₹1.70 lakh crore over three years
- In FY 2024–25 alone, pharma exports under the scheme amounted to ₹0.67 lakh crore, which was approximately 27% of India’s total pharma exports that year
- Notably, 40% of the total ₹37,306 crore invested in the sector was allocated to Research and Development (R&D)
- The sector recorded a high domestic value addition rate of 83.7%, enhancing self-reliance
- India transformed from a net importer to a net exporter of bulk drugs, moving from an import deficit of ₹1,930 crore in FY 2021–22 to a trade surplus of ₹2,280 crore
2. Food Processing Sector
- Attracted investments of ₹9,032 crore
- Generated ₹3.8 lakh crore in production
- Created 3.4 lakh direct and indirect jobs, indicating strong employment generation potential
3. Bulk Drugs
- Boosted domestic manufacturing capacity for critical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)
- Enabled a shift from import dependence to self-sufficiency, strengthening national health security
4. Textiles Sector
- Improved India’s global competitiveness, especially in synthetic and technical textiles
- Supported the diversification of India’s textile export basket, previously dominated by cotton-based products
Strategic Impact of the PLI Scheme
Export Promotion
- The PLI scheme has played a pivotal role in enhancing India’s export competitiveness
- Key sectors such as pharmaceuticals, food processing, textiles, and bulk drugs have witnessed robust export performance under the scheme
Manufacturing Boost
- Companies across multiple sectors have scaled up their production capacities
- The scheme has fostered high levels of domestic value addition, reducing import reliance
- It has reinforced India’s ambition of becoming a global manufacturing hub
Employment Generation
- The scheme has generated large-scale employment, both directly in factories and indirectly through MSME suppliers and logistics
- For instance, the food processing sector alone has created 3.4 lakh jobs
Challenges and the Way Forward
1. Sectoral Prioritisation
- Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal emphasized the need to focus on sectors where India has a comparative advantage, such as electronics, pharma, and textiles
- Resource allocation must be strategically aligned with global demand and national capability
2. Timely Implementation
- Delays in disbursal of incentives, regulatory clearances, and infrastructure bottlenecks have been observed in some sectors
- There is a need for streamlined coordination among ministries, state governments, and industry stakeholders
3. Monitoring and Evaluation
- Continuous review of sector-specific performance is necessary to realign incentives
- A feedback loop between implementation agencies and beneficiaries must be institutionalized for mid-course correction
Conclusion
- The Production-Linked Incentive scheme has emerged as a cornerstone of India’s industrial policy, demonstrating tangible results in enhancing manufacturing capacity, promoting exports, reducing import dependence, and generating employment.
- If implemented with greater efficiency and strategic foresight, the PLI scheme has the potential to position India as a global leader in value-added manufacturing, in line with the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.
CARE MCQ |
UPSC PYQ |
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Q3. With reference to the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme launched by the Government of India, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only |
Q. Consider, the following statements: (2023) Statement-I: India accounts for 3.2% of global export of goods. Statement-II: Many local companies and some foreign companies operating in India have taken advantage of India’s ‘Production-linked Incentive’ scheme. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Ans: (d) |
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Answer 3- B Explanation
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New ECINET platform used during bypolls helped with faster update of voter turnout trends
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS2 Polity and Governance
Context: ECINET digital platform
Why in News
ECINET, a one-stop digital platform developed by the Election Commission of India, enabled real-time voter turnout updates and rapid publication of Index Cards during the June 2025 bypolls.
Introduction
- The Election Commission of India (ECI), in its continuous effort to modernize and enhance the transparency of the electoral process, recently deployed its new digital platform — ECINET — during the by-elections held on June 19, 2025, in four states: Kerala, Gujarat, Punjab, and West Bengal.
- This marked a significant leap toward real-time data accessibility and efficiency in election management.
What is ECINET?
- ECINET (Election Commission Integrated Network) is a technology-driven one-stop digital platform developed by the Election Commission of India.
- Announced on May 4, 2025, it is designed to integrate over 40 mobile and web-based applications used by the ECI into a single interface.
Purpose of ECINET:
- To ensure real-time data entry, access, and analysis of various electoral processes.
- To reduce manual intervention and eliminate delays in data publication.
- To enhance transparency and trust in electoral data.
Major Features of ECINET Used During Bypolls
Real-time Voter Turnout Upload
- Presiding officers uploaded voter turnout figures directly from polling stations using ECINET.
- This replaced the earlier manual system, which caused delays and lacked uniformity.
- Final turnout data was uploaded before the officers left the polling station, ensuring real-time updates.
- Impact: Significant reduction in the time lag for publishing voter turnout trends, and improved public transparency.
Faster Publication of Index Cards
- Index Cards are non-statutory post-election statistical reports that offer detailed constituency-level election data.
- They include information on:
- Total electors and votes polled
- Candidate-wise and party-wise performance
- Vote share, gender-wise voting, and regional patterns
- With ECINET, most of the fields were auto-filled, reducing the workload and ensuring faster verification.
- Impact: Index Cards were published within 72 hours after the declaration of results (declared on June 23, 2025), compared to previous delays of weeks or even months.
Why Index Cards Matter?
- They are crucial for stakeholders such as political parties, analysts, researchers, and the general public.
- They promote data accessibility, electoral analysis, and accountability in the democratic process.
- Although non-statutory, they are an important statistical and transparency tool.
Significance in the Context of Electoral Trust
In recent years, concerns over sudden spikes in voter turnout in the final hours of polling have been raised by Opposition parties. The real-time upload of turnout trends via ECINET addresses these concerns by:
- Offering live, transparent data directly from presiding officers.
- Reducing speculation and enhancing public confidence in the election process.
Future Scope of ECINET
- Currently, only some modules of ECINET have been used.
- The platform will become fully operational in the coming weeks, incorporating the remaining 40+ applications.
- It is expected to transform the way elections are monitored, managed, and analyzed in India.
Conclusion
- The successful implementation of ECINET during the June 2025 by-elections is a landmark in India’s journey toward a more transparent, efficient, and technology-enabled electoral system.
- With enhanced real-time data processing, faster voter turnout trends, and quick dissemination of vital election statistics, ECINET marks the beginning of a digitally empowered electoral future for the world’s largest democracy.
CARE MCQ |
UPSC PYQ |
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Q4. With reference to the ECINET platform recently implemented by the Election Commission of India (ECI), consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? |
Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only Ans: (d) |
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Answer 4- A Explanation
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Union Cabinet passes resolution marking 50 years of Emergency
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2 Polity and Governance
Why in News
India marked the 50th anniversary of the Emergency (1975–77) remembering it as a dark chapter in democracy and honouring those who resisted the suspension of constitutional rights.
Introduction
- On June 25, 2025, India marked the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Emergency, one of the most controversial periods in the nation’s democratic journey.
- Declared on June 25, 1975, under Article 352 of the Constitution, the Emergency suspended civil liberties, curtailed press freedom, and centralized executive power — casting a long shadow over Indian democracy.
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi led the Union Cabinet in commemorating this anniversary, paying tribute to those who resisted what is now termed as ‘Samvidhan Hatya Diwas’ (Constitution Murder Day).
hat Was the Emergency?
- The Emergency (1975–77) was declared by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi citing “internal disturbance” under Article 352 of the Constitution.
- It lasted 21 months, from June 25, 1975, to March 21, 1977.
Emergency Provisions in the Indian Constitution
- Articles 352 to 360 of the Indian Constitution deal with Emergency provisions.
- These provisions enable the Union government to deal with extraordinary situations threatening the nation’s security, stability, or financial health.
Types of Emergencies
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Type of Emergency |
Constitutional Article |
Common Name |
Reason for Declaration |
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1. National Emergency |
Article 352 |
External or Internal Threat Emergency |
War, External Aggression, or Armed Rebellion |
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2. President’s Rule |
Article 356 (with Article 365) |
State Emergency |
Failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State |
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3. Financial Emergency |
Article 360 |
Economic Emergency |
Threat to Financial Stability or Credit of India |
Key Features of the Emergency:
- Suspension of Fundamental Rights (especially under Article 19)
- Censorship of the Press
- Mass Arrests of political opponents under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA)
- Judicial Complicity, highlighted by the ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla case, where the Supreme Court upheld suspension of habeas corpus
- Forced Sterilization Campaigns, especially targeting the poor
- 42nd Constitutional Amendment, also called the “Mini-Constitution”, which increased centralization of power
The 2025 Commemoration: A Cabinet Resolution
- At a special Union Cabinet meeting, the government passed a resolution honouring the resistance to the Emergency.
- Prime Minister Modi stated that the Emergency was one of the “darkest chapters in India’s democratic history.”
42nd Constitutional Amendment and Its Legacy
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, passed during the Emergency, made sweeping changes:
- Preamble changed: “Sovereign Democratic Republic” became “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic”
- Strengthened the Directive Principles of State Policy over Fundamental Rights
- Extended the tenure of legislatures
- Curtailed the powers of the judiciary
After the Emergency, the Janata Party Government (1977–79) passed the 44th Amendment Act, undoing many of these changes and safeguarding constitutional democracy.
Significance for Democratic Institutions
The Emergency is a crucial turning point in India’s political history. It:
- Exposed vulnerabilities in institutional checks and balances
- Demonstrated the importance of civil society and political opposition
- Highlighted the need for independent judiciary and media
Lessons for the Future
- Constitutional Morality must guide those in power, not just legal legitimacy.
- Vigilant citizenry is essential to sustain democratic governance.
- Institutions must remain independent and assert their roles during crises.
Conclusion
- The Emergency’s 50th anniversary is not merely a ceremonial remembrance but a reassertion of democratic values. By remembering the sacrifices of those who resisted authoritarianism,
- India reaffirms its commitment to constitutional democracy and the rule of law.
- As Prime Minister Modi stated, this is a moment to honor those who ensured that India’s democracy was not only restored but emerged stronger.
CARE MCQ |
UPSC PYQ |
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Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the Emergency provisions in India:
Which of the statements given above are correct? A) 1, 2, and 3 |
Q. Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha? (2022)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only Ans: (b) |
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Answer 5- B Explanation
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CBSE Class 10 students to get option of two exams
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2 Social Justice
Context: CBSE’s Two-Exam System for Class 10
Why in News?
From the academic year 2026–27, CBSE will allow Class 10 students to take board exams twice a year to reduce exam stress and align with NEP 2020 recommendations.
Introduction
- In a significant reform aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has announced that starting from the academic year 2026–27, Class 10 students will be allowed to take their board exams twice a year.
- This aims to reduce the pressure of “high-stakes” exams and promote a more flexible, student-friendly evaluation system.
Key Features of the Reform
1. Dual Examination Opportunity
- All Class 10 students will have to mandatorily appear for the first board exam, which will be held in mid-February.
- Students who pass the first exam will have the option to improve their scores in up to three academic subjects (Science, Mathematics, Social Science, and two languages) by appearing in a second exam in May.
2. Optional Nature of the Second Exam
- The second examination is not compulsory. It is meant only for improvement.
- The better score between the two attempts will be considered for the final mark sheet.
3. Eligibility Criteria
- Students must pass the first exam and appear in at least three subjects to be eligible for the second exam.
- Students who fail in three or more subjects, or do not appear in three or more subjects, will not be allowed to appear for the second exam and will be placed in the ‘Essential Repeat’ category.
Revised Categories of Students
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Category |
Criteria |
Allowed to Take 2nd Exam? |
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Improvement |
Passed first exam; want to improve in up to 3 subjects |
Yes |
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Compartment |
Failed or missed 1–2 subjects |
Yes (second exam considered as attempt) |
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Essential Repeat |
Failed in 3+ subjects or missed 3+ papers in the first exam |
No (Can reappear only next year) |
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Special Category |
Students with valid reasons (sports events, snow-bound areas, etc.) for missing the exam |
Yes, with appropriate documentation |
Compartment Policy: Redesigned Timeline
- Until 2025–26: Compartment exams in July, results in August.
- From 2026–27:
- First attempt (merged with the second/improvement exam) – June
- Second attempt – during next year’s main exam
- Third attempt – during next year’s improvement exam
Rationale Behind the Policy Shift
1. Alignment with NEP 2020
- NEP recommends making board exams low-stakes and allowing flexible learning paths.
- Emphasis on learning outcomes rather than rote memorization or a one-shot evaluation model.
2. Reducing Stress
- Exam pressure has been a major concern for students and parents.
- Multiple opportunities to improve scores promotes a more joyful learning environment.
3. Better Academic Opportunities
- Students can secure higher marks in core subjects needed for career and stream selection.
- Helps students who might have had temporary setbacks (illness, anxiety, or other issues).
Operational and Logistical Advantages
1. Faster Declaration of Results
- First exam results by April.
- Second exam results by June, aiding timely Class 11 admissions.
2. Use of DigiLocker
- Marksheets of the first exam will be made available digitally for immediate Class 11 admissions.
3. Reduced Delay
- Earlier, students appearing for improvement or compartment had to wait till August.
- Now, admissions won’t be delayed, and provisional admission will be granted based on first results.
Safeguards Against Misuse
- “No opportunity shopping” clause: To prevent misuse, students who don’t take the first exam seriously or skip it cannot appear for the second exam.
- This ensures the first exam remains the main evaluation, not just a dry run.
Special Considerations
1. Subject Replacement Cases
- Students who passed by replacing a failed subject can still opt to improve in the failed subject, especially if it is necessary for further academic pursuits (e.g., Maths for Science stream).
2. Sports Quota and Remote Areas
- Athletes or students from snow-bound regions (e.g., Ladakh) will be allowed flexibility to appear in the second round if they miss the first due to genuine reasons.
Significance in the Indian Education System
- Encourages assessment for learning rather than assessment of learning.
- Provides a second chance within the same year — reducing academic stigma.
- Aligns Indian board exam structure closer to international practices (like SAT, IB).
Conclusion
- CBSE’s two-exam policy for Class 10 students marks a progressive step in school education reform.
- It upholds the spirit of equity, flexibility, and student-centric learning as envisaged in the NEP 2020.
- While implementation will require careful planning and communication to all stakeholders, this initiative holds the promise of transforming the exam-centric approach of India’s schooling system into one that prioritizes learning outcomes and emotional well-being.
CARE MCQ |
UPSC PYQ |
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Q6. Consider the following statements regarding the CBSE’s new policy of board examinations for Class 10 from 2026–27:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? |
Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only Ans- (d) |
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Answer – 6 – B Explanation
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India’s Zero-Dose Crisis for Children Miss Vaccines
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2 Public Health
Context: Zero-Dose Children policy
Why in News?
India recorded 1.44 million zero-dose children in 2023, making it the second-highest globally, as per the Lancet study by the Global Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborators.
Introduction
- On June 25, 2025, a new analysis by the Global Burden of Disease Study Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, published in The Lancet, shed light on the alarming stagnation in global childhood immunisation efforts.
- Of particular concern is India’s position as the country with the second-highest number of “zero-dose” children — 1.44 million in 2023 — second only to Nigeria.
- The findings come amidst global efforts to achieve the 2030 immunisation targets under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030).
What Are Zero-Dose Children?
- Zero-dose children are those who have not received even a single dose of the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) vaccine by the age of one.
- This indicator is a widely used proxy for broader immunisation access and health system reach.
Key Findings of the Study
- Global Outlook:
- In 2023, 15.7 million children globally had received no DTP vaccine doses.
- More than half of these unvaccinated children live in just eight countries, with India and Nigeria being the largest contributors.
- South Asia accounts for 13% of global zero-dose children.
- Measles vaccination coverage fell in 100 of 204 countries between 2010 and 2019.
- 21 of 36 high-income countries also recorded dips in vaccination for key diseases such as measles, polio, TB, and DTP.
- India’s Position:
- India recorded 1.44 million zero-dose children in 2023, a figure that poses serious public health challenges.
- The Zero-Dose Implementation Plan 2024 has been launched in 143 districts across 11 States.
- Between 2020 and 2023, India also witnessed increased missed immunisations due to COVID-19 disruptions.
Challenges in India’s Immunisation Landscape
- Post-Pandemic Setbacks:
- The COVID-19 pandemic led to suspension of outreach services, movement restrictions, and diversion of health workforce, contributing to immunisation gaps.
- Health Infrastructure Gaps:
- Variability in healthcare delivery systems, especially in remote tribal, urban slum, and conflict-affected areas, continues to impede universal coverage.
- Vaccine Hesitancy & Misinformation:
- Rising vaccine hesitancy due to social media misinformation and lack of awareness among communities undermines demand for immunisation services.
- Socio-Cultural Barriers:
- Gender disparities, caste-based exclusion, and lack of culturally adapted IEC (Information, Education, Communication) strategies hinder outreach in diverse populations.
- Logistics & Cold Chain Issues:
- Maintenance of cold chain systems and timely delivery of vaccines remain persistent operational challenges in rural India.
Policy and Programmatic Responses
1. Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)
- Launched in 1974 by WHO and adopted by India, EPI has vaccinated over 4 billion children globally and averted 154 million deaths. India’s EPI evolved into the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) in 1985.
2. Mission Indradhanush (2014)
- Targeted approach to reach unvaccinated and under-vaccinated children and pregnant women. Expanded through Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) phases and special campaigns.
3. Zero Dose Implementation Plan 2024
- Covers 143 districts across 11 states identified with high numbers of zero-dose children.
- Focuses on mapping, microplanning, capacity building, and community engagement.
4. Digital Monitoring Platforms
- Co-WIN and U-WIN platforms have potential to track real-time vaccination data and identify coverage gaps.
Implications for Public Health and SDGs
- Missed Immunisation → Increased Outbreaks:
Stagnation or decline in routine immunisation increases the risk of outbreaks of measles, polio, diphtheria, etc. - Global Immunisation Agenda 2030 (IA2030):
The goal of zero-dose child reduction by 50% by 2030 may remain elusive without urgent action. - Equity as a Core Concern:
The study notes that transformational improvements in equity and trust-building are essential. Without this, both SDG Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and IA2030 goals are under threat.
Expert Recommendations and Way Forward
1. Community-Centric Approaches
- Engage ASHA, Anganwadi Workers, and community influencers to improve awareness and trust.
- Culturally tailored IEC materials in local languages to counter vaccine hesitancy.
2. Data-Driven Interventions
- Use geospatial data and digital tracking systems to identify zero-dose clusters and plan outreach.
3. Health Systems Strengthening
- Strengthen the last-mile delivery systems, including cold chain, transport, and trained personnel.
4. Global and Domestic Funding
- With a potential fall in international aid, the need for sustained public investment in immunisation is crucial.
5. School-based and Mobile Immunisation Drives
- Leverage school platforms, mobile health units, and urban health missions to cover unreached populations.
Conclusion
- India’s high burden of zero-dose children is a critical public health challenge that threatens to reverse decades of immunisation gains.
- The Lancet study is a timely reminder that while substantial progress has been made since the launch of EPI in 1974, equity, resilience, and innovation must now define India’s immunisation strategy.
- Achieving the IA2030 targets and SDG 3 will require not just expanded coverage but deep systemic reforms that prioritise the health of every child, regardless of geography, gender, or socio-economic status.
CARE MCQ |
UPSC PYQ |
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Q7. With reference to the recent findings of the Global Burden of Disease Study published in The Lancet (2025), consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only |
Q. ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to (2016) (a) immunization of children and pregnant women (b) construction of smart cities across the country (c) India’s own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space (d) New Educational Policy Ans: a
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Answer – 7 – B Explanation
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Shubhanshu Shukla Makes Historic Journey to ISS on Axiom-4 Mission
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS3 Science and Technology
Context: Axiom-4 (Ax-4) mission
Why in News?
India returned to human spaceflight after 40 years as Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla was launched to the ISS aboard the Axiom-4 mission on June 25, 2025.
Introduction
- On June 25, 2025, India marked a historic return to human spaceflight after a gap of 40 years as Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, a serving Indian Air Force officer, was launched aboard the Axiom-4 (Ax-4) mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
- This mission, launched from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, not only signifies India’s participation in international human space exploration but is also seen as a symbolic launchpad for the country’s indigenous human space programme.
Key Highlights of the Mission
- Launch Date & Vehicle:
- Date: June 25, 2025, at 12:01 PM IST
- Vehicle: Falcon 9 rocket by SpaceX
- Spacecraft: Crew Dragon
- Launch Site: Launch Complex 39A, Kennedy Space Center, Florida (USA)
- Crew Members:
- Commander: Peggy Whitson (USA)
- Pilot: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla (India)
- Mission Specialist: Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski (Poland)
- Mission Specialist: Tibor Kapu (Hungary)
- Journey Duration:
- 28-hour journey to ISS
- Targeted docking: June 26, 2025, at 4:30 PM IST
- Duration at ISS:
- Up to 14 days onboard the station
Significance for India
- First Indian to Reach Space in 40 Years
- Rakesh Sharma, the last Indian in space, flew aboard the Soyuz T-11 in 1984.
- Shubhanshu Shukla is now the first Indian astronaut to reach the ISS.
- Foundation for India’s Human Space Programme
- In his first message from orbit, Shukla stated:
- This is not the start of my journey, but the start of India’s human space programme.
- The mission is seen as a prelude and confidence-building step for Gaganyaan, India’s upcoming indigenous crewed mission.
- International Collaboration
- Conducted under Axiom Space’s private mission program in collaboration with NASA and SpaceX
- Demonstrates India’s growing strategic space diplomacy and technical participation in global human spaceflight.
Scientific Objectives
- 60 Scientific Studies from 31 Countries
- Countries involved: India, U.S., Poland, Hungary, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Nigeria, UAE, and more.
- India’s Scientific Contribution:
- 7 microgravity research experiments selected by ISRO from Indian R&D labs and academic institutions.
- Joint investigations:
- 5 collaborative studies between ISRO and NASA
- 2 in-orbit STEM demonstrations for educational outreach
- Focus Areas:
- Biotechnology, material science, space medicine, climate monitoring, and low-orbit STEM education.
Pre-Launch Challenges and Delays
- Original launch date: May 29, 2025
- Postponed multiple times due to:
- Electrical harness issue in Crew Dragon module
- Delayed readiness of Falcon 9 rocket
- Unfavourable weather
- Liquid oxygen leak on the launch vehicle
- Technical snag in the Zvezda service module aboard the ISS
- Astronauts were under quarantine since May 25, 2025, to ensure bio-safety.
Strategic and Diplomatic Implications
- Soft Power and National Pride:
- Public and political leaders across the spectrum, including the President and Prime Minister, hailed the mission as a national milestone.
- Cities like Lucknow celebrated their “city boy” Shukla, reflecting wide public enthusiasm.
- Industry and Academic Linkages:
- Indian academia and private industries involved in experiment design and hardware development.
- Encourages more public-private partnerships in space research.
- Boost to Gaganyaan:
- The mission offers real-time operational experience ahead of India’s Gaganyaan mission, which aims to send Indian astronauts to Low Earth Orbit using an ISRO-developed crew module.
Conclusion
- The launch of Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla aboard the Ax-4 mission is not just a technological feat but a historic moment for India’s space journey.
- It rekindles national aspirations in space exploration and lays a strong foundation for India’s self-reliant human space programme.
- It also reinforces India’s scientific leadership, diplomatic cooperation, and increasing integration into global space initiatives.
CARE MCQ |
UPSC PYQ |
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Q8. With reference to India’s participation in the Axiom-4 (Ax-4) mission, consider the following statements:
Which of the above statements are correct? |
Q. “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to (2020) (a) Voyager-2 Ans: (d) |
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Answer – 8 – A Explanation
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