Telangana Economy SPMB

·        Integration into Indian Union: Telangana merged on 17th September 1948.

·        Andhra State Formation: Formed in 1953, separated from Madras Presidency.

·        Andhra Pradesh Formation: Merged with Telangana on 1st November 1956 due to linguistic similarity (Telugu).

Hyderabad State under Nizam’s Rule

1.      Salar Jung Reforms (1853-1883):

·       Abolition of Jagirs: Defined land rights, introduced reforms in revenue collection.

·       Infrastructure Development: Set up departments for irrigation, mining, and industries.

2.      Industrial Development:

·       Phase I (1724-1857): Agrarian economy with minimal industrialization.

·       Phase II (1857-1948): Industrial foundations laid—Singareni Collieries, agro-based industries, and NSRC (Nizam State Railway Company).

·       Phase III (1939-1949): WWII boosted non-agricultural sectors like machine tools, chemicals, paper mills.

1.      Phase I (1956-1970):

·       Agrarian Reforms: Jagirdari Abolition Act (1949) and Hyderabad Tenancy Act (1950) increased cultivated area.

·       Non-Agricultural Income: Telangana’s income came from diversified sectors.

2.      Phase II (1971-1990):

·       Public Sector: Investments in large industries and public enterprises in Telangana, but regional disparities persisted.

3.      Phase III (1991-2014):

·       Liberalization Impact: Hyderabad emerged as an IT hub, but economic disparities between Telangana and Andhra increased.

·       Telangana Movement: Fueled by perceptions of economic injustice.

Growth and Regional Imbalance

1.      Agriculture:

·       Net Sown Area: Marginal increase in cultivated land from 123.8 lakh acres (1956-57) to 124.2 lakh acres (1967-68).

·       Investment Gaps: Telangana received less investment in machinery, irrigation, and infrastructure compared to Andhra.

2.      Infrastructure:

·       Rural Electricity: Inadequate investment, only Rs. 10 crore spent on rural electrification.

·       Road Transport: Despite 49% of road expenditure, Telangana’s road network remained underdeveloped.

Agricultural Production

·        Paddy Yield (1966-67): Telangana (1,305 kgs/hectare) vs. Andhra (1,339 kgs/hectare).

·        Jowar and Sugarcane Yield: Comparable productivity despite lower investments in agriculture.

Pre-1956 Industrial Development:

·        Mineral & Forest-Based Industries: Coal mining in Kothagudem, Yellandu (Khammam), Bellampalli (Adilabad), supported by coal deposits and forest resources.

·        Industrial Hubs: Hyderabad and Secunderabad emerged as industrial centers with public sector companies like Bharat Heavy Electronics Ltd, HAL, Praga Tools, and private sector entities like Hyderabad Allwyn Metal Works.

Post-1956 Industrial Development:

·        Decline in Industrial Growth: Telangana saw slower industrial investment and production growth compared to other regions like Rayalaseema.

·        Investment Disparities: Telangana received disproportionately low investment during the Second Five-Year Plan (Rs. 20.04 lakhs) and Third Five-Year Plan (Rs. 175.98 lakhs) compared to Andhra.

Industrial Growth Rates:

·        Despite challenges, Telangana accounted for two-thirds of the state’s industrial growth, highlighting its industrial strength despite regional neglect.

Telangana’s Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) Growth:

·        Industrial Sector: Contributed 18.5% to GSDP in 2023-24, with growth in sectors like Mining (10.5%) and Construction (10.9%).

·        Services Sector: Grew by 20.81%, particularly in Trade, Repair (21.2%), and Hospitality (14.8%).

·        Agriculture Sector: Grew by 4% in 2023-24, with government efforts to boost agricultural productivity and support farmers.

·        Groundwater Depletion: Increased reliance on groundwater for irrigation led to inefficiency and rising costs.

·        Informal Credit Dependency: Lack of formal financial support pushed farmers towards high-interest informal credit.

·        Rising Cultivation Costs: Costs for crops like cotton rose by 39% during the 1980s, exacerbated by trade liberalization and low crop prices.

·        Agricultural Instability: Agricultural growth fluctuated, with Warangal showing high growth from cotton, but at the cost of farmer distress and suicides.

Deprivation and Underdevelopment

1.      Regional Council: Telangana was promised a “Regional Council” with powers, but only a weak “Telangana Regional Committee” was created, limiting political representation.

2.      Chief Minister, Deputy CM Posts: The Gentlemen’s Agreement for shared leadership between Telangana and Andhra was not honored.

3.      Irrigation Violations: Irrigation development in Telangana was neglected, with Telangana receiving less water than allocated by the Bachawat Committee (1969).

4.      Agricultural Land Sales Regulation: Telangana lands were acquired by Andhra landlords, leading to economic disadvantages.

5.      Power Projects Neglect: Telangana lost significant power project proposals, including a 1700 MW thermal plant shifted to Vijayawada.

Committees on Telangana Issues:

·        S.K. Dar Commission (1948): Evaluated new provinces formation.

·        Justice Fazal Ali Committee (1953): Examined state reorganization.

·        Bachawat Committee (1969): Allocated Krishna water distribution between Andhra and Telangana.

·        J.M. Girglani Commission (2001): Enquired on violations of the GO 610 regarding employment in government.

·        GSDP Growth: Telangana’s GSDP at current prices is Rs. 14.64 lakh crore, increasing by 11.9% in 2023-24.

·        Per Capita Income (PCI): Telangana’s PCI stands at Rs. 3.47 lakh, Rs. 1.64 lakh higher than India’s national PCI of Rs. 1.83 lakh in 2023-24.

Sectoral Growth contribution:

·        Agriculture & Allied Sectors: GVA grew by 4.0% from 2022-23 to 2023-24, employing 47.3% of the state population, crucial for improving living standards.

·        Industrial Sector: Achieved 10.1% growth in 2023-24.

·        Services Sector: Major contributor with 14.6% growth in GVA at current prices in 2023-24.

Contribution to GSVA (%):

·        2021-22 (SRE):

o   Agriculture: 18.0%

o   Industries: 19.8%

o   Services: 62.2%

·        2022-23 (FRE):

o   Agriculture: 17.0%

o   Industries: 18.8%

o   Services: 64.2%

·        2023-24 (AE):

o   Agriculture: 15.8%

o   Industries: 18.5%

o   Services: 65.7%

·        Overall LFPR: 66.5% in Telangana, higher than the All-India average of 61.6%.

·        Rural LFPR: 8.9 percentage points higher than All-India.

·        Urban LFPR: 0.5 percentage points higher than All-India.

Male LFPR

• Telangana: 81.8%, slightly lower than the national 83.2%.

Female LFPR

• Overall Female LFPR: Telangana 50.4%, higher than the national average of 39.8%.
• Rural Female LFPR: Telangana 62.4%, surpasses the national average 44.3% by 18.1 percentage points.
• Urban Female LFPR: Telangana 30.8%, 2.5 percentage points higher than the national average of 28.3%.

·        Per Capita Income: Rose from Rs. 1,24,104 in 2014-15 to Rs. 3,47,299 in 2023-24.

·        Total Debt: Increased from Rs. 72,658 crore in 2014-15 to Rs. 6,71,757 crore in 2023-24 (an 824.5% rise).

·        Per Capita Debt: Increased from Rs. 20,251 to Rs. 1,76,360 (an 8.7-fold rise).

Key Implications

• Fiscal Sustainability Risk: The debt growth far exceeds income growth, indicating heavy reliance on borrowing for expenditure.
• Need for Fiscal Reforms: Urgent measures required to balance expenditure and revenue generation to ensure economic stability and reduce debt dependence.

·        Objective: Implement poverty alleviation programs in urban areas, focusing on self-sustainability, financial inclusion, health, disability, and vulnerability.

·        State Nodal Agency: Responsible for urban poverty programs across the state.

·        Key Initiatives: Social Mobilization and Institution Development (SM&ID) to organize women into Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and foster self-reliance.

·        Organizational Structure:

o   1.74 lakh SHGs established.

o   6,382 Slum Level Federations (SLFs).

o   189 Town Level Federations (TLFs).

·        Financial Disbursement:

o   Rs. 17.19 crore distributed to 17,193 SHGs (Rs. 10,000 per SHG).

o   Rs. 2.40 crore disbursed to 480 SLFs (Rs. 50,000 per SLF).

Key Focus Areas:

• Women Empowerment: Strengthening SHGs to promote self-reliance.
• Financial Inclusion: Providing credit and financial access to urban low-income populations.
• Institutional Support: Organized federations at slum and town levels for poverty alleviation initiatives.

·        Objective: Uplift rural communities by building sustainable institutions, providing financial access, developing livelihood and human development value chains, and ensuring social safety nets.

·        Women Participation: 46.68 lakh women organized into 4.37 lakh Self-Help Groups (SHGs).

·        Structure:

o   SHGs organized into 18,000 Village Organizations (VOs).

o   553 Mandal Samakhyas (MSs).

o   32 Zilla Samakhyas (ZSs).

2023-24 Achievements:

• Community Investment Fund: Rs. 14.5 crore released to 145 Mandal Samakhyas.
• Loan Disbursement: Rs. 15,652.70 crore provided to 2,66,669 SHGs under the bank linkage scheme.

Focus:

• Farm and Non-Farm Sectors: Initiatives targeting both sectors with increased average loan amounts.
• Targeted Programs: Includes Mahila Shakti and livestock livelihood units.

Key Impact:

• Holistic Rural Development: Empowerment of rural women, focus on farm and non-farm sectors, and a commitment to sustainable change through comprehensive support initiatives.

Demography: Statistical study of human populations, focusing on size, composition, distribution, and changes over time. Crucial for developing targeted policies and programs.

Total Population:

·        2011 Census: 35 million (2.89% of India’s population).

·        Projections:

o   2021: 37.7 million (2.77% of India’s population).

o   2031: 39.2 million (2.66% of India’s population).

·        Trend: Decrease in Telangana’s share of the national population by 0.23 percentage points from 2011 to 2031.

Gender-wise Population (2011):

·        Females: 17.4 million (49.7%).

·        Males: 17.6 million (50.3%).

·        Sex Ratio: 988 females per 1000 males.

o   Lowest: Rangareddy (950).

o   Highest: Nirmal (1046).

o   Median: 996 (Suryapet, Mahabubabad, Hanumakonda).

Urban and Rural Population:

·        Urban: 13.6 million (38.9%).

·        Rural: 21.4 million (61.1%).

·        Most Urbanized Districts: Hyderabad (100%), Medchal Malkajgiri (91.5%).

·        Most Rural Districts: Mulugu (96.1%), Narayanpet (92.6%).

Social Groups:

·        Scheduled Castes (SCs): 5.4 million (15.5%).

·        Scheduled Tribes (STs): 3.2 million (9.1%).

·        Highest SC Population: Mancherial (24.7%).

·        Lowest SC Population: Hyderabad (6.3%), Medchal-Malkajgiri (9.4%).

Literacy:

·        Total Literate Population: 20.7 million (66.5% literacy rate).

o   Female Literacy: 58.0%.

o   Male Literacy: 75.0%.

o   Urban Literacy: 81.1%.

o   Rural Literacy: 57.3%.

Child Sex Ratio (CSR, 0-6 years):

·        Total Children: 3.9 million (1.88 million females, 2.02 million males).

·        Child Sex Ratio: 932 females per 1000 males.

o   Lowest CSR: Wanaparthy and Mahbubabad (903).

o   Highest CSR: Mulugu (971).

• Population Growth Rate: Decreased from 1.2% (2001-05) to a projected 0.5% (2021-25).
• Crude Birth Rate: Declined from 19.2% (2001-05) to 13.7% (2021-25).
• Crude Death Rate: Stable at 7.4% (2001-2010), projected increase to 8.0% (2021-25).
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Reduced from 59.1% (2001-05) to 39.5% (2021-25).
• Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR): Decreased from 67.6% (2001-05) to 45.4% (2021-25).
• Fertility Rate: Declined from 2.1% (2001-05) to 1.8% (2011-15), stabilizing at 1.8% through 2021-25.
• Life Expectancy at Birth:

o   Males: Increased from 63.4 years (2001-05) to 69.4 years (2021-25).

o   Females: Increased from 67.9 years (2001-05) to 73.3 years (2021-25).

Telangana Socio-Economic Survey (2014)

• Objective: Comprehensive data collection on the population’s socio-economic status.
• Survey Date: Conducted on August 19, 2014.
• Government Involvement: 4 lakh government employees, including police personnel, were mobilized.
• Unique Format: Simple and effective, making it distinct from previous surveys.
• Voluntary Participation: Information was gathered voluntarily, ensuring compliance with privacy concerns.
• Legal Framework: Not notified under the Collection of Statistics Act, 2008, making participation voluntary.
• Comprehensive Data: Collected across 8 broad areas covering 94 items.

• OC (Other Castes): 2,165,170 (21%)
• SC (Scheduled Castes): 1,796,622 (18%)
• ST (Scheduled Tribes): 980,808 (10%)
• BC (Backward Classes): 5,250,427 (51%)

Caste Wise – Population:

• OC (Other Castes): 7,812,858 (21%)
• SC (Scheduled Castes): 6,360,158 (18%)
• ST (Scheduled Tribes): 3,602,288 (10%)
• BC (Backward Classes): 18,561,856 (51%)

Household – Religion Wise:

• Hindu: 8,885,514 (87.24%)
• Muslims: 1,122,023 (11.02%)
• Christians: 129,107 (1.27%)
• Sikhs: 15,035 (0.15%)
• Jains: 5,726 (0.06%)
• Buddhists: 4,890 (0.05%)
• Others: 22,719 (0.22%)

• Hindu: 31,083,450 (86%)
• Muslims: 4,625,062 (13%)
• Christians: 448,128 (1%)
• Sikhs: 56,191 (0%)
• Jains: 23,569 (0%)
• Buddhists: 18,430 (0%)
• Others: 82,330 (0%)

Gender-Wise Population:

• Male: 18,148,088 (49.99%)
• Female: 18,096,660 (49.85%)
• Transgender: 58,264 (0.16%)

• SADERAM Certificate: 312,248
• Mentally Retarded: 55,927
• Leprosy: 5,933
• Dwarf: 5,751
• Deaf and Dumb: 66,469
• Visually Impaired: 65,199
• Physically Challenged: 302,364
• Total PWD Population: 501,643

Land under Irrigation – Acres:

• Total Under Irrigation: 6,913,458 acres
• Lift Irrigation: 177,179 acres
• Well: 1,585,353 acres
• Canal: 897,644 acres
• Bore Well: 2,849,489 acres
• Pond: 1,403,791 acres

• Population: 1.4 billion+
• Status: Poised to become world’s most populous country
• Growth Rate: Slowing due to urbanization, migration
• Fertility Rate: Declining, nearing replacement level

Telangana Trends

• Urbanization: Rapid growth, especially in Hyderabad
• Fertility Rate: Decline mirrors national trend towards stabilization
• Migration: Significant internal migration from rural to urban areas

Demographic Dividend

• Working-Age Population: 62% in India
• Opportunity: Economic growth potential until 2055
• Focus: Investments in education, healthcare, job creation
• Telangana Strategy: Focus on education, healthcare, vocational training to leverage demographic potential

·        NFHS-5 (2019-20): Telangana literacy rate 73.4% (Male: 82%, Female: 64.8%)

·        Improvements: Notable rise from Census 2011 (66.54%)

·        Dropout Rates: Higher dropout in Telangana (22.1%) compared to national average (13.2%)

·        Age 17-18: 40.1% out of school, 68.7% work more than 15 days/month

·        Digital Proficiency: 89.2% of out-of-school teenagers proficient in digital tech

Skill Development

·        Youth Employment: Focus on skilling to address unemployment

·        Innovation & Entrepreneurship: Aim to make Telangana a hub of innovation and inclusive growth

• Mission: Distance learning via TSAT (Telangana Skills, Academic, and Training)
• Mediums: Satellite, app, YouTube for education, employment, healthcare, agriculture

Advanced Technology Centers (ATCs)

• Initiative: 65 ITIs upgraded to ATCs
• Partners: Collaboration with Tata Technologies, Rs. 2,700 crore investment
• Courses: 9 long-term, 23 short-term, 9,000 yearly admissions, 1 lakh trained
• Focus: Skill development, job opportunities, enhancing living standards

Skill University

• Location: Hyderabad, near IT industry
• Purpose: Fostering highly skilled workforce, industry-relevant education
• Impact: Collaboration with tech sector, internships, job placements, innovation hub

·        Private Employees – Monthly Salaried: 913,297

·        State Government Project Employees: 201,907

·        PSU Employees: 123,168

·        Central Government Employees: 170,363

·        State Government Employees: 341,927

Illiterates – Caste Wise:

• OC: 18%
• BC: 31%
• SC: 35%
• ST: 44%

• Beedi Workers: 478,552
• Washermen: 107,105
• Toddy Tappers: 100,708
• Carpenters: 90,237
• Weavers: 66,904
• Fishermen: 42,363
• Goldsmiths: 28,665
• Ironsmiths: 23,595
• Others: 199,504

·        Total Number of Single Women (Age > 30 years): 855,913

·        Number of Orphans: 23,737

·        Nomadic Population (Permanent Residence Elsewhere): 76,606

·        Nomadic Population (No Permanent Residence): 3,432,029

• Public Tap: 36%
• Household Tap: 32%
• Hand Pump: 10%
• Own Well: 8%
• RO Water: 5%
• Open Well: 4%
• Bore: 3%
• Stream: 2%

• Early Childhood Education: Focus on children aged 3-5
• Samagra Shiksha: Universal education for ages 6-14
• Secondary Education: Access for ages 14-18
• Teacher Quality: Training programs (SCERT, IASE, CTEs, DIETs)
• Digital Skills: Computer courses at the secondary level

Nutrition Programs

• Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Covers 23 lakh students (Classes I-X)
• Breakfast Scheme: Complimentary breakfast in government schools
• Ragi Java Drink: Nutritional supplement for students

• Target: 26,065 schools, improving toilets, electrification, drinking water, furniture, digital classrooms

Medium of Instruction

·        English Medium: Introduced in government schools (2022-23); extends to Class X by 2024-25

·        Bilingual Textbooks: Supporting transition to English medium

Badi Bata Program

·        Objective: Increase enrollment in government schools

·        Focus: Community participation, village education registers, enrollment in low-attendance schools

·        Benefits: Free textbooks, uniforms, midday meals, special provisions

·        Objective: Upgrade government school infrastructure

·        Committees: Formed by women’s SHGs and SLF groups

·        Focus: Renovation, sanitation, solar panels, uniform stitching

International Schools Initiative

·        Vision: One International School per Mandal to enhance education quality

Intermediate Education

·        Telangana Board of Intermediate Education: 4,180 colleges, intake capacity of 9,77,537

·        Enrollment (2023-24): 4,77,266 students (2,37,353 boys, 2,39,913 girls)

Education for Marginalized Communities

·        Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBVs): 479 institutions for girls from low socio-economic backgrounds

·        Model Schools: 194 schools providing quality education in backward blocks

• Collegiate Education: 146 Government Degree Colleges (GDCs), 22 autonomous
• GER (2023-24): 39.3%, 48,954 student admissions
• New Courses: B.Sc (Honours) in Computer Science, Biotechnology
• RUSA, DOST Initiatives: Infrastructure and admission process enhancements

Technical Education

• Focus: Improving degree and diploma education with AICTE collaboration
• Government Polytechnics: 56 institutions, serving 12,000 students annually
• Vision: Develop skilled technicians and engineers

Achievements in Technical Education

• 2023-24 Achievements: Accreditation of 57 diploma courses, curriculum updates, regularization of services, industry workshops
• Innovations: Six-month industrial training, continuous evaluation, Srujana Tech-Fest, e-office, Aadhaar-Based Biometric Attendance System

Overall Commitment:

• Aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goal #3, focusing on improving healthcare services, maternal and child health, and healthcare accessibility.

Rajiv Aarogyasri Scheme

• Medical Cover: Increased from Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs. 10 lakhs for BPL families, ensuring access to quality healthcare.

Maternal and Child Health

• MMR: 43 per 1,00,000 live births (better than national average of 97).
• IMR: 21 per 1,000 live births.
• U5MR: 23 per 1,000 live births.
• Institutional Deliveries: 97% (national: 88.6%).

Healthcare Infrastructure

• Key Institutions: AIIMS Bibinagar, NIMS, TIMS, MNJ Institute of Oncology.
• Recruitment: 435 Civil Assistant Surgeons hired.
• TVVP: Established 2016, operates 175 hospitals, focusing on specialized healthcare.

• Medical Colleges: 26 government colleges, 3,690 MBBS seats, 1,144 PG seats, 104 super-specialty seats.
• New Infrastructure: CT/MRI scans, fertility centers, skill labs.
• New Medical Colleges: Expanding MBBS seats with further growth planned.

Nursing Colleges

• Nursing Colleges: 28 total; new one in Kodangal, Vikarabad (60 seats for 2024-25).

Telangana Medical Services and Infrastructure Development Corporation (TGMSIDC)

• Role: Procures medical necessities, handles construction of hospitals/colleges.

AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy)

• Upgrades: Dispensary/hospital upgrades, Kayakalpa program, E-Aushadhi pharmacies operational.

Tribal Health

• Population: 9.07% of Telangana’s population served by 4 ITDAs.
• Healthcare Infrastructure: 599 Sub-Centers, 86 PHCs, 10 CHCs, 6 Area Hospitals, 12 Birth Waiting Homes.
• CHWs: 2,987 Community Health Workers; multispecialty camps benefiting over 10,000 patients in 2023-24.
• Birth Waiting Homes: Promotes institutional deliveries in tribal areas.

• MCH Kit: Incentivizes public facility deliveries (Rs. 12,000/13,000 for girl child); 14.95 lakh kits distributed.
• Nutrition Kit: Statewide from June 2023; 2.78 lakh kits distributed.
• Aarogya Mahila: Focus on women’s healthcare; 4.95 lakh women screened.
• Team-Based Incentives: Rs. 305.76 lakh incentives paid since Aug 2022 for 10,192 normal deliveries.
• Birth Monitoring System: E-system to monitor C-sections.

Capacity Building

• Healthcare Provider Training: Over 440 specialists, 1,500 medical officers, 1,799 nurses, and 6,534 ANMs trained.
• TIFFA Scans: 56 machines provided for fetal anomaly detection, over 70,000 scans performed free.

• Financial Assistance: Rs 12,000 to pregnant women, Rs 1,000 extra for girl child birth.
• Objective: Reduce infant/maternal mortality, encourage institutional deliveries.

KCR Nutrition Kit Scheme

• Purpose: Prevent anemia, malnutrition in pregnant women via nutritional kits in installments.

Arogya Lakshmi Scheme

• Coverage: Balanced nutrition for pregnant women, infants, and children under six through 35,700 Anganwadi centers.
• Focus: Early childhood care and development.

Aasara Pension Scheme

• Support: Financial assistance to 1,52,050 single women, Rs 1,430 crore total expenditure.

• Objective: Integrated support services for women in distress (police, medical, legal, counseling).
• She Teams: Focus on women’s safety in public spaces.

We Hub

• Platform: Offers mentorship, financial assistance, and strategic support for women entrepreneurs.

Double Bedroom House (2BHK) Project

• Focus: Secure housing for economically disadvantaged women by allotting houses in their names.

Bathukamma Saree Distribution

• Distribution: Sarees to BPL women annually during Bathukamma festival, reinforcing cultural identity.

• Financial Assistance: Aid for marriage of women from economically weaker sections, reducing economic burden on families.

Mission Shakti

• Comprehensive Scheme: Women’s safety, security, empowerment.
• Sub-schemes: Sambal (safety focus), Samarthya (empowerment focus).
• Support: One-Stop Centers, Women Helpline-181, empowerment hubs.

Mahalakshmi Scheme

• Free Bus Travel: For girls, women of all ages, transgender persons (Telangana residents) in TGSRTC buses.
• Requirements: Aadhar Card, Address Proof.

• Objective: Create conducive environment for industrial growth.
• Key Features: Streamlined approval, reduced bureaucracy, time-bound clearances.
• Impact: Attracts investments, creates jobs across sectors.

Telangana Academy for Skill and Knowledge (TASK)

·        Nature: Not-for-profit organization.

·        Purpose: Bridge skill gap between industry needs and workforce.

·        Focus Areas: Employability skills, industry-specific training, entrepreneurship development for youth.

·        Role: Implement state-wide skill development initiatives.

·        Collaborations: Government departments, industry associations, training providers.

·        Focus Sectors: Manufacturing, healthcare, tourism, IT, agriculture.

·        Outcome: Job placements, addressing sector-specific skill gaps.

Kakatiya Hub for Social Innovation

·        Goal: Encourage social entrepreneurship and innovation.

·        Support: Guidance, mentoring, platform for idea development.

·        Focus: Job creation and solving social challenges through innovative solutions.

• Focus: Support for startups and entrepreneurs.
• Support System: Incubation, mentorship, funding, network access.
• Goal: Promote entrepreneurship, innovation, economic growth, and employment.

Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (TSIIC)

• Role: Develop industrial infrastructure and parks.
• Impact: Attracts investments, promotes industrial growth, facilitates job creation in multiple sectors.

·        Objective: Address inequalities in land ownership, redistribute land to tillers, enhance agricultural productivity, promote equitable development.

·        Focus: Redistribution from intermediaries (zamindars, jagirdars) to actual tillers.

Concept & Importance of Land Reforms

·        Goals: Redistribute land, remove intermediaries, provide secure tenure, set ceilings on holdings, protect tribal lands.

·        Impact: Empower tillers, increase productivity, reduce inequality.

Generations of Land Reforms

·        First Generation: Abolition of intermediaries, ownership rights for tenant farmers, ceilings on land holdings.

·        Second Generation (Post-2004): Distribution of assigned lands, Licensed Cultivators Act (2011), Forest Rights Act (2006).

·        Redistribution of Land: Transfer from intermediaries to landless.

·        Agricultural Productivity: Secure ownership boosts investment.

·        Empowerment: Provide means of livelihood for landless.

Classification of Land Reforms

1.      Abolition of Intermediaries: Remove zamindars, mahalwars.

2.      Tenancy Reforms: Secure tenants’ rights, regulate rent.

3.      Ceiling on Land Holdings: Limit large holdings, redistribute surplus land.

4.      Consolidation of Land Holdings: Merge small fragmented plots.

5.      Co-operative Farming: Pool resources for better productivity.

Importance for Economic Development

·        Second Five-Year Plan: Reforms critical for efficiency, productivity, equality, and growth.

Land Tenure Systems in Hyderabad State

·        Inamdars: Nizam-granted land to poets, craftsmen, institutions.

·        Jagirdars: Rewarded for loyalty, intermediaries between farmers & government.

·        Sarf-e-Khas: Nizam’s personal land, directly collected revenue.

·        Samsthanas: Princely estates paying tribute to Nizam.

·        Khalsa, Deewani (Ryotwari): Direct revenue collection, intermediaries often exploited farmers.

·        Key Acts: Abolition of Jagirdar system, tenancy reforms, inamdari abolition, land ceiling acts.

·        Hyderabad Jagirdar Abolition Act (1949): Ended jagirdar system, transferred land to government.

·        Hyderabad Tenancy & Agricultural Lands Act (1950): Protected tenant rights, stopped evictions.

·        Inamdari Abolition Act (1955): Abolished exploitative inamdari system, provided occupancy rights to tenants.

·        Land Ceiling Acts (1961, 1973): Set landholding limits, redistributed land to landless.

Key Committees & Their Roles

·        J.C. Kumarappa Committee (1948): Highlighted concentration of land in few hands, recommended ceilings.

·        Koneru Ranga Rao Committee (2006): Reviewed land reforms, recommended better record-keeping.

·        Ceiling Act (1973): Reduced ceiling limits, redistributed land, addressed inequities.

Distribution of Waste & Assigned Lands

·        Waste Lands: Distributed to poor farmers under schemes like Indira Kranthi Patham (IKP).

·        Assigned Lands Act (1977): Prohibited transfers, protected beneficiaries’ rights.

Land Purchase Program (2004-2009)

·        Objective: Empower poor families to buy cultivable land.

·        Focus: Women empowerment, title issued in women’s names.

Licensed Cultivators Act (LCA) 2011

·        Definition: Licensed cultivators farm land with owner’s permission, get credit.

·        Loan Eligibility Cards (LEC): Enabled access to credit without ownership claims.

• Landlessness: Significant issue; TSDR (2002-2012) shows 43.3% of rural households landless.
• 2014 Samagra Kutumba Survey: 56.19% rural households landless; 68% of total households landless; 66.73% of SC households without land.

Land Purchase Programme – 2014

• Objective: Empower landless Dalit agrarian families.
• Launched: GO.No.4 on 7th August 2014.
• Focus: 3 acres of land to one woman from each landless Dalit family; patta issued in their name.

Tribal Land Issues in Telangana

• Population: Tribals constitute 9.08% of Telangana’s population (2011 Census).
• Challenges: Lack of land rights, exploitation, displacement, land alienation, marginalization by non-tribals, and development projects.

• Non-Tribal Exploitation: Non-tribals exploiting tribal women to gain illegal land transfers.
• Inter-Tribal Conflicts: Advanced tribal groups like Lambadas migrating into agency areas, leading to land disputes.

Koneru Ranga Rao Committee

• Recommendation: Re-examine settlement cases, cancel non-tribal pattas, accelerate restoration of tribal lands.

Tribal Legal Framework

1. Tribal Rights Act, 1356 Fasli (1946 A.D.): Protected tribal lands/resources in Hyderabad.
2. Hyderabad Notified Tribal Areas Regulation Act, 1949: Prohibited land transfers to non-tribals.
3. Scheduled Areas Ordinance, 1950: Designated tribal lands as Scheduled Areas.
4. A.P. Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation Act, 1959: Protected tribal lands from non-tribals.

• Amendments: Regulations II of 1968 and further amendments in 1970, 1971, and 1978 strengthened protections but were often challenged in court.

Forest Rights Act, 2006

• Objective: Recognize tribal and forest dwellers’ rights to land/resources.
• Implementation: Telangana proactive but faced challenges; Supreme Court enforced tribal rights (2018).
• Status (Jan 2020): 1,86,679 claims; 94,360 titles distributed (7,54,339 acres), but 44.86% of claims rejected.

• Objective: Improve land reforms and ensure equitable land distribution to marginalized communities.
• Recommendations: 104 in total, focusing on fair distribution, transparency, governance, and protection of tribal land rights.

Key Recommendations:

1.      Fair Land Distribution:

·       Limits: Maximum of 1 acre wetland or 2 acres dry land per individual.

·       Land Records: Regular surveys, accurate records, and issuance of pattadar passbooks to confirm ownership.

2.      Community Involvement & Transparency:

·       Gram Sabha Approval: Required for land assignments.

·       Involvement of Leaders: Sarpanch and IKP president to ensure fairness and transparency in the process.

3.      Informal Land Transactions (Sada Bainama):

·       Verification: Check ownership with neighbors and elders.

·       Tahsildars’ Power: Reclaim and redistribute unused land.

4.      Tribal Land Rights:

·       Uninhabited Villages: Allocate government lands to nearby tribal communities.

·       Review Land Grants: Cancel incorrect pattas and review pre-1950 grants to non-tribals.

5.      Revenue Courts & Judicial Oversight:

·       Special Bench: Establish in the High Court for faster resolution of land cases.

·       Weekly Sessions: Revenue courts to hold sessions at least once a week with deadlines for case resolution.

·       Training: Programs for revenue officials to improve land law knowledge.

6.      Inventory & Protection of Government Lands:

·       Detailed Checks: Involve revenue officers, surveyors, and communities to create a government land inventory.

·       Prevent Illegal Takeovers: Protect government lands for fair distribution.

7.      Ceiling Surplus Land:

·       Free Distribution: Surplus land to the landless poor (1 acre wetland/2 acres dry land per person).

·       Regular Checks: Joint Collector to ensure timely handover of surplus land post-court orders.

8.      Empowering Revenue Officials & Raising Awareness:

·       Action Power: Revenue officials empowered to address land issues promptly.

·       Education: Educate the poor about rights under the Homesteads Act.

·       Deadlines & Sessions: Set deadlines for case resolutions in revenue courts and hold regular sessions.

Focus Areas:

• Equity: Ensure marginalized groups receive land.
• Efficiency: Speed up case resolutions and land allocations.
• Protection: Safeguard tribal and government lands from illegal occupation.

Introduction:

• Objective: Address financial vulnerabilities of tenant farmers.
• Adaptation: Post-2014, adapted from Andhra Pradesh’s 2011 Act.
• Target: 1.5 million tenant farmers in Telangana.

Provisions and Benefits:

• Licensed Cultivator: Defined as one cultivating land with the owner’s permission.
• Eligibility Card: Access to crop loans, insurance, input subsidies without conferring land ownership rights.
• Institutional Credit: Enables access to loans from public financial institutions.
• Insurance/Subsidies: Provides critical support to mitigate agricultural risks.

Impact on Sharecroppers:

• Financial Inclusion: Reduces reliance on moneylenders.
• Risk Mitigation: Ensures stability through insurance and subsidies.
• Empowerment: Legal recognition improves negotiation power.

Challenges:

• Limited Scope: Bureaucratic hurdles hinder access for marginalized farmers.
• Temporary Benefits: Short-term Eligibility Cards create uncertainty.
• Exclusion: Certain farmers are excluded from the benefits.
• Implementation Issues: Inconsistent execution across regions.

Conclusion:

• Progressive Step: Enhances financial stability and empowerment.
• Challenges: Need for robust implementation and long-term security.

• Goal: Empower the landless, boost agricultural productivity, reform agrarian structures.

Abolition of Zamindari & Feudal Tenures:

• West Bengal: Emergence of small landowners, increased output.
• Telangana: Hyderabad Jaghirdar Abolition Act, 1949.
• Challenges: Loopholes allowed zamindars to retain control in many areas.

Tenancy Reforms:

• Kerala: Land reforms vested ownership in tenants, improving socio-economic status and crop yields (Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1969).
• Telangana: Hyderabad Tenancy Agricultural Lands Act, 1950.

Ceiling on Land Holdings:

• Objective: Distribute surplus land to the landless (A.P. Land Reforms Ceiling Act, 1973).
• Issues: Limited national impact due to evasion by landowners and bureaucratic delays.

Impact on Agricultural Productivity:

• Positive: Increased productivity in Green Revolution regions like Punjab and Haryana.
• Weak Impact: Poorly implemented reforms resulted in minimal productivity gains elsewhere.

Rural Socio-Economic Structure:

• Successes: Reduced dominance of large landowners, uplifted small farmers and tenants.
• Kerala: Notable for equitable land distribution, fostering a balanced rural society.
• Challenges: Persistent inequalities in regions with weak reforms.

Conclusion:

• Foundation for Transformation: Laid groundwork for reforming agriculture and rural society.
• Mixed Results: Success in some states, but uneven implementation diluted overall impact.

·        Issue: Land alienation significantly affects tribal communities, threatening their existence and socio-economic stability.

·        Root Cause: Stemmed from colonial and post-colonial policies, continues to harm tribal populations.

Causes of Land Alienation:

·        Legal and Policy Gaps:

o   Example: Chhattisgarh – Tribes like the Gonds face bureaucratic challenges asserting rights under the Forest Rights Act (2006).

·        Development Projects:

o   Example: Sardar Sarovar Dam displaced over 40,000 families, mostly tribal, without proper rehabilitation.

·        Agricultural Expansion/Encroachment:

o   Example: Jharkhand Tribal Land Act (1908) – Insufficient protection against non-tribal encroachment.

·        Indebtedness:

o   Example: Saharias in Rajasthan – Land lost to moneylenders due to high-interest loans, creating a debt trap.

Consequences of Land Alienation:

·        Economic Marginalization:

o   Example: Kondhs in Odisha displaced by bauxite mining, resulting in loss of livelihood and poverty.

·        Cultural Disintegration:

o   Example: Great Andamanese Tribe – Development projects almost destroyed their cultural heritage.

·        Environmental Impact:

o   Example: Aravalli Range – Mining activities led to severe environmental degradation.

·        Social Unrest:

o   Example: Bastar, Chhattisgarh – Conflict fueled by tribal discontent over land alienation, leading to prolonged unrest.

Measures to Address Land Alienation:

·        Robust Legal Enforcement:

o   Proposal: Strengthen enforcement of Forest Rights Act (2006), close legal loopholes.

·        Community Involvement in Development:

o   Example: Samata vs. State of Andhra Pradesh (1997) – Landmark ruling emphasizing tribal rights over mineral resources.

·        Comprehensive Rehabilitation Programs:

o   Example: Tehri Dam Project – Model rehabilitation villages ensuring livelihood for displaced families.

·        Awareness and Education:

o   Example: Dongria Kondh Tribe, Odisha – Successful resistance to bauxite mining through legal awareness and education.

·        2022-23 to 2023-24: GSVA increased by 4%, from Rs. 2,03,247 crore (FRE) to Rs. 2,11,422 crore (AE).

Decline in Crop Sector GSVA

·        0.8% decline from Rs. 1,01,279 crore in 2022-23 to Rs. 1,00,481 crore in 2023-24 due to delayed monsoon.

Decrease in Average Landholding Size

·        2015-16 to 2021-22: Landholding size reduced from 1.00 hectare to 0.89 hectares, indicating fragmentation.

Crop Patterns & Agricultural Production

·        Vaanakalam season (2022-23): Paddy (44.30% of sown area), Cotton (34.08%).

·        Yasangi season: Paddy (76.66% of sown area).

·        Total production: 414 lakh MTs (Paddy, Cotton, Maize).

Promotion of Oil Palm Cultivation

·        Target for 2024-25: 1 lakh acres, aiming for 3.5 lakh acres by 2028-29.

1.      Contribution to GSVA

·       2023-24 (AE): Contribution decreased from 17.0% (2022-23) to 15.8%.

·       Crops Sector: Declined from 8.5% (2022-23) to 7.5% in 2023-24.

2.      Factors Contributing to Crop Sector Decline

·       Delayed Monsoon: 17 days late, affecting sowing cycles.

·       Rainfall Variability: Deficiencies in August & October 2023 impacted dry crops (e.g., Redgram, Maize).

·       Dry Spells: Low groundwater and Krishna basin levels aggravated challenges.

3.      Shifts in Primary Sector GSVA (2022-23 to 2023-24)

·       Crops: Decreased from 49.8% to 47.5%.

·       Livestock: Increased from 44.7% to 46.8%.

·       Forestry & Logging: Stable at 2.2%.

·       Fishing & Aquaculture: Slight increase from 3.3% to 3.5%.

1.      Crops Sector

·       Contribution declined sharply from 7.89% to -0.39%, driven by weather-related factors.

2.      Livestock Sector

·       Contribution increased from 2.35% to 3.99%, indicating growth and improved practices.

3.      Forestry and Logging

·       Slight improvement from -0.93% to 0.07%, signaling stabilization.

4.      Fishing & Aquaculture

·       Contribution decreased slightly from 0.44% to 0.36%, maintaining relevance in the sector.

·        2022-23 (FRE):

o   Crops: 49.8%

o   Livestock: 44.7%

o   Forestry and Logging: 2.2%

o   Fishing and Aquaculture: 3.3%

·        2023-24 (AE):

o   Crops: 47.5%

o   Livestock: 46.8%

o   Forestry and Logging: 2.2%

o   Fishing and Aquaculture: 3.5%

Sub-Sectoral Growth Rate Contribution to Overall Sector Growth (at Current Prices) Between 2022-23 and 2023-24:

·        Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fishing:

o   2022-23 (FRE): 9.74%

o   2023-24 (AE): 4.02%

·        Crops:

o   2022-23 (FRE): 7.89%

o   2023-24 (AE): -0.39%

·        Livestock:

o   2022-23 (FRE): 2.35%

o   2023-24 (AE): 3.99%

·        Forestry and Logging:

o   2022-23 (FRE): -0.93%

o   2023-24 (AE): 0.07%

·        Fishing and Aquaculture:

o   2022-23 (FRE): 0.44%

o   2023-24 (AE): 0.36%

·        2015-16:

o   Marginal (Below 2.47 Acres): 64.6%

o   Small (2.48-4.94 Acres): 23.7%

o   Semi-Medium (4.95-9.88 Acres): 9.5%

o   Medium (9.89-24.77 Acres): 2.1%

o   Large (24.78 Acres and above): 0.2%

·        2021-22:

o   Marginal (Below 2.47 Acres): 68.7%

o   Small (2.48-4.94 Acres): 22.7%

o   Semi-Medium (4.95-9.88 Acres): 7.1%

o   Medium (9.89-24.77 Acres): 1.4%

o   Large (24.78 Acres and above): 0.1%

·        Marginal (Below 2.47 Acres):

o   2015-16: 3,840

o   2021-22: 4,847

·        Small (2.48-4.94 Acres):

o   2015-16: 1,409

o   2021-22: 1,600

·        Semi-Medium (4.95-9.88 Acres):

o   2015-16: 564

o   2021-22: 505

·        Medium (9.89-24.77 Acres):

o   2015-16: 126

o   2021-22: 99

·        Large (24.78 Acres & Above):

o   2015-16: 9

o   2021-22: 9

Paddy

• 2021-22: 43.79% of gross sown area.
• 2022-23: Increased to 44.30%.
• Yasangi Season: Dominated gross sown area, rising from 63.46% to 76.66%.

Cotton

• 2021-22: 32.90% of gross sown area.
• 2022-23: Increased to 34.08%.

Maize

• 2021-22: 5.04% of gross sown area.
• 2022-23: Decreased to 4.23%.
• Yasangi Season: Decreased from 10.01% to 8.71%.

Redgram

• 2021-22: 5.44% of gross sown area.
• 2022-23: Decreased to 3.83%.

Soybean

• 2021-22: 2.66% of gross sown area.
• 2022-23: Increased to 3.39%.

Bengalgram

• Yasangi Season: Decreased from 6.97% to 4.87%.

Groundnut

• Yasangi Season: Dropped from 6.25% to 3.13%.

Jowar

• Yasangi Season: Slight decrease from 2.34% to 1.73%.

• Total Production: 414 lakh metric tons (MTs).
• Paddy: Cultivated on 122.45 lakh acres, producing 258 LMTs.
• Cotton: Grown on 50.03 lakh acres, yielding 30.59 lakh MTs.
• Maize: Cultivated on 12.74 lakh acres, producing 28.65 lakh MTs.

Yield Rates (2021-23)

• Paddy: Increased from 2,064 kg/acre to 2,108 kg/acre.
• Maize: Decreased from 2,350 kg/acre to 2,249 kg/acre.
• Redgram: Increased from 311 kg/acre to 357 kg/acre.
• Bengalgram: Increased from 570 kg/acre to 634 kg/acre.
• Cotton: Increased from 537 kg/acre to 611 kg/acre.
• Groundnut: Increased from 913 kg/acre to 990 kg/acre.

Overall Agricultural Trends

·       Total Gross Sown Area: Increased from 198 lakh acres in 2021-22 to 222 lakh acres in 2022-23, indicating significant growth in agricultural activity.

Key Schemes:

• Micro Irrigation Project (TGMIP)
• State Horticulture Mission (MIDH, since 2005)
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
• National Bamboo Mission & Sub-Mission on Agro-Forestry
• National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEO-OP, since 2021-22)

Horticulture (2022-23):

• Area: 12.12 lakh acres
• Production: 53.06 lakh MTs
• Major Crops: Mango, Sweet Orange, Acid Lime, Guava, Pomegranate, Tomato, Brinjal, Oil Palm, Cashewnut, Chillies, Turmeric

Oil Palm Cultivation in Telangana:

• 2020-21: 46,324 acres across 4 districts (Khammam, Bhadradri Kothagudem, Nalgonda, Suryapet)
• 2023-24: Expanded to 2.03 lakh acres under NMEO-OP
• Processing Units: 14 companies in 31 districts, 43 nurseries, 120 MTs/hour capacity in Bhadradri-Kothagudem, 5 additional mills planned.

Animal Husbandry and Fisheries in Telangana

Livestock Sector Growth:

• 2019 Population: 32.6 million (22.09% growth from 2012)
• Livelihoods: 29 lakh families
• Milk Production Contribution: 62% by small/marginal farmers, 70% of livestock owned by them
• Women Workforce: 69% in livestock sector

2022-23 Population:

• Sheep: 190.63 lakhs
• Poultry: 799.99 lakhs
• Buffalo: 42.26 lakhs
• Goat: 49.35 lakhs
• Cattle: 42.31 lakhs
• Pig: 1.78 lakhs

Per Capita Availability:

• Eggs: 392
• Meat: 23.97 kg

Irrigation in Telangana

Key Focus Areas:

• Target: Irrigation for 127.59 lakh acres
• Objectives: Drought mitigation, infrastructure maintenance, improved water use efficiency, flood control

Key Initiatives and Proposals:

1.      Landholding Linked Direct Farm Income Support:

·       Current Approach: Rythu Bharosa provides investment support to all lands without restrictions.

·       Challenges: Need for accurate land ownership information and proper use of financial support for agricultural inputs.

2.      Payment for Ecosystem Services:

·       Concept: Agriculture generates both positive (nutrient cycling, water recharge) and negative (soil chemicalization) ecosystem services.

·       Proposal: Incentivize sustainable practices to enhance positive ecosystem services.

3.      Price Deficiency Payment (PDP):

·       Current Initiative: Launched in 2018 under PM-AASHA for oilseed producers.

·       Proposal: Expand PDP to ensure fair prices for farmers without government procurement.

4.      Market-Based Instruments for Price Risk Management:

·       Current Initiative: NCDEX’s price protection programme (Nov 2020) with FPOs.

·       Proposal: Expand use of commodity derivatives to hedge price risks.

5.      Diversify Subsidy Basket:

·       Proposal: Include healthier, high-value foods in PDS and promote eco-friendly inputs (bio-fertilizers, micro-irrigation, solar energy).

6.      Promote Crop Planning with Economic Incentives:

·       Current Situation: Paddy and cotton dominate 78% of the sown area (2022-23).

·       Proposal: Incentivize regionally differentiated crop plans for resource optimization and diversification.

Key Features:

• Eligibility: Loans between Dec 2018-Dec 2023 from Scheduled Banks, Rural Banks, District Cooperative Banks.
• Waiver Scope: Loans up to Rs. 2 lakh (principal + interest).
• Implementation: IT portal developed by Agriculture Dept & NIC, integrated with IFMIS for DBT.
• Grievance Redressal: Mandal-level grievance cells.

TG MARKFED (Telangana Co-Operative Marketing Federation Ltd.)

Functions:

• Nodal Agency for Fertiliser Supply: 8.87 lakh MTs of fertilizers supplied in 2023-24.
• Procurement Under MSP: Ensures fair prices for coarse grains, pulses under MSP.

Telangana State Seeds Development Corporation

Major Activities:

• Seed Production and Supply: High-quality seeds for crops like paddy, Bengal gram, groundnut, soybean.
• Support for Government Schemes: Seed procurement for government initiatives.
• Seed Multiplication: Involving 5,700 farmers across 45,000 acres.
• Quality Assurance: Guarantees quality seed multiplication.

Irrigation Trends in Telangana

Key Measures:

• Speedy Project Completion: Modernization of Nagarjuna Sagar, Nizam Sagar, Sri Ram Sagar.
• Mission Kakatiya: Restoring minor irrigation tanks.
• New Projects: Palmuru Ranga Reddy Lift Irrigation, Sita Rama Lift Irrigation.
• Kaleshwaram Project: Stabilized 13.20 lakh acres, created 1.16 lakh acres irrigation potential.

Irrigation Potential (2023-24):

• Major Irrigation: 21.33 lakh acres from 9 completed projects (Sri Ramasagar: 9.69 lakh acres).
• Medium Irrigation: 27 projects covering 3.04 lakh acres.
• Lift Irrigation Schemes: 680 schemes, 5.53 lakh acres potential (Khammam: highest number, Nizamabad: highest irrigation potential).

Telangana, 11th largest Indian state, with an area of 276.95 lakh acres (112.08 lakh hectares). Varied land use reflects agriculture, forest resources, and diverse land ownership patterns.

1.      Net Sown Area (52.61% of total area):

o   Significance: Major contributor to Telangana’s economy; supports rural population.

o   Projects: Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation, Rythu Bandhu increase productivity and income.

2.      Landholdings Distribution (2015-16 Census):

o   Marginal farmers: 64.6% holdings, 28.6% area.

o   Small farmers: 23.7% holdings, 33.1% area.

o   Semi-medium farmers: 9.5% holdings, 24.6% area.

o   Medium farmers: 2.1% holdings, 11.5% area.

o   Large farmers: 0.2% holdings, 2.3% area.

3.      Forest Cover (24.70%):

o   Significance: Vital for environment, biodiversity, and tribal livelihoods; contributes timber, minor forest products, eco-tourism, and climate regulation.

4.      Land for Non-Agricultural Use (7.62%):

o   Significance: Urbanization, industrial growth; diversifies economy and attracts investment, with Hyderabad as a key urban center.

5.      Fallow Land (5.78%):

o   Significance: Temporarily unused for soil restoration, potential for future farming, supporting long-term agricultural sustainability.

6.      Barren and Uncultivable Land (5.42%):

o   Significance: Non-farm use like solar farms; contributes to energy needs despite being unfit for agriculture.

7.      Culturable Waste, Pastures, Miscellaneous Tree Crops (3.87%):

o   Significance: Supports livestock farming and agroforestry, aiding rural income and ecological balance.

8.      Landholding Patterns Among Social Groups:

o   SCs: 13.9% holdings, 9.7% area.

o   STs: 11.8% holdings, 11.9% area.

o   Others: 74.3% holdings, 78.2% area.

9.      District-wise Average Landholding Size:

o   Larger landholdings: Adilabad (1.5 ha), Kumuram Bheem (1.4 ha), Bhadradri (1.3 ha).

o   Smaller landholdings: Warangal, Karimnagar, Medak, Kamareddy (0.6-0.8 ha).

1. Northern Telangana Zone:
   • Area: 8.17 million acres, rainfall: 867-1189 mm.
   • Soil: Red soils (chalkas, loams), black cotton soils.
   • Crops: Rice, maize, soybean, cotton, red gram, turmeric.
   • Districts: Adilabad, Kumuram Bheem, Nirmal, Jagtial, Mancherial, Nizamabad, Kamareddy, Peddapalli, Karimnagar, Rajanna Sircilla.
2. Central Telangana Zone:
   • Area: 9.53 million acres, rainfall: 779-1213 mm.
   • Soil: Predominantly red soils.
   • Crops: Cotton, rice, maize, green gram, mango, sugarcane, chillies.
   • Districts: Sangareddy, Medak, Siddipet, Warangal, Mahabubabad, Khammam, Bhadradri Kothagudem, Jayashankar Bhupalpalli.
3. Southern Telangana Zone:
   • Area: 9.9 million acres, rainfall: 606-853 mm.
   • Soil: Red soils with loamy sub-soils (chalkas).
   • Crops: Cotton, rice, red gram, maize, sesame, safflower, groundnut.
   • Districts: Vikarabad, Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet, Nalgonda, Suryapet.

Significance:

1. Shaping Agricultural Productivity:
   • Resource Optimization: Each zone’s conditions support suitable crops, enhancing efficiency and reducing environmental impact.
   • Sustainable Agriculture: Aligning crops with soil/climate conditions ensures long-term soil fertility and sustainability.
2. Influence on Crop Patterns:
   • Northern Zone: High rainfall, fertile soils favor rice, cotton, soybean.
   • Central Zone: Mixed rainfall supports food and commercial crops.
   • Southern Zone: Semi-arid, low rainfall supports drought-resistant crops like groundnut, sesame.
3. Economic Contribution:
   • Agricultural Output: Optimized crop patterns boost productivity, food security, and exports.
   • Farmer Income: Tailored farming improves incomes and reduces climate risk.

Major Projects (Ayacut > 25,000 Acres/10,000 ha):

1.      Kaleshwaram Project:

o   Origin: Redesigned from the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Pranahita-Chevella Sujala Sravanthi project.

o   Objective: Utilize 160 TMC of Godavari water as per Godavari Water Dispute Tribunal award.

o   Coverage: Irrigates 16.40 lakh acres across erstwhile districts like Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, etc.

o   Uses: 10 TMC for drinking water to en-route villages, 30 TMC for Hyderabad/Secunderabad, and 16 TMC for industrial use.

2.      Nizamsagar Project:

o   Construction: Built by the Nizam government (1923-1931) across the Manjira River.

o   Capacity: 29.72 TMC with a yield of 58 TMC, irrigating 2,75,000 acres.

3.      Sri Ram Sagar Project (SRSP):

o   Location: Across the Godavari River near Pochampad, Nizamabad.

o   Type: Multipurpose irrigation project.

4.      Ali Sagar Lift Irrigation Scheme:

o   Purpose: Supplements irrigation to Nizamsagar’s gap ayacut in Nizamabad mandals.

o   Capacity: Lifts 720 cusecs from the Godavari River at Kosli village.

5.      Argula Rajaram Guthpa Lift Irrigation Scheme:

o   Objective: Supports gap ayacut of Nizamsagar.

6.      Mogaligundla Baga Reddy Singur Project:

o   Location: Across the Manjeera River, a tributary of the Godavari.

1. • Capacity: 29.91 TMC near Singur, Pulkal Mandal, Sangareddy District.

Medium Projects (Ayacut 5,000-25,000 Acres/2,000-10,000 ha):

1.      Choutpally Hanmanth Reddy Lift Irrigation Scheme:

o   Location: On Shetpally tank, fed by the Laxmi canal from SRSP.

o   Coverage: Irrigates 18 villages in Nizamabad district.

2.      Lendi Interstate Project:

o   Joint Project: Telangana and Maharashtra, located at Gonegaon, Nanded, Maharashtra.

o   Water Sharing: Telangana (38%), Maharashtra (62%).

3.      Palem Vagu Project:

o   Location: Across Palemvagu stream, tributary of the Godavari near Mallapuram village, Bhupalpally District.

o   Irrigation: Covers 4,100 ha in Kharif and 1,250 ha in Rabi, and provides drinking water.

4.      Sri Komaram Bheem Project:

o   Location: Across Peddavagu stream near Ada village, Asifabad District.

o   Coverage: Irrigates 45,500 acres across 69 villages in four mandals.

Historical Context (Nizam Rule):

• Kharif Season (June-Nov): Crops like jute, yellow jowar, bajra, cotton, maize, kondru, til, and pulses (moong, urad, kulthi) were cultivated.
• Rabi Season (Oct-Mar): Crops included cotton, white jowar, Bengal gram, barley, linseed, tobacco; early paddy was sown in June/July.
• Abi & Tabi Seasons: Short-duration summer crops following Rabi harvest; paddy was the principal crop during these seasons.
• Additional Crops: Groundnut, sugarcane (boosted by Nizam Sagar Project), oilseeds like linseed, sesame, castor, and garden crops were grown year-round.
• Dry Crops: 94% of the cropped area was under dry crops.

Gross Sown Area (GSA) & Major Crops (Vanakalam & Yasangi):

1. Top 5 Crops in Vanakalam: Paddy, cotton, maize, redgram, and soybean. Their combined share rose from 86.2% in 2014-15 to 90.1% in 2020-21.
2. Top Crops in Yasangi: Paddy, maize, groundnut, Bengal gram, and sesame, increasing their combined share from 77.6% to 92.3% between 2014-15 and 2020-21.
3. District GSA Trends (2020-21):
   • Highest GSA of Paddy: Nalgonda district.
   • Lowest GSA of Paddy: Adilabad district.
4. Cotton:
   • Lowest GSA in 2016-17 (32.1%)
   • Highest GSA in 2015-16 (43.1%)
   • In 2020-21, it was 41.2% during Vanakalam.
5. Maize:
   • Significant decline in GSA during Vanakalam, from 12.5% in 2014-15 to 1.5% in 2020-21.
6. Bengalgram:
   • Fluctuated in Yasangi season but stabilized at 5.2% in 2014-15 and 2020-21.
7. Redgram:
   • Highest GSA was 8.8% in 2016-17. GSA ranged between 5.3% and 7.5% from 2014-15 to 2020-21 during Vanakalam.

• Regulated by Telangana Agricultural Marketing Department under Telangana (Agricultural Produce and Livestock) Markets Act, 1966.

Regulated Markets:

• Originated from the 1930 Hyderabad Agriculture Market Act based on the 1928 Royal Commission on Agriculture recommendations.
• Expanded to 31 regulated markets by 1945.
• Governed by Telangana (Agricultural Produce and Livestock) Markets Act, 2014 after state formation.

• Reconstituted in 2014 to guide PACS in procurement and marketing of agricultural produce.
• Operates a feed mixing plant in Karimnagar and a cotton ginning plant in Adilabad.
• Supports farmers in obtaining fair prices.

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs):

• 44 FPOs in Telangana, structured as Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs).
• Help small and marginal farmers increase bargaining power and access financial inputs.
• Organize collective procurement, processing, storage, and marketing of produce.

• Protect farmers from price volatility.
• Increase farmers’ bargaining power.
• Ensure fair prices and support small and marginal farmers through FPOs and cooperative efforts.

• Growth Rate: 10.1% (2022-23 to 2023-24, AE).
• Manufacturing Sub-Sector: Growth rate of 9.6%, indicating industrial expansion.

Services Sector Dominance:

• Contribution to GSDP (2023-24, AE): 65.7%, reflecting its critical role in driving the economy and employment.

Investment Proposals at World Economic Forum (WEF):

• Secured Rs. 40,232 crore in new investment proposals at Davos.
• Led by Hon’ble Chief Minister Sri A. Revanth Reddy, showcasing Telangana’s growing appeal as an investment destination.

Mining Sector Growth:

• Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL): Produced 70.02 million tons (MTs) of coal in 2023-24, a 4.3% increase from 67.14 MTs in 2022-23.

Promotion of Eco-Tourism:

• Government’s initiative to develop eco-tourism circuits to position Telangana as a leading eco-tourism destination.
• 12 destinations identified for development, emphasizing the state’s focus on leveraging natural landscapes and biodiversity.

Source: Annual Survey of Industries. 2019-20, MoSPI, GoI.

1.      Role of Industries:

·       Economic Development: Drives employment, innovation, productivity, and competitiveness.

·       Government Commitment: Aims to make Telangana an industrial hub, comparable to other leading industrial states.

2.      Key Sectors for Development:

·       MSMEs, Entrepreneurship, Manufacturing

·       Food Processing, Pharmaceuticals, Mining

·       Focus on tapping export potential and creating a diverse industrial ecosystem.

3.      Government Initiatives:

·       Business-Friendly Environment: Simplified processes, reduced bureaucracy.

·       Investment Facilitation: Dedicated cells to assist investors.

·       Incentives for Entrepreneurs: Support for SCs, STs, women, and first-generation entrepreneurs.

4.      Sectoral Contribution:

·       Industrial Sector GSVA Contribution: 18% of Telangana’s GSVA in 2023-24 (AE).

·       Growth in GSVA: Increased by 10.1%, from Rs. 2,25,663 crore (2022-23) to Rs. 2,48,505 crore (2023-24).

5.      Significance:

·       Employment Generation: Higher standard of living.

·       Innovation and Productivity: Advancements in technology and high-tech sectors.

·       Balanced Development: Mix of high-tech (pharma, biotech) and traditional sectors (textiles, food processing).

1.      Overall Growth Rates:

·       Telangana’s industrial sector showed varied growth rates across subsectors in 2023-24, highlighting economic dynamism.

2.      Mining and Quarrying:

·       Growth Rate: 10.5%

·       Significance: Strong performance in resource extraction and related industries.

3.      Manufacturing:

·       Growth Rate: 9.6%

·       Challenges: Growth indicates progress but suggests challenges in production capacity, market demand, or supply chain stability.

4.      Electricity, Gas, Water Supply, and Utility Services:

·       Growth Rate: 10.3%

·       Investments: Continued expansion and investment in essential utilities for residential and industrial needs.

5.      Construction:

·       Growth Rate: 10.9%

·       Demand: Driven by infrastructure development, real estate growth, and public works projects.

·        2022-23 (FRE):

o   Manufacturing: 51.78%

o   Construction: 26.67%

o   Mining & Quarrying: 11.70%

o   Electricity, Gas, Water Supply & Other Utility Services: 9.85%

·        2023-24 (AE):

o   Manufacturing: 51.54%

o   Construction: 26.86%

o   Mining & Quarrying: 11.73%

o   Electricity, Gas, Water Supply & Other Utility Services: 9.87%

Employment Contribution in Telangana’s Secondary Sector (2024)

·        PLFS Quarterly Bulletin (Jan-Mar 2024):

o   National Urban Workforce: 32% employed in the secondary sector (mining, quarrying, manufacturing, construction, utilities).

o   Telangana’s Workforce: 29.79% employed in the secondary sector, indicating significant reliance on industrial and manufacturing activities for employment.

TG-iPASS (Telangana-Industrial Project Approval and Self-Certification System)

·        Objective: Streamline industrial growth, simplify approvals, and promote Telangana as an investment hub.

·        Key Features:

o   Single-Point Clearance: One-stop access for all required clearances.

o   Self-Certification: Entrepreneurs submit self-certifications for quicker processing.

o   Time-Bound Approvals: Clearances granted within specified time limits; mega projects receive automatic clearance.

o   Accountability: Penalty mechanism for delays in approvals by officials.

TG-iPASS Achievements (2023-24)

• Units Approved: 2,677 units approved.
• Investment: Rs. 28,126 crore.
• Employment Potential: 84,929 jobs created.
• Recognition: Acknowledged by the Government of India as a best practice under the Ease of Doing Business initiative, reinforcing Telangana’s reputation for industrial growth and investment-friendly policies.

·        Objective: Promote industrial growth and entrepreneurship.

Key Incentives:

o   Investment Subsidies: Financial support as a percentage of investment.

o   Land Cost Reimbursement: Reduces the burden of land acquisition.

o   Stamp Duty Reimbursement: For land acquisition, lease agreements, etc.

o   SGST Reimbursement: Reduces tax burden on businesses.

o   Power Cost Reimbursement: Supports energy-intensive industries.

o   Pavala Vaddi (Low-Interest Loans): Reduces financing costs for businesses.

o   Mega Projects: Customized incentives for projects with Rs. 200 crore+ investment or 1,000+ employees.

·        Achievements 2023-24:

o   2,239 claims approved, Rs. 345.98 crore incentives.

·        Objective: Empower SC/ST/PHC entrepreneurs.

·        Key Incentives:

o   Preferential Industrial Plot Allotment: Priority access to plots in industrial parks.

o   Direct Funding & Margin Money: Financial support for business ventures.

o   Sub-Contracting Opportunities: Linkage with large industries for smaller enterprises.

o   Additional Investment Subsidies: Further financial relief for SC/ST/PHC entrepreneurs.

o   Support for Civil Contractors: Opportunities in government/private projects.

o   Special Incentives for Women Entrepreneurs: Gender-inclusive benefits.

·        Achievements 2023-24:

o   Rs. 121.72 crore to 2,211 SC entrepreneurs, Rs. 280.18 crore to 4,800 ST entrepreneurs, Rs. 13.43 crore to 196 PHC entrepreneurs.

• JSW Neo Energy: Rs. 90 billion for a pumped storage project.
• GODI India Pvt Ltd: Rs. 80 billion for lithium and sodium-ion battery manufacturing.
• Web Works: Rs. 52 billion for data centers.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Telangana

• Total Units (2020-2024): 9,21,883 MSME units.

o   Manufacturing: 1,90,669 units.

o   Service Sector: 7,31,214 units.

o   Breakdown: 8,92,147 micro-enterprises, 26,708 small enterprises, 3,028 medium enterprises.

• TGIIC’s Role: Develop industrial infrastructure, with 70% of land allotments for MSMEs.

Women Entrepreneurs Hub (WE-Hub)

• Objective: Promote women’s entrepreneurship across socio-economic strata.
• Impact: 6,377 startups and SMEs, Rs. 178 crore in funds raised, 88 start-up programs, 76% two-year survival rate for startups.
• Pre-Incubation Programs: Notable program: Start-X in collaboration with the Australian Consulate.

Telangana Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (TGIIC)

• Objective: Develop world-class infrastructure for industrial growth.
• Key Functions: Provides essential infrastructure, promotes PPP projects.

·        Handloom Weavers: 35,926 weavers producing Pochampally Ikat, Gadwal Cotton, Silk Sarees, etc.

·        Power-looms: 43,455 power-looms under 527 societies.

·        Government Initiatives:

o   Technology Adoption: Enhances production and marketing.

o   Geo-Tagging: Ensures transparent welfare schemes via DBT.

o   T-Nethanna App: Supports power-loom unit owners/workers.

Telangana Textile and Apparel Policy (T-TAP)

1.      Objective: Transform Telangana into a textile hub with a focus on the entire value chain.

2.      Key Features:

o   Capital Assistance, Interest Subsidies, Power Tariff Subsidies: Reduce operational costs.

o   Infrastructure Development: Roads, water, and waste management support in industrial parks.

3.      Key Projects:

o   Kakatiya Integrated Mega Textile Park: State-of-the-art textile manufacturing facilities.

o   Sircilla Textile and Apparel Park: Advanced infrastructure for textile growth.

4.      Achievements (2023-24): Rs. 181.81 crore approved for 46 incentives.

• Objective: Enhance livelihoods and profitability for handloom weavers.
• Subsidy: 50% subsidy (40% state, 10% central government).
• Amendment (2023-24): Rs. 3,000 per month financial assistance.
• Impact: 10,220 weavers received Rs. 13.18 crore; Rs. 3.99 crore disbursed via DBT to 32,572 beneficiaries (2023-24).

Nethanna Bima Scheme

• Objective: Provide insurance for weavers (coverage extended to 65 years).
• Impact: 36,777 eligible individuals in 2023-24; Rs. 5 lakh claims for 92 weavers.

Telangana Trade Promotion Corporation Limited (TGTPC Ltd)

1.      Objective: Promote external trade and local products, focusing on MSMEs and Telangana’s unique products under the Golkonda brand.

2.      Key Initiatives:

o   Golkonda Brand: Rs. 130 crore sales of notebooks and paper products (2023-24).

o   Infrastructure Development: Establishing logistics facilities for trade.

o   Unity Mall (Raidurg): Promoting One District One Product under the Make in India initiative.

o   Support for MSMEs: Infrastructure, marketing, and market access support.

• Objective: Social security for weavers by incentivizing savings.
• Mechanism: Government deposits 8% of the weaver’s wage into a savings account.
• Impact: 36,133 weavers received Rs. 49.50 crore (2023-24).

Ghatuppal and Theratpally State Clusters

• Objective: Provide infrastructure and resources to 650 weavers in Nalgonda.
• Impact: Rs. 77.65 lakh allocation for 493 iron frame looms.

Textiles and Handlooms Sector Initiatives

·        Challenges: Outdated technology, credit support, lack of diversification.

·        Government Initiatives: Kakatiya Integrated Mega Textile Park, provision of skilled manpower under T-TAP.

·        Sand Mining:

o   Managed by Telangana Mineral Development Corporation (TGMDC).

o   Supports construction and infrastructure projects, contributing to state revenue.

·        Coal Mining:

o   Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) is the primary entity.

o   Vital for electricity production and industrial growth in the state.

·        Limestone Mining:

o   Essential for the cement industry, contributing to local employment and infrastructure development.

Mineral Revenue:

·       Rs. 5,439.93 crore collected in 2023-24, though down by Rs. 29.40 crore from the previous year.

·       Rs. 428.59 crore collected up to May 2024.

Mining Leases:

·       Total area under mining: 79,759.68 hectares.

·       122 mining leases for major minerals, 2,559 quarry leases for minor minerals, with a total of 2,681 leases.

·        Production:

o   70.02 million tonnes (MTs) mined by SCCL in 2023-24, a 4.3% increase over 2022-23.

·        Sustainable Practices:

o   SCCL adheres to environmental regulations, ensuring sustainable coal extraction.

Limestone Mining Data:

·        Production:

o   34,52,595 metric tons produced in 2023-24.

o   4,73,719 metric tons produced up to May 2024-25.

·        Revenue:

o   Rs. 6.91 crore generated from Escot charges in 2023-24.

o   Rs. 0.92 crore generated by May 2024-25.

·        Total Exports: Rs. 3,33,042 crore in 2022-23.

·        Sectoral Contribution:

o   Services: 72.45% of total exports (IT, pharmaceuticals, etc.).

o   Merchandise: 27.55% of total exports (pharmaceuticals, textiles, chemicals).

Key Data on Merchandise Exports (2023-24):

·        Total Merchandise Exports: Rs. 1,16,182 crore in 2023-24.

·        Pharmaceutical Products: Leading the export commodities at 32%, contributing Rs. 36,893 crore.

·        Top 5 Export Commodities:

o   Pharmaceutical Products: 32% share (Rs. 36,893 crore).

o   Organic Chemicals: Significant industrial output.

o   Aircraft, Spacecraft, and Parts: High-value manufacturing and aerospace components.

o   Electrical Machinery and Equipment: Reflects growing electronics manufacturing.

o   Nuclear Reactors, Boilers, and Mechanical Appliances: Strength in heavy engineering and mechanical industries

• USA: 28.16%
• UAE: 6.90%
• China: 5.20%
• Saudi Arabia: 4.02%
• Kuwait: 3.71%
• UK: 3.10%
• Germany: 2.10%
• Russia: 1.88%
• Bangladesh: 1.72%
• Canada: 1.54%
• Other Countries: 41.67%

·        Rangareddy: ₹34,249 Crore (29%)

·        Medchal-Malkajgiri: ₹25,444 Crore (22%)

·        Sangareddy: ₹21,939 Crore (19%)

·        Hyderabad: ₹19,435 Crore (17%)

·        Nalgonda: ₹2,961 Crore (3%)

Key Sub-sectors:

·        Trade, Repair, Hotels, and Restaurants: Growth rate of 20.81%, showing strong consumer recovery post-pandemic.

·        Transport, Storage, Communication & Services Related to Broadcasting: Growth rate of 15%, driven by logistics and media demand.

·        Overall Services Sector Growth: 14.6%, reflecting resilience and expansion.

·        Trade, Repair, Hotels, and Restaurants:

o   2022-23: 27.6%, 2023-24: 29.0%.

·        Financial Services & Real Estate:

o   2022-23: 7.9%, 2023-24: 7.6%.

o   Real Estate: 2022-23: 36.8%, 2023-24: 35.6%.

Employment in Services Sector

·        India: 62.2% of the urban workforce employed in services (PLFS Bulletin Jan-March 2024).

·        Telangana: 66.6% of urban workforce in services; Males: 67.63%, Females: 63.96%.

·        IT Exports: Reached Rs. 2,41,275 crore; growth of 31.44%.

·        Employment: 9,05,715 employed in IT (2022-23).

Electronics Systems Growth

·        Job Targets: 1 million jobs by 2030, 1.5 million by 2032.

·        Electronics Manufacturing Clusters: Investments by Foxconn, Apple, OnePlus.

Electronic Service Delivery (ESD)

·        MeeSeva: Handles 1.5 crore transactions annually across 4,500 centers.

·        T-App Folio: Access to 267 services, impacting 25 lakh citizens.

·        Tourist Footfall:

o   Domestic Tourists: 5.84 crore.

o   Foreign Tourists: Increased by 135.24% to 1.6 lakh.

·        Eco-Tourism: 12 destinations developed, including Ananthagiri and Kanakagiri.

Telangana’s Export Destinations (2023-24)

·        Top Destinations: United States, UAE, China.

·        Exports Total: Rs. 3,33,042 crore.

ICT Policy

·        Key Goals: Job creation, improving public services, making Telangana an ICT hub.

·        World-Class ICT Infrastructure: Development of data centers, smart cities.