• Solar energy can be converted directly into electrical energy (direct current, DC) by photovoltaic (PV) cells commonly called solar cells. Photovoltaic cells are made of silicon and other materials. When sunlight strikes the silicon atoms it causes electrons to eject. A typical solar cell is a transparent wafer that contains a very thin semiconductor. Sunlight energizes and causes electrons in the semiconductor to flow, creating an electrical current. Solar cells can provide electricity to remote villages. India is the world’s largest market for solar cells.

PV cells can be used for –

1. domestic lighting.
2. street lighting.

• village lighting.

1. water pumping.
2. electrification.
3. desalination of salty water

• powering of remote telecommunication repeater stations and
• railway signals.