Q1) Consider the following types of vehicles:

I.  Full battery electric vehicles

II. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

III.    Fuel cell-electric hybrid vehicles

How many of the above are considered as alternative powertrain vehicles?

A)  Only one

B)  Only two

C)  All the three

D)  None

Answer: C

Explanation:

Alternative powertrain: An alternative powertrain is any propulsion system that does not rely solely on a traditional internal-combustion engine (ICE).

All three types mentioned qualify:

1.  Full Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs):

o   Power source: Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

o   Emission: Zero tailpipe emissions.

2.  Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles (FCEVs):

o   Power source: Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in fuel cells to generate electricity.

o   Emission: Only water vapor.

o   Examples: Hydrogen Trains

3.  Fuel-Cell–Electric Hybrid Vehicles (FCEV + Battery):

o   Power source: Combination of a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery system.

o   Advantage: Offers better range and efficiency than a pure FCEV.

o   Example: Honda Clarity Fuel Cell (hybrid variant).

Sources Links:

https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles-for-greener-tomorrow-9998352/

https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/types-of-electric-vehicles