The regions that were ruled by small Hịdu rulers subordinate to the Nizam government were called as estates. The rulers of the estates (Sansthanadheeras) collected land revenue every year from the lands in the estate and paid to the Nizam in the form of Peshkash.
Important estates among the 14 estates in Nizam state were:
Jataprolu
Wanaparthy
Gadwala
Amarachinta
Palwancha
Gadis Deshmukhs
This word is limited to Telangana only. Gadi in Marathi means a fort built with lime mortar. Dora and his family would set court in the Gadi Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao wrote about the lifestyle of the Doras. Dora’s daily routine was very systematic.
Every Dora was having a grand horse, riding that horse was an indication of the position of the Dora. Most of the Doras behaved very cruelly and harassed people and plundered them in many ways. For eg: Visunuru Dora Ramachandra Reddy, Kanthatmakoor Dora Pingali Venkatarama Reddy and such put the people of their Jagir to uter brutality. These were very good Doras too.
Good Doras according to Mandumula Narasinea Rao: 1. Nawab Salar Jung 2. Maharaja Kishen Pershad 3. Nawab Qamil Jung
Main reason for the bad behavior of Doras in Telangana – Illiteracy of Telangana people then. Because of illiteracy, there was tardiness in social change.
Because of illiteracy only immense power was concentrated in Patels and Patwaris. With the help of these Patels and Patwaris the Doras looted the lands and properties. 95% among Deshmukh were Reddys. 95% among Deshpande’s were Brahams.
Illiterate people would consider whatever is said by the Karanam as the Vedam. That way Karanam, Patel, Patwari, Deshmukh and Deshpandes looted the emaciated Telangana farmer class.
Visunnuru Gadi
Vishnuru god is there in Telangana Taluk, Visunuru Deshmukh – Rapaka Ramachandra Reddy construction of Visunuru gadi – Between 1935-36.
Repaka Venkata Ramachandra Reddy
Father – Kona Reddy Mother – Janakamma janakamma used to live in kadavendi, she became notorious indulging in many bad deeds. One born totally after her – Rapaka Venkata Ramachandra Reddy He was having a single wife. Never had habits like smoking or drinking. Everyday would perform Shakti worship. Though having good qualities personally, used to behave very cruelly when exploiting basavaraju. Right hand of Ramachandra Reddy (Trusted lieutenant) – Babu Dora (His son).
Struggle of Chakali Ilamma:
Chakali Ailamma used to provide shelter to the members of the Sangham (Union). Not happy with that., Visunuru Dora tried to capture the crop in her land. ChakaliA Ailamma accosted Dora and fought many sangaham members who helped Ailamma in the fight.
Doddi Komurayya:
Dora’s mother janakamma lived in kadavendi village. Goondas of Dora indulged in firing.
Komurayya was attending to it and was shot through his stomach. All the incidents that lead to the procession were taken protesting the hegemony of Dora. A bullet pierced Doddi Mallayya’s thigh.
Telangana Armed Struggle of the Farmers mainly occurred in only Visunuru Deshmukh’s taluk.
Kanthatmakoor gadi
Zamindar of kanthatmakoor – Pingali Pratapa Reddy. Built a spacious building in kantathmakur on 12 acres of land. The construction was to a large extent by bonded labor. He collected extra taxes by auctioning Toddy trees of all the villages in Parkal and Huzurabad talukas. He took control of all the p0or farmers through extra interest (Nagu). Punishments to those who do not pay tax and Nagu interest
Bending and placing stones on the back
Tying hair in pairs and punishing
His officer who takes fingerprints on blank papers and creates false documents -Vadla Peddanna For those carrying Butter milk pots to the servants of Dora in other villages, there would be concussions on the head because of the burden. Subjecting those who defy, to many hard punishments, he would implicate them in false litigations, and isolate them. Person accused of theft in Vadla Paddanna and punished – Danamallu. They pierced Danamallu’s hands with glass pieces, Dora made Jawans jump on her hands and enjoyed the scene in a demonic fashion. Situations of Adapapas in Dora’s gadi was more than pathetic
Kalleda Gadi
Kalleda Gadi is situated in Parvathagiri mandal (Warangal Zilla) founder of the clan – Errabelli Veera Raghava Rao, There were three sons to Veera Raghava Rao. After him, son Errabelli Venkateswra Rao took the position of Dora. Gadi was built by Errabelli Venkateswra Rao in 1936. It was built in an area of 7 acres. There were 76 rooms in it.
Though Doras were synonymous with the feudal system, the Gadi Doras never showed any discrimination between castes and religions. A Venkateswara Temple and Ellamma Temple were built in Kalleda for all classes of people. After the Samsthanam was amalgamated there was a water purifying plant installed to supply free purified drinking water.
Similarly special modern lavatories were built for women and men separately. Ram Mohan Rao, brother s So of last ruler of the Samsthanam, handed over the Gadi to Rural development foundation ona lease of Rs.1 annually in 1996. Presently 600 students from 1″ to 10h are studying in Telugu medium. Kaleua is quoted as a center for archery in Telugu states.
Sanjeevaraopeta Gadi
Dajeevaraopeta Gadi is there in Narayankhed Mandal of Medak Dist. Rulers of this Gadi belong to the social class of Brahmans. Zamindar is – Sanjeeva Rao Deshmukh.
With sanjeevaraopeta as center they continued to rule in 50 villages. In 1910 Gadi was built in 5 acres of land.
Police and Tehsil administration was run from this Gadi.
The infamy that was associated with the two syllables of Dora did not touch the Gadi, Villagers never heard the word anarchy and they know only development.
These Doras did a lot of good service to the people by digging tanks in their area. Since the Gadi developed under the leadership of Sanjeeva Rao, the village was known as Sanjeevaraopeta.
Sanjeeva Rao Deshmukh built Highway from Hyderabad main road via Nizampet and Nrayankhed to the village. With a view that all classes and levels of people must stay in the village he built and gave free houses to all. Bringing people of castes absent in the village made him settle there.
When he came to know that Nizam was to visit the village as a part of his tour of his state, he built a special building exclusively for him in just one month.
Nizam’s Prime Minister Maharaja Kishen Pershad used to visit this village frequently. Razakars in the wee end of Nizam rule attacked such Gadi Doras who were propeople. Sanjeeva Rao Deshmukh passed away in 1946. His wife Padmavathi continued administration after his demise.
After the Nizam ruled area was joined with the Indian Union, Doddappa, premier of this Samsthanam was elected the first Sarpanch of the village.
