Current Affairs Reverse Engineering
Care (27-05-2024)
News at a Glance |
Andhra Pradesh: 11 new fish species found along Andhra Pradesh coast |
Andhra Pradesh govt. sets crop production target of 167 lakh MT for kharif |
Geography: Cyclone Remal makes landfall; one lakh evacuated in Bengal |
Science and Technology: How Europe’s AI convention balances innovation and human rights |
Economy: India in trade deficit with nine of top 10 trading partners in 2023-24 |
Cost Inflation Index set higher at 363 for FY25 |
Brazil, Canada, EU urge India to submit timely notifications on sugar subsidies in WTO |
Environment: The value of attributing extreme events to climate change |
11 new fish species found along Andhra Pradesh coast
Source: Indian Express
APPSC Syllabus Relevance: Conservation of Flora and Fauna, Ecology and Environment
Context: The study, conducted between 2019 and 2023, involved scuba diving and collection from trawler trash and Visakhapatnam Fishing Harbour.
Why in News
- A recent study has documented 11 fish species for the first time along the Andhra Pradesh coastline, highlighting the rich biodiversity associated with artificial reefs and rocky shoreline habitats.
Key highlights
- The research, led by Dr JS Yogesh Kumar, Scientist-E from the Zoological Survey of India, was published in the Journal of Fisheries under the title “Notes on some newly recorded fish from the Andhra Pradesh coast, India.”
- The study, conducted between 2019 and 2023, involved scuba diving and collection from trawler trash and Visakhapatnam Fishing Harbour. Specimens were photographed and preserved, with identifications based on morphological characteristics.
- These specimens are now part of the National Zoological Collections at the ZSI Sunderban Regional Centre.
What are the recorded Species?
- Nine of the 10 species, recorded for the first time in Andhra Pradesh, have been classified as least concern by the IUCN, while one has not been evaluated.
- The newly-identified species include the Vermiculated Blenny, Singular Bannerfish, Sea Blenny, Similar Damsel, Blotcheye Soldierfish, Seychelles Soldier, Threespot Squirrelfish, Moon Wrasse, Peacock Sole, Whitelipped Eel Catfish, and Papuan Toby.
- Notably, Entomacrodus Thalassinus has been recorded for the first time in India.
About Entomacrodus Thalassinus
- Entomacrodus thalassinus is a species of fish in the Blennidae family and in the Perciformes order.
- Distribution:
- Indo-Pacific: disjunct distribution; Seychelles and Maldives in the Indian Ocean;
- then from southern Japan and Taiwan to the Line and Tuamotu Archipelago.
- The valid subspecies Entomacrodus thalassinus longicirrus ranges from Gulf of Thailand to Hong Kong.
Reef Fish Diversity
- Researchers emphasised the significance of reef habitats, which provide foraging grounds and shelter for marine organisms, including crustaceans and mollusks.
- Approximately 25% of marine fish are associated with reef ecosystems.
- Reef fish diversity is closely-linked to the health of reef ecosystems, which face threats from thermal fluctuations, coral bleaching, coastal development, and overfishing.
Recent reports of marine fish landings
- The country has recorded a marginal increase of 40,192 tonnes in marine fish landings at fishing harbours in 2023 registering a 1.2 per cent increase as per the annual estimation by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI).
- Gujarat, recording a steep rise of 3,20,100 tonnes in annual catch, claimed the first position in fish landing.
- Though Kerala’s catch declined by 53,565 tonnes, the state has managed to achieve the second position as Tamil Nadu and Karnataka reported a steep decline in fish landing.
- Compared to 2021, the fish landings of the country have grown by 15.75 per cent.
- Tamil Nadu, which occupied the top two places in previous years, has moved to the fourth slot.
- The decline in landings in Tamil Nadu was due to the severe cyclonic storm Michaung in the Bay of Bengal in November 2023, and the subsequent deluge that cut off key maritime districts.
Concerns associated with diversity of reef-associated species
- AP, has a relatively low number of documented marine fish species compared to its production.
- Previous studies have largely focused on economically profitable fish collected from markets, which do not accurately represent the diversity of reef-associated species.
- Fish trawlers often avoid reef areas to prevent net entanglement and reef destruction.
Significance of Reef-associated Diversity
- The findings highlight the critical role of reef fish in maintaining the health of reef ecosystems.
- The newly-recorded species, including Entomacrodus Thalassinus, indicate that non-commercial benthic fish have been overlooked.
- The research calls for comprehensive future studies on blennies (generally bottom-dwelling fishes) and other reef-associated species to better understand their biology and ecology, which is essential for conservation planning.
- Further, researchers mention that the discovery of new species not only enhances understanding of marine biodiversity in AP, but also aids in the development of more effective conservation strategies.
- Given that almost 25% of marine fish are associated with reef ecosystems, protecting these habitats is crucial for maintaining marine diversity and ecosystem health, the study observed.
CARE MCQ |
Q1. Consider the following statements:
2. As per 2023 annual estimation by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Andhra Pradesh, topped in marine fish landings (tonnes) at fishing harbours in India. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) Only 1 b) Only 2 c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of above |
Answer 1 A
Explanation
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Andhra Pradesh govt. sets crop production target of 167 lakh MT for kharif
Source: The Hindu
APPSC Relevance: Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh
Context: Andhra Pradesh govt. sets crop production target of 167 lakh MT for kharif
Why in News
- The Agriculture Department has prepared an action plan to achieve the targets of a crop acreage of 34.26 lakh hectares and production of 167.15 lakh metric tonnes (MT) in the coming kharif season.
Key Highlights
- According to information, the government has targeted that the paddy should be cultivated at least in 15.63 lakh hectares, with a yield target of 5,470 kg per hectare.
- During the kharif season last year (2023), the total sown area for all crops including paddy was 24.98 lakh hectares.
- The government targeted paddy acreage of 15.88 lakh hectares in 2022 kharif, but could achieve 15.52 lakh hectares.
- This year (2024), the paddy production is estimated to be 85.47 lakh MT.
- The total sown area in the State was 34.62 lakh hectares in 2022 kharif.
- Of this, the target for paddy was 16.30 lakh hectares but the actual sown area was 15.59 lakh hectares.
- The action plan for 2024 kharif includes 24 types of crops with paddy being the major crop. Paddy is estimated to be cultivated in 15.12 lakh hectares.
- The government is eyeing a crop acreage of 20.02 lakh hectares for food grains and 6.58 lakh hectares for oil seeds.
- The cultivation of coarse grains is estimated to be in 2.19 lakh hectares.
- The cultivation of pulses such as red gram, green gram, etc. is 3.34 lakh hectares.
- Other crops such as cotton, sugarcane and tobacco would be in around 6 lakh hectares.
- It is estimated that the total production of food grains, coarse grains, pulses, and oil seeds would be 167.15 lakh MT.
- The agriculture officials estimate that the cultivation would increase by 4 lakh hectares compared to the last kharif.
- The action plan is yet to be approved by the government.
Crop production in Andhra Pradesh
- Andhra Pradesh is known as the ‘Rice Bowl of India’.
- Andhra Pradesh has 13 districts, six agro-climatic zones, and five different soil types.
- Agro-climatic zones are namely, North coastal zone, Godavari zone, Krishna zone, Southern zone, Scarce rainfall zone and High altitude & tribal areas zone.
- The state has 10.1 million ha of cultivated area, constituting 37% of the total geographical area of the state.
- The irrigated area is 36% of the total cultivated area.
- Andhra Pradesh has mostly red, lateritic and black soil, with low fertility and salinity problems.
- The important crops sown are rice, cotton, groundnut, pigeon pea, sunflower, black gram, and sorghum.
About Kharif Crop
- The Indian cropping season is classified into two main seasons-(i) Kharif and (ii) Rabi based on the monsoon.
- The kharif cropping season is from July –October during the south-west monsoon and the Rabi cropping season is from October-March (winter).
- The crops grown between March and June are summer crops. Pakistan and Bangladesh are two other countries that are using the term ‘kharif’ and ‘rabi’ to describe about their cropping patterns.
- The terms ‘kharif’ and ‘rabi’ originate from Arabic language where Kharif means autumn and Rabi means spring.
- The kharif crops include rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra, finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar (pulses), soyabean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton etc.
- The rabi crops include wheat, barley, oats (cereals), chickpea/gram (pulses), linseed, mustard (oilseeds) etc.
CARE MCQ |
Q2. Which of the following statement is correct with regards to Andhra Pradesh?
1. The irrigated area in the state is more than 50% of the total cultivated area. 2. Andhra Pradesh has 12 agro-climatic zones. Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Answer 2 C
Explanation · Over the years, agriculture in Andhra Pradesh has changed. While paddy continues to be the main crop, cultivation of other food crops like ragi, jowar, and maize has declined and they are being replaced by cash crops like sugarcane, groundnut, turmeric, chillies, etc.
· Therefore, Option C is the correct answer. |
Cyclone Remal makes landfall; one lakh evacuated in Bengal
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 1-Geography, GS 3– Disaster Management
Context: Cyclone Remal has resulted in disruptions in air, rail, and road transportation in Kolkata and other parts of south Bengal
Why in News
- The severe cyclonic storm Remal started its landfall process between Sagar Island in West Bengal and Khepupara in Bangladesh, as it intensified and moved northwards.
Key Highlights
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired a meeting to review response and preparedness for the cyclonic storm, while Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee urged people to stay safe and remain indoors.
- The IMD has predicted a storm surge of about 1 metre above astronomical tide, which is likely to inundate low-lying areas of coastal West Bengal around the time of landfall.
- Issuing a red alert cyclone warning for the State coastline, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said Remal would have a maximum sustained wind speed of 110-120 kmph, gusting to 135 kmph.
- Fourteen teams of the National Disaster Response Force and teams of the State Disaster Response Force have been deployed in coastal areas.
- The West Bengal administration has evacuated people from low-lying and coastal areas of South 24 Parganas, North 24 Parganas and Purba Medinipur to storm shelters.
- By 3 p.m., over one lakh people were shifted from coastal and vulnerable areas.
About Cyclone Ramal
- Cyclone Remal made a landfall in the early hours of Monday between Sagar Island in West Bengal and Khepupara in Bangladesh.
- The name “Remal”, meaning ‘sand’ in Arabic, was chosen by Oman according to the standard convention of naming tropical cyclones in the region.
- Cyclone Remal, which is expected to generate wind speeds at 110-120 kmph, and gusts at 135 kmph, is a tropical cyclone.
- The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) classifies cyclones broadly into two categories: extratropical cyclones and tropical cyclones.
What is a cyclone?
- A cyclone is a large-scale system of air that rotates around the centre of a low-pressure area.
- It is usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.
- A cyclone is characterised by inward spiralling winds that rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, according to the NDMA.
What are extratropical cyclones?
- It is also known as mid-latitude cyclones; extratropical cyclones are those which occur outside of the tropic.
- They have “cold air at their core, and derive their energy from the release of potential energy when cold and warm air masses interact”, according to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
- It added that such cyclones always have one or more fronts — a weather system that is the boundary between two different types of air masses.
- One is represented by warm air and the other by cold air — connected to them, and can occur over land or ocean.
What are tropical cyclones?
- Tropical cyclones are those which develop in the regions between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer.
- They are the most devastating storms on Earth. Such cyclones develop when thunderstorm activity starts building close to the centre of circulation, and the strongest winds and rain are no longer in a band far from the centre.
- The core of the storm turns warm, and the cyclone gets most of its energy from the latent heat released when water vapour that has evaporated from warm ocean waters condenses into liquid water, the agency added.
- Moreover, warm fronts or cold fronts aren’t associated with tropical cyclones.
- Tropical cyclones have different names depending on their location and strength. For instance, they are known as hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and central North Pacific Ocean.
- In the western North Pacific, they are called typhoons.
Naming of a Cyclone
- The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a United Nations agency with 185 members, and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), a regional commission under the UN Economic and Social Council, collaborated to boost economic activity in Asia and the Far East.
- To enhance cyclone warning and disaster mitigation in the North Indian Ocean region, the WMO established the Panel on Tropical Cyclones (PTC) in 1972.
- After gathering recommendations from each member, the PTC finalised the list and began naming cyclones in 2004.
- In April 2020, a new list of 169 cyclone names—13 from each of the 13 countries—was released. This list is currently used to name cyclones in the region.
How are the cyclones named?
- The countries sending their proposals need to follow some basic guidelines, which include
- ensuring that the propose name Is neutral regarding (a) politics and political figures, (b) religious beliefs, (c) cultures, and (d) gender.
- Does not offend any population group worldwide.
- Is not excessively rude or cruel.
- Is short, easy to pronounce, and not offensive to any PTC member.
- Is a maximum of eight letters long.
- Comes with its pronunciation and a voice recording.
- Is unique (not used before or after).
- The list of proposed names arranges the countries in alphabetical order and includes all the names they suggested.
- These names are then assigned to cyclones in the region on a rotational basis, regardless of which country proposed them.
CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q3. Consider the following statements regarding tropical cyclones:
1. A tropical cyclone is a rapid storm that originates only in warm ocean waters and has low pressure in the centre. 2. ‘Eye’ is the central part of the tropical cyclone where violent storms and thunderstorm clouds are present. 3. Strong vertical shear increases the intensity of the tropical cyclone. 4. El Nino events inhibit tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean. Which of the statements given above are not correct? a) 1 and 3 b) 1 and 4 c) 2 and 3 d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Q. In the South Atlantic and South-Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the reason? (2015)
(a) Sea surface temperatures are low (b) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs (c) Coriolis force is too weak (d) Absence of land in those regions Ans: (b)
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Answer 3 C
Explanation: · A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm originating over tropical oceans from where it draws the energy to develop. It has a low-pressure center which is created through the warm ocean water and clouds spiraling toward the eyewall. So, Statement 1 is correct. · The main parts of a tropical cyclone are the rainbands, the eye, and the eyewall. In the very center of the storm, air sinks, forming an “eye” that is mostly cloud-free. The tropical cyclone’s center is a relatively calm, generally clear area of sinking air and light winds that usually do not exceed 15 mph (24 km/h) and is typically 20-40 miles (32-64 km) across. An eye will usually develop when the maximum sustained wind speeds go above 74 mph (119 km/h) and is the calmest part of the storm. So, Statement 2 is not correct. · Over the Atlantic basin, it is associated with stronger upper-level westerly winds and stronger lower-level easterly trade winds, both of which increase the vertical wind shear and suppress hurricane or tropical cyclone activity. · In addition to enhanced vertical wind shear, El Niño suppresses Atlantic hurricane or tropical cyclone activity by increasing the amount of sinking motion and increasing atmospheric stability. Thus, Strong vertical wind shear can rip a developing hurricane or tropical cyclone apart, or even prevent it from forming. So, Statement 3 is not correct and statement 4 is correct. · Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
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Europe’s AI Convention – balances innovation and human rights
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS3- Artificial Intelligence, Science and Technology
Context: Scope of the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. Difference between a framework convention and a protocol and national security concerns
Why in News
- The global governance of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more complex even as countries try to govern AI within their borders in various ways, ranging from acts of law to executive orders.
What is Europe’s AI convention?
- Although there are many ethical guidelines, ‘soft law’ tools, and governance principles enshrined in many documents, none of them are binding or are likely to result in a global treaty.
- There are also no ongoing negotiations for an AI treaty at the global or regional levels anywhere.
- Against this background, the Council of Europe (COE) took a big step by adopting the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law — a.k.a. the ‘AI convention’ — on May 17.
- The COE is an intergovernmental organisation formed in 1949, with 46 members today, including the Holy See, Japan, and the U.S., plus countries of the EU bloc and others.
- The agreement is a comprehensive convention covering AI governance and links to human rights, democracy, and the responsible use of AI.
- The framework convention will be opened for signature in Vilnius, in Lithuania, on September 5.
What is a framework convention?
- A ‘framework convention’ is a legally binding treaty that specifies the broader commitments and objectives under the Convention, and sets mechanisms to achieve them.
- The task of setting specific targets, if required, is left to subsequent agreements.
- Those agreements that are negotiated under the framework convention will be called protocols.
- Similarly, in future, there may be a ‘Protocol on AI Risk’ under Europe’s AI convention.
- The framework convention approach is useful because it allows flexibility even as it encodes the core principles and processes by which the objectives are to be realised.
- Parties to the Convention have the discretion to decide the ways in which to achieve the objectives, depending on their capacities and priorities.
- The AI convention can catalyse the negotiation of similar conventions at the regional level in other places.
- Then again, as the U.S. is also a member of the COE, the convention can indirectly affect AI governance in the U.S. as well, which matters because the country is currently a hotbed of AI innovation.
- A related disadvantage of the AI convention is it could be perceived as being influenced more by European values and norms in technology governance.
How does the text address national security?
- Excepting the private sector from the scope of the convention was a contentious issue, and the text reflects the compromise that had to be struck between two contrasting positions: total exemption for the private sector and no exemption.
- Article 3(b) allows Parties the flexibility in this matter but without allowing them to completely exempt the private sector.
- Further, the exemptions in Articles 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 are broad and pertain to the protection of national security interests, research, development and testing, and national defence, respectively.
- As a result, military applications of AI are not covered by the AI convention. While this is a matter of concern, it’s a pragmatic move given the lack of consensus on regulating such applications.
- In fact, the exemptions in Articles 3.2 and 3.3 — while broad — don’t completely rule out the convention’s applicability vis-a-vis national security and for testing, respectively.
- Finally, the ‘General Obligations’ in the convention pertain to the protection of human rights (Article 4), the integrity of democratic processes, and respect for the rule of law (Article 5).
- While disinformation and deep fakes haven’t been addressed specifically, Parties to the convention are expected to take steps against them under Article 5 — just as they are expected to assess relating to the use of AI and their mitigation.
- In fact, the convention also indicates (in Article 22) that Parties can go beyond the commitments and obligations specified.
Why do we need the AI convention?
- The right to property is protected as a constitutional right and has even been interpreted to be a human right, a Bench of Justices P.S. Narasimha and Aravind Kumar declared in a judgment.
- It is generally assumed that for a valid acquisition all that is necessary is to possess the power of eminent domain power of the sovereign to acquire property of an individual for public use without consent to acquire, followed by grant of reasonable and fair compensation.
- Compulsory acquisition will still be unconstitutional if proper procedure is not established and followed before depriving a person of his/her right to property.
- The judgment upheld a Calcutta High Court order rejecting an appeal filed by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation defending its acquisition of a private land.
- The court ordered the corporation to pay ₹5 lakh as costs within 60 days.
Why do we need the AI convention?
- The AI convention doesn’t create new and/or substantive human rights specific to AI.
- Instead, it asserts that existing human and fundamental rights that are protected by international and national laws will need to stay protected during the application of AI systems as well.
- The obligations are primarily directed towards governments, which are expected to install effective remedies (Article 14) and procedural safeguards (Article 15).
- In all, the convention takes a comprehensive approach to mitigating risks from the application and use of AI systems for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.
- There are bound to be many challenges to implementing it, particularly at a time when AI regulation regimes are yet to be fully established and technology continues to outpace law and policy.
- However, the convention itself is the need of the hour because of the balance it codifies between innovation in AI and risks to human rights.
Global Partnership on AI (GPAI)
- Global Partnership on AI (GPAI) is a first-of-its-type initiative for evolving a better understanding of challenges and opportunities around AI.
- It works in collaboration with partners and international organizations, leading experts from industry, civil society, governments, and academia to collaborate to promote the responsible evolution of AI and guide the responsible development and use of AI, grounded in human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation, and economic growth.
- GPAI will be supported by a Secretariat, to be hosted by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, as well as by two Centers of Expertise- one each in Montreal and Paris.
- Membership in GPAI is open to countries, including emerging and developing countries.
- Members are expected to provide funding for the GPAI Secretariat principally through voluntary financial contributions.
CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q4. Consider the following statements with reference to Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPIA):
1. GPAI is an international initiative resulting from the fruition of ideas within G7 to promote responsible AI use. 2. India joined GPAI as a founding member. 3. Membership in GPAI is open to all countries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
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Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence an effectively do which of the following? (2020)
1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units. 2. Create meaningful short stories and songs. 3. Disease diagnosis. 4. Text-to-Speech Conversion. 5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Ans: (d) |
Answer 4 – D
Explanation: · The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) is a multi-stakeholder initiative that aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice on AI by supporting cutting-edge research and applied activities on AI-related priorities. · It is an international initiative to support responsible and human-centric development and the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). · GPAI was launched in June 2020 with 15 members initially, and it is the fruition of an idea developed within the G7. · As of now, GPAI has 29 members, and they are Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, the Republic of Korea, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union. · India joined the GPAI as a founding member in 2020, and it will actively participate in the global development of Artificial Intelligence, leveraging upon its experience around use of digital technologies for inclusive growth. So, Statements 1 and 2 are correct. · Membership in GPAI is open to countries, including emerging and developing countries. · Members are expected to provide funding for the GPAI Secretariat principally through voluntary financial contributions. In-kind contributions (e.g. loaning or seconding staff) may be accepted by the OECD. · Members will also be responsible for funding their officials’ own travel and accommodations for GPAI meetings and events. So, Statement 3 is correct. · Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
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India in trade deficit with nine of top 10 trading partners in 2023-24
Source: The Hindu Business
UPSC Relevance: GS 3- Balance of payment, Economy
Context: China has emerged as India’s largest trading partner with $118.4 billion of two-way commerce in 2023-24, edging past the US
Why in News
- India has recorded a trade deficit, the difference between imports and exports, with nine of its top 10 trading partners, including China, Russia, Singapore, and Korea, in 2023-24, according to official data.
Key Highlights
- The data showed that the deficit with China, Russia, Korea, and Hong Kong increased in the last fiscal compared to 2022-23, while the trade gap with the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Indonesia, and Iraq narrowed.
- The trade deficit with China rose to $85 billion, Russia to $57.2 billion, Korea to $14.71 billion and Hong Kong to $12.2 billion in 2023-24 against $83.2 billion, $43 billion, $14.57 billion and $8.38 billion, respectively, in 2022-23.
- China has emerged as India’s largest trading partner with $118.4 billion of two-way commerce in 2023-24, edging past the US.
- The bilateral trade between India, and the US stood at $118.28 billion in 2023-24. Washington was the top trading partner of New Delhi during 2021-22 and 2022-23.
India’s FTA with Countries
- India has a free trade agreement with four of its top trading partners – Singapore, the UAE, Korea and Indonesia (as part of the Asian bloc).
- India has a trade surplus of $36.74 billion with the US in 2023-24. America is one of the few countries with which India has a trade surplus. The surplus is also there with the UK, Belgium, Italy, France and Bangladesh.
- India’s total trade deficit in the last fiscal narrowed to $238.3 billion as against $264.9 billion in the previous fiscal.
Impact of Rising Trade deficit
- According to trade experts, a deficit is not always bad, if a country is importing raw materials or intermediary products to boost manufacturing and exports.
- However, it puts pressure on the domestic currency.
- Economic think tank, Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) said, that a bilateral trade deficit with a country isn’t a major issue, unless it makes us overly reliant on that country’s critical supplies.
- However, a rising overall trade deficit is harmful to the economy.
- A rising trade deficit, even from importing raw materials and intermediates, can cause the country’s currency to depreciate, because more foreign currency is needed for imports. This depreciation, makes imports more expensive, worsening the deficit.
- To cover the growing deficit, the country might need to borrow more from foreign lenders, increasing external debt, and this can deplete foreign exchange reserves, and signal economic instability to investors, leading to reduced foreign investment.
- Cutting trade deficit requires boosting exports, reducing unnecessary imports, developing domestic industries, and managing currency and debt levels effectively.
What is trade deficit?
- A trade deficit occurs when a country’s import payments surpass the earnings from its exports.
- This situation arises in international trade when the expenditure on imports exceeds the income generated from export trade.
- It is also known as a negative trade balance.
- It happens when there is a negative net amount or balance in an international transaction account.
- The balance of payments, which keeps track of all economic transactions involving changes in ownership between residents and non-residents, records these interactions.
What causes trade deficit?
- There are multiple factors that can be responsible. One of them is some goods not being produced domestically.
- In that case, they have to be imported. This leads to an imbalance in their trade.
- A weak currency can also be a cause as it makes trade expensive.
CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q5. Consider the following statements:
1. Fiscal deficit indicates the amount of money the government needs to borrow, excluding the interest 2. component. 3. Zero primary deficit indicates that the interest payment obligations of the government is zero. 4. The concept of effective revenue deficit was introduced in the Union budget of 2011-12. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
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Q. In the context of governance, consider the following: (2010)
1. Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment inflows 2. Privatization of higher educational Institutions 3. Down-sizing of bureaucracy 4. Selling/offloading the shares of Public Sector Undertakings Which of the above can be used as measures to control the fiscal deficit in India? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 3 and 4 only Ans: d |
Answer 5 B
Explanation · The excess of total expenditure over total receipts excluding borrowings is called Fiscal Deficit. In other words, the Fiscal Deficit gives the amount needed by the government to meet its expenses. Thus, a large Fiscal Deficit means a large number of borrowings. · Fiscal Deficit includes Interest component, Only Primary deficit excludes Interest. So, Statement 1 is not correct. · Primary deficit indicates the borrowing requirements of the govt. for meeting expenditure excluding interest payment. It is calculated by, Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit – Interest payments. · When the primary deficit is zero, the fiscal deficit becomes equal to the interest payment. Entire borrowings of the Government are used to make interest payments. Therefore, Zero Primary deficit doesn’t indicate that the interest payment on the loans taken by the government is zero. So, Statement 2 is not correct. · Effective Revenue Deficit was introduced in the Union Budget of 2011-12. Effective Revenue Deficit is the difference between revenue deficit and grants for the creation of capital assets. So, Statement 3 is correct. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
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The value of attributing extreme events to climate change
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 – Environment and Ecology
Context: While no formal cost-benefit analysis of an attribution exercise has been reported, many experts have argued that attributions are critical for the ‘loss and damage’ process.
Why in News
- A team of climate scientists reported that heatwaves across Asia, from the west to the southeast, had been rendered nearly 45-times more likely by climate change.
Key highlights
- Just a couple of decades ago, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) argued that individual weather events could not be attributed to climate change.
- The science has since evolved, albeit with all its attendant uncertainties, and now we regularly hear of researchers having been able to attribute some individual extreme events to climate change.
- Many scientific and data challenges persist in this exercise even as its outcomes are argued to be usable for estimating richer countries’ historic liability of climate-related ‘loss and damage’ and the legal liability of governments and corporations in precipitating adverse events like floods and droughts.
- However, researchers have used a variety of methods to evaluate attributability, which raises questions about whether attribution science is mature enough to be used in courts and multilateral fora.
What is the value of extreme-event attribution?
- While no formal cost-benefit analysis of an attribution exercise has been reported, many experts have argued that attributions are critical for the ‘loss and damage’ (L&D) process.
- L&D doesn’t have a unique definition but its place in climate talks under the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change has come a long way in the last decade.
- Economically developing countries, in particular those that are ‘particularly vulnerable’, have demanded the L&D fund to pay for the havoc climate change wreaks within their borders.
- Obviously, the criteria by which ‘particularly vulnerable’ countries are to be identified are crucial.
- For example, India is a developing country in the tropics and is highly vulnerable to climate change’s impacts.
- The developed world is opposed to the idea of being held legally accountable in a court for any extreme events since that could open a floodgate of lawsuits.
How were the Asian heatwaves attributed
- A team of climate scientists called World Weather Attribution (WWA) reported that heatwaves across Asia, from the west to the southeast, had been rendered nearly 45-times more likely by climate change.
- It is worth understanding how these ‘rapid extreme event attributions’ are performed.
- The most important concept is the change in probability: in this case, the climate scientists contrasted the conditions in which the heatwaves occurred against a counterfactual world in which climate change did not happen.
- The conditions that prevail in the counterfactual world depend on the availability of data from our world.
- When there isn’t enough data, the researchers run models for the planet’s climate without increasing greenhouse gas emissions and other anthropogenic forcings.
- Where there was sufficient data, they use trends in the data to compare conditions today with a period from the past in which human effects on the planet were relatively minimal.
- The data are hardly ever sufficient, especially for rainfall, and almost never for extreme rainfall events. Climate models are also notoriously bad at properly capturing normal rainfall and worse at extreme ones.
- Thus, climate scientists need to address these challenges in the process of assigning probability changes to events in the past.
- The climate models are better at capturing temperatures and temperature-related events — but again, only at regional scales, not at very local scales.
How do scientists pick extreme events to attribute?
- Another significant challenge in attribution exercises is how scientists choose the extreme events for which they will perform attribution exercises.
- When evaluating the Asian heatwaves, the WWA scientists used regional scales and different definitions for different regions.
- They also arbitrarily considered daily, three-day or monthly average temperatures for attributing likelihoods.
- Heatwaves can be exacerbated by natural factors such as an El Niño event or human factors like urbanisation and deforestation. There is also a debate as to whether irrigation affects heatwaves as well.
- Further, no weather event will occur in exactly the same form twice in a place, which means an extreme event occurring in that place will likely have no precedent.
- This is why it is easier to reliably attribute heatwaves at the subcontinent scale but not those at the level of particular areas.
- For example, the same analysis can produce different answers to the questions “was the intensity of a heatwave amplified by climate change?” and “was the frequency or return period of a heatwave altered by climate change?”.
- In the WWA report, the scientists used multiple approaches in their attribution exercise to answer the same question, and have added that the differences between them are immaterial.
- It is not clear whether these differences will be perceived to be material in a court of law.
How do extreme events depend on human action?
- The actual impacts of extreme events depend not only on the hazard or the extreme event but also on the vulnerability and the exposure of the population affected. Similarly, the financial consequences are also affected by multiple factors.
- This is not a trivial question, especially if L&D negotiations are to be served reliably by attributions.
- Considering all these challenges, we must take stock of the international finance aspects of adaptation, mitigation, and L&D.
- In particular, governments should consider an agreement on historical responsibilities to fund developing countries and close adaptation gaps, build adaptation capacity, and finance mitigation for the global good.
- The real world is severely resource-constrained. In a counterfactual world, where human, financial, and computational resources are infinite, attribution exercises are a beautiful scientific challenge and could serve as a productive intellectual exercise.
- But in the real world, we need a cost-benefit analysis based on a clear role for attribution in the overall climate action landscape.
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Q 6. Consider the following statements with reference to ‘loss and damage’ in response to climate change:
1. Article 8 of the Paris Agreement enshrines the role of sustainable development in reducing the risk of loss and damage. 2. Limiting global temperature to close to 1.5°C would substantially reduce projected losses and damages and eliminate them all. 3. The Glasgow Dialogue was established in COP 26 between Parties and stakeholders to discuss the funding arrangements to avert, minimize and address loss and damage. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 3 only |
Q. With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets. 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (a) |
Answer 6 C
Explanation · The Paris Agreement builds on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, bringing all nations into a common cause to rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen countries’ ability to build resilience and adapt to the impacts of climate change, including through ensuring adequate support for developing countries. · Article 8 of the Paris Agreement states that Parties recognize the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events, and the role of sustainable development in reducing the risk of loss and damage. So, Statement 1 is correct. · As synthesized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Near-term actions that limit global warming to close to 1.5°C would substantially reduce projected losses and damages related to climate change in human systems and ecosystems but cannot eliminate them all. Further adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation. So, Statement 2 is not correct. · Santiago Network and the Glasgow Dialogue aim to increase tangible support and finance for loss and damage in developing countries. · COP 26 established the Glasgow Dialogue between Parties, relevant organizations, and stakeholders to discuss the arrangements for funding activities to avert, minimize and address loss and damage associated with the adverse impacts of climate change. The dialogue takes place each year at the first session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation until it is concluded at its sixtieth session. So, Statement 3 is correct. · Therefore, option C is the correct answer. |
Cost Inflation Index set higher at 363 for FY25
Source: The Hindu business line
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3– Inflation, Economy
Context:
- The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) on May 25 notified the cost inflation index for the current financial year (2024-25).
Why in news
- Long-term capital gain liability on the sale or transfer of any capital asset, such as land, property, trademarks and patents is expected to be lower this year as Cost Inflation Index (CII) for Financial Year 2024-25 has been fixed at 363 as against 348 for Financial Year 2023-24.
Key Highlights
- The index for the following financial year, 2024-25, has been updated to 363, marking an increase of 15 points, which corresponds to an annual inflation rate of approximately 4.3 per cent.
- This is consistent with the retail inflation rate of 4.83 per cent recorded in April 2024.
- Taxpayers usually prefer a higher CII as it allows them to claim larger tax rebates.
- The Cost Inflation Index for FY 2024-25 relevant to AY 2025-26 & subsequent years is 363.
- The CII number for last fiscal was 348 and for 2022-23 financial year it was 331.
About Cost Inflation Index (CII)
- The Cost Inflation Index (CII) is a tool that helps account for this. It’s a number published by the government that reflects the estimated yearly increase in prices.
- This index is particularly useful when calculating capital gains taxes on things like property or stocks.
- By factoring in inflation, the CII helps adjust the original purchase price of an asset to better reflect its real value today.
- This can result in a lower capital gain and potentially lower taxes you have to pay.
Significance of Index
- Cost Inflation Index (CII) is useful to adjust the capital gains for inflation, so that the taxpayers are taxed on real appreciation of the assets and not the gains due to inflation.
- The cost inflation index (CII) is used by taxpayer to compute gains arising out of sale of capital assets after adjusting inflation.
- Taxpayers can use this to calculate gains for long-term capital assets sold during FY 24-25 and reduce the tax liability accordingly.
- Normally, an asset is required to be retained for more than 36 months (24 months for immovable property and unlisted shares, 12 months for listed securities) to qualify as ‘long-term capital gains’.
- Since prices of goods increase over time resulting in a fall in the purchasing power, the CII is used to arrive at the inflation adjusted purchasing price of assets so as to compute taxable long-term capital gains (LTCG) every year.
- It is popularly used to calculate “indexed cost of acquisition”, while calculating capital gains at the time of sale of any capital asset.
Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)
- Central Board of Direct Taxes operates as a statutory authority established by the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963.
- It forms an integral component of the Department of Revenue within the Ministry of Finance.
- It contributes to the formulation of policies and planning related to direct taxation in India and oversees the enforcement of direct tax laws through the Income Tax Department.
- The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) is the government institution in charge of enforcing India’s direct tax legislation.
- It is part of the Department of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance. The CBDT was established in 1963, and it has six members: the Chairman, the Deputy Chairman, and four other members.
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Q7. Consider the following statements:
1. The Central Board of Direct Taxes is a statutory authority functioning under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963. 2. It provides essential inputs for policy and planning of direct & Indirect taxes in India. 3. The CBDT is headed by CBDT Chairman and it comprises of seven members. 4. It is India’s official Financial Action Task Force unit.
Which of the following statements are correct about CBDT? a) Only 1 statement b) Only 2 statements c) Only 3 statements d) Only 4 statements |
Q. What does venture capital mean? (2014)
(a) A short-term capital provided to industries (b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs (c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses (d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries Ans: (b) |
Answer 7 B
Explanation · The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) is indeed a statutory authority established under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963. Hence, Statement 1 is correct. · While the CBDT plays a significant role in the policy and planning of direct taxes in India, it is not directly involved in the planning of indirect taxes. That responsibility falls under the purview of other bodies, such as the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC). Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect. · The CBDT is headed by a CBDT Chairman and comprises seven members. Hence Statement 3 is also correct. · The CBDT is not India’s official Financial Action Task Force (FATF) unit. The FATF-related matters in India are typically handled by the Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND). Hence Statement 4 is incorrect. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
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Brazil, Canada, EU urge India to submit timely notifications on sugar subsidies in WTO
Source: PTI News
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 – Subsidies, World Trade Organisation, Economy
Context: Brazil, Canada, EU urge India to submit timely notifications on sugar subsidies in WTO
Why in News
- A group of WTO member countries, including Brazil, Canada and the European Union, have urged India to submit timely notifications on sugar subsidies in the World Trade Organisation.
India’s Sugar Subsidies
- The issue came up for discussion during the meeting of the WTO’s agriculture committee on May 23-24 in Geneva.
- A group of WTO member countries, including Brazil, Canada and the European Union are also major sugar exporters like India and they allege that support measures by India distort global sugar trade.
- The Indian government has subsidised sugar exports to the world market since 2014.
- It’s also provided the sugar sector with a host of other support measures, including minimum domestic prices, stock support and subsidised loans.
- The cane price paid to farmers is also set by the Government, irrespective of domestic or world market sugar returns.
- In 2019, Brazil, Australia and Guatemala complained that India’s subsidies to farmers violate world trade rules, leading to sugar overproduction and lower world market prices.
- At the same time, India issued a robust defence of its right to support cane farmers livelihoods.
- More recently, the government admitted that export subsidies must finish by the end of 2023 under its interpretation of WTO rules.
- For the past six months, that hasn’t been a problem as world market sugar prices have been high enough for exports to work with no subsidy.
- The Indian government, though, can’t guarantee that world market sugar prices will be high enough for Indian exports to remain viable.
- The Government has therefore increased its fuel ethanol blend rate to 20% to utilise its excess sucrose.
- To ensure this, the Government has offered incentives to encourage sugar mills to invest in distillation capacity, most notably INR 165b low interest loans.
Examination of domestic support to the sugar sector
- The complainants launched their attack primarily on the basis that India was violating Article 7.2(b) of the Agreement on Agriculture (‘AoA’) by providing domestic support to its sugar sector in excess of the de minimis limit, i.e., 10% of the value of sugar production in a sugar season.
- An interesting threshold issue that arose before the panel was whether India’s system of providing support in the form of Fair Remunerative Prices (‘FRP’) and State Administered Prices (‘SAP’) that were paid by the sugar mills to the sugarcane farmers could be considered ‘market support’ under Annex 3 (Domestic support – Calculation of Aggregate Measurement of Support) to the AoA.
- India argued that there was no question of any support being provided by it since there was no budgetary outlay or revenue foregone by the government or its agents.
- It was argued that it is the sugar mills that procured sugarcane from the farmers and paid the support in the form of FRP and SAP to the farmers.
WTO Rules Against Indian Sugar Subsidies
- The WTO has ruled against India’s sugar subsidies; this probably isn’t very surprising for most people.
- The subsidies were in breach of WTO rules that govern the levels at which nations can subsidize domestic agricultural production.
- We believe India will now appeal the decision, so it still has the right to control and protect the domestic cane and sugar economy.
- They have 60 days to launch an appeal, which will then be stuck the WTO’s appellate body.
- However, this body is unable to act at the moment as it doesn’t have enough sitting members.
- The USA has been blocking new appellate appointments to protest what it sees as WTO over-reach.
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Q8. Consider the following statements:
1. Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) is an intergovernmental treaty of the World Trade Organisation, negotiated in Uruguay round. 2. The agreement on agriculture consists of three pillars – domestic support, market access, and export subsidies. 3. It covers agricultural products with the exception of forestry and fishing products, as well as rubber, sisal, jute, and abaca. Which of the statements given above (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Q. With reference to the current trends in the cultivation of sugarcane in India, consider the following statements: (2020)
1. A substantial saving in seed material is made when ‘bud chip settlings’ are raised in a nurse, and transplanted in the main field. 2. When direct planting of setts is done, the germination percentage is better with single budded setts as compared to setts with many buds. 3. If bad weather conditions prevail when setts are directly planted, single-budded setts have better survival as compared to large setts 4. Sugarcane can be cultivated using settlings prepared from tissue culture. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only Ans: (c) |
Answer 8- D
Explanation · The agreement on agriculture (AoA) is an international treaty of the World Trade Organisation. It was negotiated during the Uruguay round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and entered into Force with the establishment of the WTO In 1995. · The aim of the agreement is to establish a fair-trading system that will increase market access and improve the livelihoods of farmers around the world. Hence statement 1 is correct. · The agreement establishes a number of general rules and commitments mainly in three areas sometimes called three pillars. These are market access, domestic support, and export subsidies. Hence statement 2 is correct. · It covers agricultural products with the exception of forestry and fishing products, as well as rubber, sisal, jute, and abaca. Hence statement 3 is correct.
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