Examine the factors contributing to the formation of dense fog in Northern India. (11-01-2024)

·         Terrain Characteristics

·         River Systems

Meteorological Factors:

·         Temperature Inversion:

·         High Humidity

Seasonal Variability:

·         Winter Dynamics

·         Monsoon Impact

Urbanization and Pollution:

• Urban Heat Islands
• Air Pollution

Agricultural Practices:

• Crop Residue Burning

Geographical Factors:

·         Terrain Characteristics: The Indo-Gangetic Plains’ flat topography facilitates the accumulation of moisture, leading to fog formation.

·         River Systems: Proximity to rivers, like the Ganges and Yamuna, contributes moisture, intensifying fog.

Meteorological Factors:

·         Temperature Inversion: Cold air near the surface traps warm air above, creating stable conditions conducive to fog.

·         High Humidity: High moisture content in the air, particularly during winters, contributes to fog density.

Seasonal Variability:

·         Winter Dynamics: Northern India experiences dense fog primarily during winter months, driven by low temperatures and high humidity.

·         Monsoon Impact: Post-monsoon, residual moisture contributes to fog formation during transitional seasons.

Human-Induced Factors:

Urbanization and Pollution:

·         Urban Heat Islands: Increased human activities and urbanization lead to localized warming, contributing to temperature inversion.

·         Air Pollution: Particulate matter serves as nuclei for water droplet condensation, enhancing fog density.

Agricultural Practices:

·         Crop Residue Burning: Post-harvest burning releases particulates, exacerbating fog formation by providing nucleation sites.