Communalism

• June 4, 2024 was the day of independence from communal politics for India. In this election, communal politics has lost forever.

(Or)

• Anti – Hijab Movements

(Or)

• Love Jihad findings in Kerala or AP

(Or)

Section 103(2) of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Act 2023:

Prohibits mob lynching.

Punishment:

1.     Death

2.     Life imprisonment

3.     Fine

According to Indian Sociologist, T.K Ooman

2.     Welfarist

3.     Restrictive

4.     Retaliatory

5.     Separatist

6.     Secessionist

• It is the ideology and practice of fostering political and social divisions along religious lines.

Example:

Article 25 (2) (b) – Hindus includes – Hindus as well as Sikh, Jain and Buddhists

2.     Special welfare programmes for minorities.

3.     Minorities restrict themselves from getting mingled with main stream community.

4.     Vandalism adopted by a community against another community in response to injustice.

5.     Separatist tendency of a community to get separated from a mainstream group to demand for a separate country.

Example:

Khalistan movement.

2.     It was continued by the INC.

3.     Sustained by the Muslim league.

2.     The partition of Bengal in 1905.

3.     Muslim electorate under 1909 Indian councils act

4.     The Communal Award of 1932

5.     Partition of India 1947

a.      British colonial policies

b.     Divide and rule strategy

2.     Economic Factors:

a.      Regional disparities.

b.     Unemployment

c.      Poverty

d.     Low literacy

3.     Political Factors:

a.     Desire for political power.

b.     Deprival of power to a community.

c.      Competition for power and resources

d.     Divisive political rhetoric

e.      Appeasement politics

4.     Governance factors:

a.      Weak law and order system

b.     Failure to adopt a policy / law against communal violence.

5.     Socio-cultural factors:

a.      Caste and class divisions

b.     Regional and linguistic differences

6.     Role of Media:

a.      Media is shaping communal ideologies

b.     Spreading misinformation

c.      Hate speech.

7.     Social media:

a.      Promoting religious sentimentalism

b.     Promoting hate speech.

c.      Misinformation.

d.     Love Jihad.

e.      Ghar wapsi.

f.      Forced conversions.

8.     Religious factors:

a.      Religious fundamentalism

b.     Extremist ideologies

c.      Bigotry

9.     Academic Factors:

a.      Misinterpretation of history text books.

b.     Communal colour to the rulers

2.     Threatening national integration

3.     Social tensions

4.     Deep-seated mistrust

5.     Intolerance

6.     Hatred

7.     Communal violence

a.      Communal riots during the partition of India 1947.

b.     Razakar violence 1947

c.      Anti Sikh Riots 1984.

d.     Hyderabad Communal violence in 1984 and 1990

e.      1990 communal violence in Jammu & Kashmir.

f.      The Babri Masjid demolition in 1992

g.     Godhra incident 2002.

h.     The Gujarat riots of 2002.

i.       Assam Violence 2012

j.       The Muzaffarnagar riots of 2013.

k.     The Delhi riots of 2020

l.       Ram Navami violence 2023

m.   Manipur violence 2023.

2.     The union ministry of home issues advisory messages and alerts to the state governments on communal violence.

3.     The Rapid Action Force, a wing of the CRPF, has specialized battalions to deal with unrest, including protests and riots.

4.     Ranganath Misra Commission 2004, proposed ways to improve the lives of socially and economically disadvantaged religious and linguistic minorities.

5.     State governments can declare an area as communally disturbed and district magistrates can take measures to control violence, such as regulating assembly, searching premises, and directing people to surrender their weapons

6.     National Integration Council was established to suggest measures to promote national integration.

7.     Incentivising the inter faith marriages.

8.     Forced Conversion prohibition acts.

2.     Addressing socio-economic inequalities.

3.     Holding political leaders accountable.

4.     Monitoring the media.

5.     Enforcing the legal measures.

6.     Promoting secularism.

7.     Reforming criminal justice system

8.     Increase the representation of minority communities in the law-enforcement.

9.     Value-oriented education with focus on the values of peace, non-violence, compassion, secularism and humanism as well as developing scientific temper.

10.  Adopting Shanti committees model of Hyderabad.

11.  Enlisting the support civil society and NGOs

12.  Minority welfare schemes

13.  Strengthening National Integration Council

14.  Formulating uniform civil code with mutual consensus.

15.  Communal violence prohibition act may be enacted.