Current Affairs Reverse Engineering- CARE (08-11-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| Awards and Honours: The Hindu’s reports win laurels at WAN-IFRA Asia Media Awards 2024 |
| Science and Technology: Autonomous surface vessel completes 1,500-km voyage from Mumbai to Thoothukudi |
| Internal Security: First Integrated Check Post along India-Bhutan opened in Assam |
| Environment and Ecology: Project to monitor animal health launched: its objectives, funding |
| India’s climate policies expected to reduce CO2 emissions by around 4 billion tonnes by 2030: Report |
| International Relations: Taking stock of the International Solar Alliance |
The Hindu’s reports win laurels at WAN-IFRA Asia Media Awards 2024
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS1 Awards and Honours
Context: WAN-IFRA Asian Media Awards, 2024
Why in News
- A package of reports and a long-form article published by The Hindu have won laurels at the WAN-IFRA Asian Media Awards, 2024.
Overview
- At the WAN-IFRA Asian Media Awards 2024, The Hindu received significant recognition for its journalistic excellence.
- The awards, held in Singapore on November 6, 2024, showcased the paper’s commitment to investigative reporting and in-depth storytelling.
Gold Award for “Making Sense of the Electoral Bonds Data”
- The series of articles titled “Making Sense of the Electoral Bonds Data” won gold in the Best Breaking News Article
- This package, created by The Hindu’s investigative team, meticulously analyzed data provided by the State Bank of India (SBI) on electoral bonds.
- The electoral bond system in India, which allows individuals and organizations to anonymously donate large sums to political parties, has been a subject of controversy.
- The reporting provided an in-depth look at how the system works, its potential impact on the transparency of political funding, and the broader implications for democracy. By breaking down complex data, The Hindu’s investigative team shed light on the opaque financial flows within India’s political ecosystem, offering the public a clearer understanding of the system’s dynamics.
Silver Award for “Kota’s Crash Course”
- The “Kota’s Crash Course” special report received a silver in the Best Feature Article category.
- This feature was published during a particularly sensitive period when a series of student suicides in Kota, a major hub for coaching centres, had attracted nationwide attention.
- The story explored the stressful academic environment faced by students in Kota, who travel there in large numbers each year to attend coaching institutes, hoping to secure spots in prestigious engineering and medical colleges. It highlighted the psychological toll of the intense pressure students face, the highly competitive atmosphere, and the booming coaching industry that has turned Kota into a “coaching town.”
- The article provided a humanizing look at the lives of students, revealing the emotional and psychological struggles that often remain hidden behind the pursuit of academic success.
- It also scrutinized the broader societal emphasis on STEM education and the way it shapes the lives of young people in India.
Recognition and Implications
- The recognition of these two works underscores The Hindu’s role as a leading voice in Indian journalism that addresses pressing social issues through comprehensive data reporting and human interest stories.
- These awards also acknowledge the newspaper’s commitment to quality investigative journalism that goes beyond simple news reporting, providing nuanced insights into complex issues.
- Commitment to Societal Issues:
As noted by Suresh Nambath, the editor of The Hindu, the success of these articles is a testament to the editorial team’s belief that journalism is not just about covering stories but about contributing to societal change. By tackling significant issues like political transparency and the mental health challenges faced by students, The Hindu aims to catalyze informed discussions and promote a more equitable society. - The Role of Data Journalism:
The gold-winning piece on electoral bonds reflects the growing importance of data journalism in today’s media landscape. The ability to decode complex data and present it in an understandable way is a crucial skill in modern reporting. The investigative team’s effort to demystify the system of electoral bonds was not just a journalistic achievement but also a contribution to the public understanding of political funding in India. - Humanizing Stories:
On the other hand, “Kota’s Crash Course” speaks to the power of feature journalism in humanizing social issues. By focusing on individual stories and the psychological and emotional toll of the education system, the report made a significant impact on public discourse, especially regarding the mental health of students and the intense competition in India’s academic ecosystem.
CEO L.V. Navaneeth’s Remarks
- At the awards ceremony, V. Navaneeth, CEO of The Hindu Group, received the awards on behalf of the editorial team.
- His remarks highlighted the editorial team’s approach to news as a form of responsibility, not merely storytelling. This perspective suggests that The Hindu strives to champion causes that resonate deeply with societal challenges, such as political transparency and the well-being of students in high-pressure academic environments.
Conclusion
- The recognition at the WAN-IFRA Asian Media Awards 2024 is a significant achievement for The Hindu, reinforcing its reputation as a leader in investigative journalism and in-depth reporting on critical societal issues.
- By addressing topics such as electoral transparency and the mental health crisis among students, The Hindu continues to demonstrate its commitment to fostering a more informed, engaged, and equitable society.
- These awards affirm that high-quality journalism can have a profound impact on public awareness and policy discussions, which ultimately contributes to societal progress.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q1. Consider the following statements regarding The Hindu’s achievements at the WAN-IFRA Asian Media Awards, 2024:
1. The Hindu won a gold award in the category of Best Feature Article for its special report titled “Kota’s Crash Course,” which explores the lives of students in Kota’s coaching centres. 2. The series “Making Sense of the Electoral Bonds Data” received a silver award in the Best Breaking News Article category. 3. The WAN-IFRA Asian Media Awards 2024 ceremony was held in Singapore. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (A) 1 only |
Q. Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards. (2021)
1. Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India. 2. Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once. 3. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year. Which of the above statements are not correct? (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans. (d)
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| Answer – 1 – C
Explanation – · Statement 1 is incorrect because “Kota’s Crash Course” won a silver award in the Best Feature Article category, not gold. · Statement 2 is incorrect because “Making Sense of the Electoral Bonds Data” won a gold award in the Best Breaking News Article category, not silver. · Statement 3 is correct as the WAN-IFRA Asian Media Awards 2024 ceremony was indeed held in Singapore.
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Autonomous surface vessel completes 1,500-km voyage from Mumbai to Thoothukudi
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS 3 Science and Technology
Context: Autonomous surface vessel
Why in News
- An autonomous surface vessel built by Sagar Defence Engineering has completed a 1,500-km voyage from Mumbai to Thoothukudi under without human intervention.
Overview
- Sagar Defence Engineering, an Indian company specializing in autonomous maritime technology, achieved a significant milestone by completing a 1,500-km voyage from Mumbai to Thoothukudi using an autonomous surface vessel (ASV).
- This journey was carried out without human intervention and reflects India’s growing expertise in unmanned maritime systems.
- The project was supported by the Indian Navy’s Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Organisation (NIIO), the Technology Development Acceleration Cell (TDAC), and Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) under the Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO).
- The mission, named “Sagarmala Parikrama,” was virtually flagged off by Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on October 29, 2024, at Swavlamban, the annual event organized by the NIIO.
- This achievement emphasizes India’s commitment to Aatmanirbharta (self-reliance) in defence technology and showcases the country’s capacity to develop advanced autonomous maritime systems.
Key Highlights of the Sagarmala Parikrama Mission
- Autonomous Voyage and Technological Advancements
The 1,500-km autonomous journey is a first-of-its-kind feat in India. Throughout the journey, the ASV navigated autonomously, which involved complex technology integration such as GPS-based route planning, obstacle detection, and autonomous decision-making. The success of Sagarmala Parikrama demonstrates India’s ability to build indigenous autonomous systems capable of operating over long distances in maritime environments. - Collaboration with Indian Navy and Defence Organisations
The Indian Navy’s guidance played a critical role in the success of this project. They provided access to testing facilities and operational feedback, which enabled Sagar Defence Engineering to refine the technology. This collaborative effort was facilitated by NIIO, TDAC, and iDEX, initiatives focused on promoting indigenization and innovation in defence technology. - Significance for National Security
According to Captain Nikunj Parashar, CEO of Sagar Defence Engineering, this achievement is a major step toward enhancing India’s national security through the development of unmanned systems. Autonomous maritime vessels can play crucial roles in littoral patrols, coastal surveillance, high-speed interdiction, and low-intensity maritime operations. By reducing the need for human presence on board, autonomous vessels can help conduct surveillance and patrolling tasks in hostile or high-risk environments.
Strategic and Operational Impact
The success of this voyage marks a major milestone in the operational capability of the Indian Navy, as autonomous vessels can extend the navy’s reach and effectiveness in the following areas:
- Critical Sea Lanes Monitoring and Anti-Piracy Operations: Autonomous vessels can be used to patrol strategic sea routes, monitor maritime traffic, and respond to piracy threats, ensuring safe passage for commercial and naval vessels.
- Coastal Surveillance and Interdiction: Autonomous vessels equipped with surveillance equipment can continuously monitor India’s extensive coastline, providing valuable data and enabling faster responses to potential threats. They can also intercept suspicious vessels in restricted waters, protecting India’s maritime borders.
- Environmental and Civilian Applications: Beyond military applications, such vessels can be deployed for environmental monitoring, scientific research, and search-and-rescue operations in civilian sectors, showcasing the adaptability of autonomous systems to both military and civilian use cases.
Future Prospects
- The completion of the Sagarmala Parikrama demonstrates the transformative potential of autonomous vessels in the defence sector. With the operational success of this mission, there is now potential for scaling up the deployment of autonomous vessels for critical security and surveillance missions.
- This also aligns India with global advancements in unmanned systems and supports its efforts to build a self-reliant defence infrastructure under Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
- This technological advancement in autonomous maritime systems strengthens the Indian Navy’s ability to safeguard national interests at sea, making it a pivotal achievement in India’s journey toward a modern, resilient maritime force.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q2 With reference to the recent achievement by Sagar Defence Engineering, consider the following statements:
1. The autonomous surface vessel built by Sagar Defence Engineering completed a 1,500-km journey from Thoothukudi to Mumbai without human intervention. 2. The Indian Navy’s Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Organisation (NIIO) supported this mission under the iDEX initiative. 3. The autonomous journey, named “Sagarmala Parikrama,” was flagged off by the Prime Minister of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022)
a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space; b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface. Ans: c |
| Answer 2– B
Explanation – · Statement 1 is incorrect because the autonomous vessel journey was from Mumbai to Thoothukudi, not Thoothukudi to Mumbai. · Statement 2 is correct as the Indian Navy’s NIIO, under the iDEX initiative, supported the mission. · Statement 3 is incorrect because the journey was flagged off by Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, not the Prime Minister. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
First Integrated Check Post along India-Bhutan opened in Assam
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS 3 Internal Security
Context: First Integrated Check Post
Why in News
- The first Integrated Check Post (ICP) along the India-Bhutan border was inaugurated at Darranga in Assam.
Context of the Law:
- The inauguration of the first Integrated Check Post (ICP) along the India-Bhutan border marks a significant step in enhancing bilateral trade and connectivity between India and Bhutan.
- This ICP, located at Darranga in Assam and covering an area of 5 acres, was inaugurated on November 7, 2024 by Assam Governor Lakshman Prasad Acharya in the presence of Bhutan’s Prime Minister Dasho Tshering Tobgay.
Features and Facilities of ICP Darranga
The ICP at Darranga is designed to streamline cross-border trade and travel between India and Bhutan by consolidating all necessary infrastructure and regulatory facilities in one place. Key features include:
- Office Complex: A dedicated office building houses various officials and provides a centralized location for customs, immigration, and security operations.
- Parking Areas and Loading/Unloading Zones: These zones facilitate the smooth movement and organization of goods and vehicles, easing congestion and speeding up transit processes.
- Weighbridge and Warehouse: Equipped with a weighbridge, ICP Darranga can handle and monitor goods’ weights accurately. The warehouse provides storage facilities for goods in transit, allowing better regulation of goods entering and exiting both countries.
- Residential Quarters for Officials: This provision ensures that officials and staff have on-site accommodation, enabling round-the-clock services.
- Inspection Spaces and Plant Quarantine Systems: These facilities are critical for checking the quality and safety of agricultural and perishable products, maintaining the health and safety standards for goods traded between the two nations.
Strategic Location and Connectivity
The ICP is located approximately 700 meters from the India-Bhutan border at Darranga. This location is strategically important for facilitating efficient movement across the border and enhancing trade routes between the two countries.
- Indian Side Connectivity: On the Indian side, Darranga is well-connected to National Highway 27 (NH-27) near Rangia in Assam, a major highway that links the region to other parts of India, enhancing accessibility for trade and travel.
- Bhutanese Side Infrastructure: On the Bhutanese side, there is established customs infrastructure at Samdrup-Jongkhar, a key trade point, ensuring a smooth transition of goods into Bhutan. The Bhutanese government is also working on infrastructure improvements, particularly on the highway from Samdrup-Jongkhar to Tashigang, which is expected to increase the region’s accessibility and facilitate trade flow even further.
Role of the Land Ports Authority of India
- The Land Ports Authority of India (LPAI) developed ICP Darranga, aligning it with India’s objectives to improve cross-border infrastructure.
- LPAI is responsible for developing and managing integrated check posts along India’s borders, enhancing connectivity and trade facilitation.
- The LPAI’s efforts aim to modernize India’s border management, improve cross-border infrastructure, and facilitate efficient bilateral trade with neighboring countries.
- By ensuring that the ICP has all the necessary facilities, LPAI is enabling smoother operations, reducing transit times, and enhancing the capacity for trade and tourism.
Enhancing Bilateral Trade and Economic Growth
- The inauguration of ICP Darranga holds potential benefits for India-Bhutan trade by providing a structured entry point for goods and people.
- This initiative aligns with India’s “Neighbourhood First” policy, aimed at fostering close ties with neighboring countries and enhancing regional trade.
- Bilateral Trade Expansion: With enhanced infrastructure, trade between India and Bhutan is expected to become more efficient, encouraging more cross-border economic activity. The ICP will also serve as a gateway for the exchange of goods, services, and human resources.
- Boosting Local Economies: As a border trade hub, ICP Darranga is anticipated to benefit local economies on both sides of the border, particularly in Assam and the Bhutanese districts near the border.
- Facilitating Tourism and Cultural Exchange: The ICP also provides a formal channel for tourists and citizens to travel between India and Bhutan, which could increase tourism and promote cultural exchange, benefiting the hospitality and service sectors.
Future Implications
- The establishment of ICP Darranga is a step toward creating more such posts along the India-Bhutan border, streamlining processes for customs, immigration, and trade operations.
- This could pave the way for further infrastructure investments and joint projects between the two countries, improving connectivity and mutual trade advantages.
- Additionally, this move may encourage India to explore the development of similar ICPs along other borders with Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, as it aims to position itself as a trade and connectivity hub in South Asia.
- The ongoing improvements to the Samdrup-Jongkhar to Tashigang highway on the Bhutanese side will further contribute to achieving these goals by enhancing regional accessibility and trade prospects.
Conclusion
- The inauguration of ICP Darranga represents an important milestone in India-Bhutan relations, as it improves trade infrastructure, promotes cross-border connectivity, and enhances the local economy.
- This initiative underscores India’s commitment to strengthening regional trade and cooperation while promoting Aatmanirbhar Bharat by developing cutting-edge infrastructure that meets international standards.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q3. With reference to the first Integrated Check Post (ICP) along the India-Bhutan border at Darranga in Assam, consider the following statements:
1. The ICP Darranga was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India. 2. It is located approximately 700 metres from the India-Bhutan border and includes state-of-the-art facilities for trade operations. 3. The ICP is well-connected to National Highway 27 on the Indian side and has customs infrastructure at Samdrup-Jongkhar on the Bhutanese side. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements : 2018
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 2 only d) 3 only
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| Answer 3– B
Explanation – · Statement 1 is incorrect because the ICP Darranga was inaugurated by Assam Governor Lakshman Prasad Acharya in the presence of the Prime Minister of Bhutan, Dasho Tshering Tobgay, not the Prime Minister of India. · Statement 2 is correct as the ICP is located about 700 metres from the India-Bhutan border and includes advanced facilities such as parking, weighbridge, warehouse, and residential quarters for officials. · Statement 3 is correct as the ICP is well-connected to National Highway 27 near Rangia on the Indian side and has customs infrastructure at Samdrup-Jongkhar on the Bhutanese side, which supports efficient trade operations. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
Project to monitor animal health launched: its objectives, funding
Source: Indian Express
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/animal-health-fund-project-9658585/
UPSC Relevance: GS3 Science and Technology
Context: Project to monitor animal health
Why in News
- The central government recently launched a project to better monitor animal health for prevention of future pandemics.
Overview
- The recently launched “Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response” initiative is a significant project by the Indian government aimed at enhancing animal health security to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases that could potentially cause future pandemics.
Project Overview
- Name: Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
- Launch Date: October 25, 2024
- Launch By: Union Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, in New Delhi
- Funding: $25 million from the Pandemic Fund, a G20 initiative
This project emphasizes preventing, detecting, and responding to animal health threats to help prevent zoonotic diseases (those that can spread from animals to humans) from causing public health crises. Given that two-thirds of human infectious diseases originate in animals, this project represents a proactive approach to health security.
Purpose of the Project
- The project’s purpose is to strengthen India’s animal health monitoring and response systems to reduce the likelihood of zoonotic diseases, which include COVID-19, avian flu, and other transboundary animal diseases, from reaching epidemic proportions.
- It also aims to protect public health, nutritional security, and livelihoods by limiting the spread of diseases from animals to humans.
Funding Background: The Pandemic Fund
- The Pandemic Fund was created by G20 countries during Indonesia’s 2022 presidency to aid low- and middle-income countries in pandemic preparedness.
- With an initial investment of $2 billion, the fund’s goal is to assist countries in building capacities for monitoring, reporting, and containing pandemics.
- The fund is managed by multiple implementing agencies, including the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
- In the first funding round, India’s proposal from the Department of Animal Husbandry was one of 19 grants approved globally and will receive $25 million to support the project.
Timeline and Implementing Agencies
- Timeline: The project is set to run until August 2026.
- Implementing Agencies:
- Asian Development Bank (ADB)
- World Bank
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Key Components and Interventions of the Project
To build a comprehensive animal health monitoring system, the project will include various targeted interventions:
- Strengthening and Integrating Disease Surveillance Systems:
- Upgrading disease surveillance systems to monitor animal health more effectively.
- Early warning systems to detect and respond to emerging zoonotic diseases before they can affect humans.
- Expanding the Laboratory Network:
- Augmenting the capabilities of laboratory networks to conduct timely and accurate diagnoses.
- Establishing or upgrading laboratories to improve the testing infrastructure for faster detection of diseases in animals.
- Improving Interoperable Data Systems:
- Creating integrated data systems for better communication and analysis of health data across various departments.
- Making data systems interoperable for coordinated response efforts.
- Building Capacity for Data Analytics and Risk Communication:
- Developing expertise in data analytics to assess disease risks accurately.
- Enhancing risk communication strategies to inform stakeholders promptly and effectively.
- Strengthening Health Security for Transboundary Animal Diseases:
- Focusing on diseases that can cross borders, necessitating regional cooperation.
- Working with neighboring countries to manage and contain disease threats.
- Regional Cooperation and Cross-border Collaboration:
- Emphasizing collaboration with countries in the region to monitor animal health threats collectively.
- Enhancing India’s capacity to address transboundary diseases through joint efforts with neighboring countries.
Expected Outcomes of the Project
The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying has outlined five primary outcomes from this project:
- Enhanced Laboratory Systems and Vaccine Manufacturing Facilities:
- Improving lab facilities and vaccine production capacity to ensure timely access to vaccines and diagnostic tools.
- Strengthened Surveillance and Early Warning Systems:
- More robust surveillance systems will provide earlier detection of animal health threats, allowing for quicker response and containment.
- Development of Human Resources Capacity and Competency:
- Training programs to build a skilled workforce capable of managing animal health issues.
- Increasing the competency of staff involved in animal health surveillance and control measures.
- Advanced Data Systems, Analytics, and Risk Communication:
- Implementation of advanced data systems to collect, analyze, and communicate animal health data efficiently.
- Risk communication strategies to ensure timely information dissemination to stakeholders.
- Addressing Institutional Capacity Gaps:
- Identifying and addressing institutional gaps that may hinder response efforts.
- Strengthening institutional frameworks for better pandemic preparedness on a national and regional level.
Why the Project is Needed
This initiative is particularly crucial because:
- High Risk of Zoonotic Diseases: Over the past few decades, five out of six major public health emergencies identified by the WHO were zoonotic. COVID-19 is a recent example of how zoonotic diseases can rapidly escalate into global pandemics.
- Large Livestock Population: India has a significant livestock population of over 536 million, making it essential to monitor and manage animal health.
- Preventing Economic and Social Disruptions: Outbreaks among animals can impact human health, economic stability, and food security. The project aims to protect these areas by controlling zoonotic diseases.
Long-term Impact
- This project’s success is expected to bolster India’s position in the field of pandemic preparedness and animal health management.
- With advancements in disease surveillance, vaccine production, and laboratory infrastructure, India will be better equipped to prevent zoonotic diseases from becoming public health emergencies, aligning with the global vision for enhanced pandemic preparedness.
Conclusion
- The “Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response” project is a proactive approach by the Indian government to mitigate the risks posed by zoonotic diseases.
- By focusing on animal health security and strengthening infrastructure, India is investing in a safer, healthier future and contributing to the global effort in preventing future pandemics.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the “Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response” project:
1. The project aims to enhance the country’s capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats. 2. It is funded by the World Health Organization (WHO) to strengthen the surveillance systems. 3. The project will be completed by August 2026 with the help of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Which of the above statements is/are correct? A) 1 only |
Q. Consider the following statements : (2022)
DNA Barcoding can be a tool to: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Ans: (d)
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| Answer 4- C
Explanation · Statement 1 is correct: The main goal of the “Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response” project is to enhance India’s capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, which can help in future pandemic preparedness. · Statement 2 is Incorrect: The project is funded by the Pandemic Fund, which was created by G20 countries under Indonesia’s presidency in 2022. The WHO is not the direct funder; rather, the funding comes from the Pandemic Fund, which supports low- and middle-income countries in strengthening their capacity to handle pandemics, including animal health threats. · Statement 3 is Correct: The project will be completed by August 2026 and is being implemented with the help of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). · Therefore, option C is the correct answer. |
India’s climate policies expected to reduce CO2 emissions by around 4 billion tonnes by 2030: Report
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS3- Environment and Ecology
Context: India’s climate policies
Why in News
- India’s climate policies and their impact on reducing carbon emissions and coal-based power generation, emphasizing the progress made so far and the future outlook.
Current Climate Policies and Emission Reductions
- Carbon Emission Reductions: According to the report by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), India’s current climate policies are projected to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions by 4 billion tonnes between 2020 and 2030.
- Coal-Based Power Generation: These policies will drive a 24% reduction in coal-based power generation. This will be achieved through increased adoption of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
- Past Achievements (2015-2020): Between 2015 and 2020, India’s policies in the power, residential, and transport sectors saved 440 million tonnes of CO₂. This shows the effectiveness of the existing climate policies.
Impact on Power Sector
- Shift from Coal: In the power sector, policies aimed at increasing renewable energy generation, particularly solar and wind power, are expected to reduce the reliance on coal for electricity generation.
- Renewables in the Energy Mix: India’s combined share of solar and wind power in its energy mix is projected to increase significantly. By 2030, it is expected to rise to 26%, and by 2050, it could reach 43%. In 2015, the combined share of solar and wind power was only around 3%.
- Avoiding Coal-Based Power Plants: The transition to renewables is expected to prevent the installation of 80 GW of coal-based power plants that would have been required to meet growing electricity demand in the absence of such policies.
Transport Sector Transformation
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): The FAME I and II schemes have set the stage for a significant growth in the electric vehicle (EV) market. By 2030:
- 19% of two-wheeler sales could be electric vehicles.
- 11% of four-wheeler sales could be electric vehicles.
- Oil and Gas Demand Reduction: This growth in EV adoption is projected to reduce oil and gas demand by 13% by 2030. By 2050, this reduction could rise to 55%.
- EV Market Share Growth: By 2050, electric vehicles could account for over 65% of both two-wheeler and four-wheeler sales in India.
Residential Sector and Energy Efficiency
- Air Conditioning Growth: In the residential sector, particularly regarding air-conditioning, electricity consumption is expected to double by 2030 and increase tenfold by 2050 due to rising incomes, higher temperatures, and lower electricity prices resulting from increased renewable energy penetration.
- Energy Efficiency Measures: The Standards and Labelling programme initiated in 2006 has led to significant energy efficiency improvements in household air-conditioning. This program, alongside the UJALA scheme (promoting energy-efficient LED bulbs), has helped reduce energy consumption in the residential sector.
- By 2030, the UJALA scheme is projected to reduce residential lighting electricity use by 48%, and by 59% by 2050.
Policy Success and Future Outlook
- Impact of Existing Policies: The study highlights that the existing climate policies have put India on the right path to achieving its climate goals.
- These include scaling up renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and adopting electric mobility.
- Future Policy Needs: The report stresses that to meet the ambitious goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, India will need to accelerate its efforts through:
- Scaling up investments in renewable energy.
- Enhancing the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme.
- Focusing on energy efficiency in sectors like industry, transport, and buildings.
Key Programs and Initiatives
- National Solar Mission: A program aimed at increasing solar energy generation in India.
- FAME Schemes: These are initiatives designed to promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs).
- Standards and Labelling Scheme: A program to improve energy efficiency in household appliances.
- UJALA Programme: A successful initiative that has distributed over 36.7 crore energy-efficient LED bulbs, helping to reduce electricity consumption in the residential lighting sector.
Global South and Climate Finance
- Climate Finance for Developing Countries: Arunabha Ghosh, CEO of CEEW, emphasized that climate finance needs to flow to developing countries like India without conditions.
- He also stated that COP29 should ensure that these countries receive adequate support to continue their climate efforts.
Conclusion
- India’s climate policies have already made significant strides in reducing emissions and promoting the use of renewable energy and electric vehicles.
- The country’s focus on energy efficiency, renewable energy expansion, and electric mobility is expected to significantly reduce reliance on coal and decrease carbon emissions.
- However, to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, more ambitious actions, along with adequate climate finance, are needed.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q5. Consider the following statements regarding India’s climate policies and their impact:
Which of the above statements is/are correct? A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. Which of the following statements best describes “carbon fertilization”? (2018)
a) Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere b) Increased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere c) Increased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere d) Adaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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| Answer 5- C
Explanation · Statement 1 is correct as India’s policies aim to reduce emissions by around 4 billion tonnes between 2020 and 2030. · Statement 2 is correct because the share of solar and wind power in India’s energy mix is projected to increase to 43% by 2050. · Statement 3 is correct as electric vehicle sales in India, especially two-wheelers and four-wheelers, are expected to rise to 19% and 11% by 2030. · Statement 4 is incorrect as air-conditioning electricity consumption in the residential sector is projected to increase significantly by 2050, not decrease. · Therefore, option C is the correct answer. |
International Solar Alliance- Overview
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2-International Relations
Context: International Solar Alliance
Why in news
- The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a global initiative launched in 2015 by India and France at the COP21 summit in Paris.
Overview
- The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a global initiative launched in 2015 by India and France at the COP21 summit in Paris.
- The ISA aims to promote solar energy as a sustainable solution for energy access and climate change mitigation.
ISA Initiatives
- SolarX Startup Challenge
Introduced at COP27 (2022), this initiative is aimed at supporting innovative solar businesses in ISA Member Countries, particularly in developing economies. It focuses on fostering startups that contribute to solar energy adoption, enhancing energy access. - STAR-C Initiative
This initiative is designed to strengthen solar technology skills in developing economies. By improving technical knowledge and capacity, the initiative helps countries better implement solar energy solutions and address energy challenges. - Global Solar Facility
The Global Solar Facility aims to catalyze investments in underserved regions, particularly in Africa. It focuses on regions with limited access to solar energy, encouraging investment in solar energy infrastructure. - Viability Gap Funding Scheme
This scheme provides grants to solar projects in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The funding helps overcome financial barriers that hinder solar energy adoption in these regions.
- Solar Data Portal
The Solar Data Portal offers real-time data that can be used to inform investment decisions. By providing accurate and up-to-date information, the portal helps investors and governments make informed choices about solar energy projects. - International Solar Festival
This initiative aims to foster global collaboration on solar solutions. By bringing together stakeholders from around the world, the festival promotes knowledge exchange and accelerates solar energy adoption. - Green Hydrogen Innovation Centre
This centre explores synergies between solar energy and hydrogen. It focuses on developing green hydrogen solutions that can complement solar energy systems, advancing clean energy technologies. - ISA Knowledge Series and World Solar Reports
These reports, including the World Solar Market Report and the World Technology Report, provide valuable insights into the global solar market, trends, and technologies. These publications position ISA as a leading advocate for solar energy worldwide.
Significance of ISA
- India’s Role
India plays a pivotal role in shaping ISA’s initiatives. Through ISA, India promotes multilateral cooperation, advancing global solar cooperation and clean energy transitions. India’s leadership in solar energy and the ISA helps countries overcome barriers related to financial, technological, and regulatory issues. - Multilateralism
ISA reflects India’s commitment to multilateralism. It provides a platform for countries to work together toward common goals, particularly in solar energy development and climate action. - Solar Facilitator
ISA helps countries overcome challenges such as financial constraints, lack of technology, and regulatory hurdles in harnessing solar energy. By offering capacity-building support and policy guidance, ISA fosters the development of solar infrastructure in member countries. - Carbon-neutral Future
ISA contributes to India’s efforts to meet its Panchamrit targets, which aim to achieve a carbon-neutral future by 2070. By promoting solar energy, ISA plays a significant role in reducing global carbon emissions. - Advancing Global Solar Cooperation
ISA fosters global collaboration on solar solutions, providing policy support, technological capacity building, and investment facilitation. This helps smaller countries, especially in the Global South, adopt clean energy solutions. - Enhancing Energy Security
Through international cooperation, ISA helps countries achieve energy security by promoting solar energy, which provides a sustainable and affordable source of power. - Strategic Importance for India
ISA is an important part of India’s foreign policy outreach to the Global South, especially to Africa. By promoting solar energy in these regions, India strengthens its relationships with developing nations. - Clean Energy Transition
ISA is a key player in promoting a clean energy transition. By focusing on sectors such as agriculture, health, transport, and power generation, ISA is contributing to a broad shift toward sustainable energy sources.
Challenges with ISA
- Slow Deployment of Solar Projects
Despite nine years of existence, no ISA-facilitated solar power project has begun operations yet. The first project, a 60 MW plant in Cuba, is in the early stages of development. - Entry Barriers
Many smaller developing countries, particularly in Africa, lack the experience needed to execute large power projects. These barriers hinder the quick spread of solar energy solutions in those regions. - Dominance of China in Solar Manufacturing
Over 80% of solar products are manufactured in China. This monopoly on solar product manufacturing creates challenges for smaller markets to access affordable solar equipment and technologies. - Underinvestment in Africa
Africa, which houses about 80% of the 745 million people without access to electricity, receives less than 2% of new solar additions. This highlights the underinvestment in the African solar energy market. - Inadequate Global Participation
ISA is largely viewed as an Indian initiative, and it remains almost entirely funded by India. While this reflects India’s leadership, it also means that the organization is not receiving the broader global support it needs. - Underutilization of ISA’s Potential
ISA offices have been under-staffed and under-funded, limiting the organization’s capacity to implement its ambitious agenda. Furthermore, there has been conflict with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy in India, which has slowed progress. - Inadequate Inspiration
The failure to generate excitement and enthusiasm about solar energy in countries that desperately need affordable and reliable energy is another challenge for ISA. Without local demand and awareness, many countries do not prioritize solar energy.
What Lies Ahead for ISA?
- Rotating Presidency
To encourage greater participation and contribution, ISA plans to rotate its presidency among other countries. This move is expected to diversify leadership and broaden the impact of the organization. - Expediting ISA-Funded Projects
One of the key steps forward is to expedite the operation of ISA-funded solar projects. By demonstrating successful projects, ISA can inspire more countries to actively participate and invest in solar energy. - Scaling Up Investments
A key focus will be to increase investment in solar energy infrastructure, particularly in regions that are currently underserved, such as Africa and smaller island nations. - Strengthening Global Cooperation
ISA must continue to build global partnerships, ensuring that all countries, particularly developing nations, can access affordable and sustainable solar energy solutions.
Conclusion
- The International Solar Alliance (ISA) plays a crucial role in advancing global efforts to combat climate change and promote clean energy.
- While it faces significant challenges in terms of slow deployment and lack of global participation, the ongoing initiatives and India’s leadership offer a promising future for expanding solar energy adoption worldwide.
- Through multilateral efforts and strategic international cooperation, ISA aims to accelerate solar energy deployment, contributing to global climate goals and improving energy access for millions around the world.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q6 Consider the following statements regarding the International Solar Alliance (ISA):
Which of the above statements is/are correct? A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple? (2022)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3 Answer: (a)
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| Answer 6- C
Explanation · Statement 1 is correct: The ISA was indeed launched by India and France at COP21 in 2015. · Statement 2 is correct: The “Towards 1000 strategy” of ISA aims to unlock US$1 trillion in solar investments by 2030. · Statement 3 is incorrect: The ISA’s headquarters is located in New Delhi, India, not Paris. · Statement 4 is correct: The ISA aligns with SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). · Therefore, option C is the correct answer. |