Current Affairs Reverse Engineering – CARE (23-07-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| International Relations: Israeli parliament approves bill to label U.N. relief agency UNRWA as a terror organisation |
| Science and Technology: The Nipah Virus, Its Causes, Symptoms and Treatment |
| Polity and Governance: eSakshya: A case of the road to hell being paved with good intentions? |
| Atal Innovation Mission and WIPO sign a Letter of Intent towards building joint innovation programs in global south |
| Government issues Operational Guidelines for Implementation of ‘Incentives to DISCOMs’ under PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana |
Israeli parliament approves bill to label U.N. relief agency UNRWA as a terror organisation
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2 International Relations
Context: U.N. relief agency UNRWA
Why in News
- The Israeli parliament gave preliminary approval to a bill that declares the main United Nations relief organisation for Palestinians a terrorist organisation and proposes to sever relations with the body.
Overview
- The Israeli parliament has taken a significant step by giving preliminary approval to a bill that declares the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) a terrorist organization.
- This move is part of a broader Israeli campaign against the agency, which they accuse of collaborating with Hamas.
Preliminary Approval of the Bill
- The Israeli parliament (Knesset) gave initial approval to a bill that seeks to designate UNRWA as a terrorist organization.
- This bill has passed its first reading and will be sent back to the Foreign Affairs and Defence Committee for further discussion.
- Yulia Malinovsky, the sponsor of the bill, described UNRWA as a “fifth column within Israel.”
Role of UNRWA
- UNRWA is a United Nations agency that provides essential services such as education, healthcare, and aid to millions of Palestinian refugees in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.
- The agency has historically had tense relations with Israel, which have worsened since the escalation of the Gaza conflict.
Accusations Against UNRWA
- Israel has accused UNRWA of having hundreds of staff members who are affiliated with terrorist groups, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad.
- However, Israel has not yet provided evidence to support these claims to a U.N.-appointed review.
- These accusations have led to a halt in funding from several donor countries, although some, like Britain, have recently resumed their financial support.
UNRWA’s Response
- Juliette Touma, a spokesperson for UNRWA, stated that this bill is part of a broader attempt to dismantle the agency, describing such steps as unprecedented in United Nations history.
Reactions from Palestinian Authorities
- The Israeli vote has been condemned by both Hamas and the Palestinian Authority.
- Hussein Al-Sheikh, a senior ally of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, has called on the international community to resist efforts to dissolve UNRWA.
Nations Relief and Works Agency
- It is a United Nations agency established by the General Assembly in 1949.
- It supports the relief and human development of Palestinian refugees across its five fields of operation.
- Its services encompass education, health care, relief and social services, camp infrastructure and improvement, protection and microfinance.
- Its mission is to help Palestine refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip.
- It is funded almost entirely by voluntary contributions and financial support
- Palestine refugees are defined as persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA):
Which of the above statements are correct? A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
Q. With reference to the United Nations General Assembly, consider the following statements(2022)
Which of the statements given above are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer (d) |
| Answer 1- A
Explanation
|
The Nipah Virus, Its Causes, Symptoms And Treatment
Source: NDTV
UPSC Relevance: GS3- Science and Technology
Context: Nipah Virus and National Institute of Virology (NIV)
Why in News
- The National Institute of Virology in Pune confirmed that a 14-year-old boy from Pandikkad in Malappuram tested positive for Nipah.
Nipah Virus
- Nipah Virus is a zoonotic virus (it is transmitted from animals to humans).
- The organism that causes Nipah Virus encephalitis is an RNA or Ribonucleic acid virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus, and is closely related to Hendra virus.
- Hendra virus (HeV) infection is a rare emerging zoonosis that causes severe and often fatal diseases in both infected horses and humans.
- It first broke out in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998 and 1999.
- The disease is named after a village in Malaysia, Sungai Nipah, where it was first detected.
- It first appeared in domestic pigs and has been found among several species of domestic animals including dogs, cats, goats, horses and sheep.
Transmission:
- The Nipah virus is primarily spread from fruit bats to humans. Contact with infected bats, their saliva or contaminated food can transmit the virus.
- Human-to-human transmission has also been observed, particularly through respiratory droplets and bodily fluids.
Symptoms:
- Initial symptoms often include fever, headache and muscle pain, with an incubation period ranging from 5 to 14 days post-exposure.
- As the disease progresses, symptoms can escalate to encephalitis (brain inflammation), seizures and confusion.
- Respiratory issues such as cough and sore throat may also appear.
- In severe cases, the virus can lead to coma and death, with a mortality rate ranging from 40% to 75% depending on the outbreak.
Treatment:
- There is no specific antiviral treatment for the Nipah virus.
- Health officials often focus on supportive care, including maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and addressing symptoms as they arise.
About National Institute of Virology (NIV)
- The National Institute of Virology in Pune, India is an Indian virology research institute and part of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
- It was previously known as ‘Virus Research Centre’ and was founded in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation.
- It has been designated as a WHO H5 reference laboratory for SE Asia region.
- The Virus Research Centre (VRC), Pune came into existence in 1952 under the joint auspices of the ICMR and the Rockefeller Foundation, as a part of the global programme of investigations on the arthropod-borne group of viruses.
- In view of its expanded scope and activities, the VRC was re-designated as the National Institute of Virology (NIV) in 1978.
- The NIV is identified as the WHO Collaborating Centres for arboviruses reference and hemorrhagic fever reference and research.
- NIV is also the National Monitoring Centre for Influenza, Japanese encephalitis, Rota, Measles, Hepatitis and Coronavirus.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ | ||||||||||||
Q2. Consider the following pairs:
Options: a. 1-C, 2-A, 3-B b. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A c. 1-A, 2-B, 3-C d. 1-C, 2-B, 3-A |
Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Ans: (c) |
| Answer 2– A
Explanation –
|
eSakshya: A case of the road to hell being paved with good intentions?
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Relevance: GS2- Polity and Governance
Context: eSakshya Scheme
Why in News
- The eSakshya app, developed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC), aims to modernize the collection and storage of evidence for criminal cases in India.
Overview
- eSakshya developed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC), aligns with the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
- The app is intended to digitize evidence, making it more efficient to handle and store.
- However, there are significant challenges and concerns about its implementation and effectiveness.
Key Features of eSakshya
- Digital Evidence Collection: eSakshya requires that evidence collected during crime scenes be recorded digitally and uploaded to a cloud-based platform.
- Cloud-Based Storage: The app stores evidence on a centralized, secure cloud platform to facilitate easier access and management.
- Mandatory Compliance: According to section 105 of BNSS (Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023), all FIRs must be accompanied by digital evidence that is recorded and submitted through eSakshya.
Implementation Delays
- Infrastructure Issues: Many states are struggling with the transition due to inadequate infrastructure. Some regions lack the necessary technology and training to effectively use the app.
- App Functionality: In some states, such as Kerala, the app is not yet functional, which hampers compliance with the new laws.
Training and Capacity Building
- Inadequate Training: Law enforcement officers and legal professionals are reportedly not receiving sufficient training on the app and its functionalities.
- Skill Upgradation: Police officers need to upgrade their skills to handle and maintain digital records, increasing the workload for cyber experts.
Technical and Logistical Issues
- Internet Connectivity: The requirement for high-speed internet for uploading large files, such as long crime scene videos, poses a challenge, especially in rural and hilly areas.
- Data Management: Handling and uploading large volumes of data require robust infrastructure and reliable internet, which may not be uniformly available.
Cybersecurity Concerns:
- Potential Vulnerabilities: There are concerns about data breaches, unauthorized access, and cyber-attacks on the cloud-based platform.
- Need for Regular Audits: Experts suggest that the app must undergo routine security audits and real-time monitoring to ensure data integrity and protection.
Legal and Procedural Issues
- Chain of Custody: The delay in implementing the app breaches the chain of custody, which can affect the admissibility of evidence in court.
- Grace Period Uncertainty: There is confusion about whether there is a grace period for states where the app has not yet been implemented. This lack of clarity creates legal uncertainties.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the eSakshya app and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
|
Q. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (2022)
1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it. 2. As it aims to achieve universal, health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately. 3. It has seamless portability across the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (d) |
| Answer 4 A
Explanation
Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |
Atal Innovation Mission and World Intellectual Property Organization sign a Letter of Intent towards building joint innovation programs in global south
Source: PiB
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2034912
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2- Polity and Governance
Context: Atal Innovation Mission and World Intellectual Property Organization
Why in News
A high-level delegation from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) visited NITI Aayog to sign a Joint Letter of Intent (JLoI) with the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM).
Overview of Joint Letter of Intent (JLoI)
- A Joint Letter of Intent (JLoI) is a formal document that signifies an agreement between two or more parties to collaborate on specific projects or initiatives. It outlines the intentions and objectives of the parties involved, although it does not constitute a legally binding contract.
- Purpose of the JLoI between AIM and WIPO: The JLoI signed between the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) aims to:
- Enhance Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Develop and implement programs to foster innovation and entrepreneurship, particularly focusing on countries in the Global South.
- Promote Intellectual Property (IP) Awareness: Build awareness and understanding of intellectual property rights from the school level to the professional level.
- Facilitate Knowledge Transfer: Share best practices and successful models in innovation and IP management between India and other developing countries.
Global Innovation Index (GII):
- WIPO is a specialized UN agency responsible for the GII, which ranks economies based on innovation performance.
- As per the GII 2023 report, India retained the 40th position among 132 economies.
- India has seen significant growth in patent filings, with a 31.6% increase globally in 2022, driven mainly by resident filings.
What is the Atal Innovation Mission?
- The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) is a flagship initiative set up by the NITI Aayog in 2016 to promote innovation and entrepreneurship across the length and breadth of the country.
- AlM’s objectives are to create and promote an ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship across the country at school, university, research institutions, MSME and industry levels.
About World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)
- Established: WIPO was established in 1967 by the Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization.
- Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
- Mandate: WIPO is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated to promoting and protecting intellectual property (IP) rights globally.
- Treaty Administration: WIPO administers several key international treaties related to IP, including:
- The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
- The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
- The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).
- The Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks.
- Global Innovation Index (GII): WIPO publishes the GII, an annual report that ranks countries based on their innovation performance and IP environment.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO):
Which of the statements given above are incorrect?
|
Q. Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the:
(a) Department of Science and Technology (b) Ministry of Labour and Employment (c) NITI Aayog (d) Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Answer: C |
| Answer 4 C
Explanation
|
GoI issues Operational Guidelines for Implementation of ‘Incentives to DISCOMs’ under PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
Source: PIB
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2034890
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2- Polity and Governance
Context: PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
Why in news
- The Scheme Guidelines for implementation of ‘Incentives to DISCOMs’ under PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana have been notified by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
Overview of PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
- The PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana was notified by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy on July 18, 2024.
- This scheme has a total outlay of Rs 75,021 crore and will be implemented until the financial year 2026-27.
Role of DISCOMs
- Under the scheme, Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) are designated as State Implementation Agencies (SIAs).
- They are responsible for facilitating various measures, including the provision of net meters, timely inspections, and commissioning of solar installations.
Financial Details for ‘Incentives to DISCOMs’
- The ‘Incentives to DISCOMs’ component of the scheme has a financial outlay of Rs 4,950 crore, which subsumes the previous allocation under the Grid Connected Rooftop Solar (GCRT) Phase II program.
- DISCOMs will receive incentives based on their performance in installing additional grid-connected rooftop solar capacity beyond a baseline level.
- Specifically, they will be rewarded with 5% of the applicable benchmark cost for achieving an additional capacity of 10% to 15% over the installed base and 10% for capacities beyond 15%.
- This progressive incentive mechanism is designed to encourage greater participation from DISCOMs and foster substantial growth in rooftop solar capacity.
Scheme Approval and Objectives
- The scheme was approved by the Government of India on February 29, 2024.
- Its primary objective is to increase the share of solar rooftop capacity and empower residential households to generate their own electricity, thereby contributing to sustainable energy use and energy independence.
Key Features of the Scheme:
- Solar Panel Installation: The scheme plans to install solar panels in 1 crore houses nationwide. This initiative is designed to help middle and poor-class families reduce their electricity bills.
- Free Electricity: Beneficiaries will receive 300 units of free electricity every month.
- Financial Savings: The scheme is expected to save 1 crore families approximately ₹15,000 crore annually. Additionally, families can earn income by selling surplus power to local electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs).
- Employment and Entrepreneurship: The scheme will boost employment opportunities in the solar panel sector, including manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. It will also create new opportunities for entrepreneurs involved in solar panel supply and installation.
Environmental and Economic Impact:
- Green Energy Mission: The scheme aligns with India’s Green Energy Mission, promoting the use of renewable energy and contributing to environmental sustainability.
- Electric Vehicle Charging: It will enhance the facility for electric vehicle (EV) charging, supporting the broader adoption of clean energy vehicles.
- Cost-effective Energy Use: By harnessing solar energy, the scheme offers a faster and cost-effective method for reducing dependence on conventional electricity sources.
Government Support and Incentives:
- Subsidy for Solar Panels: The government will provide subsidies to reduce the cost of purchasing solar panels.
- Bank Assistance: The government will guide and support banks in offering loans for solar panel purchases.
Benefits of the Scheme:
- Widespread Benefits: The scheme will benefit 1 crore households by providing free electricity and reducing their financial burden.
- Cost Savings: Monthly savings from 300 units of free electricity will contribute to significant annual financial relief.
- Income Generation: Families can earn additional income by selling excess power to DISCOMs.
- Job Creation: Employment opportunities will arise in the solar panel industry, fostering growth in technical and entrepreneurial sectors.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q5. Consider the following statements:
Statement I: The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana aims to install solar panels in 1 crore houses across India, providing 300 units of free electricity each month. Statement II: The scheme will provide a subsidy for solar panel purchases and assist in securing bank loans, while also creating employment opportunities in the solar panel sector. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct |
Q. Consider the following: (2022)
Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Ans: D |
| Answer 5 B
Explanation
|