Current Affairs Reverse Engineering – CARE (22-10-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| Science and Technology: Black holes in Webb data allay threat to cosmology’s standard model |
| Defence: SINDEX-24: IAF & RSAF hold joint exercise in Bengal |
| Environment and Ecology: As Delhi air worsens, CAQM invokes GRAP Stage-2 measures |
| International Relations: Reached agreement with China on LAC patrolling, resolution of friction points: India |
| Economy– As trade gap with UAE, ASEAN widens, India pauses talks with others |
| Internal Security: What is the Z-Morh project in Kashmir? |
Black holes in Webb data allay threat to cosmology’s standard model
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 Science and Technology
Context: James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
Why in News
- The recent discoveries made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have challenged our current understanding of the early universe, especially regarding the formation of galaxies soon after the Big Bang.
Early Universe and Galaxy Formation
- The universe began with the Big Bang, about 13.8 billion years ago. As it expanded and cooled, particles gradually formed matter, which eventually led to the formation of stars and galaxies.
- The standard model of cosmology suggests that the first stars formed around 100-200 million years after the Big Bang, and the first galaxies formed within one billion years.
Surprising JWST Findings
- Astronomers using JWST found massive, fully developed galaxies much earlier than expected, between 400-650 million years after the Big Bang. This finding was unexpected, as the standard model predicted smaller, infant galaxies during this period.
- The discovery of these well-formed galaxies at such an early stage created a mismatch with existing theories, prompting researchers to re-evaluate their models.
The Study’s Findings
- A recent study, led by Katherine Chworowsky and Steven Finkelstein, provides a possible explanation for this anomaly:
- Higher Star Formation Efficiency: One hypothesis is that galaxies in the early universe produced stars more efficiently than modern galaxies. This higher efficiency could account for the presence of massive galaxies in the early universe.
- Impact of Dark Matter: The large-scale structure of the universe, primarily influenced by dark matter, would not be significantly affected by this increase in star formation efficiency, as dark matter plays the dominant role in shaping galaxies and galaxy clusters.
Role of Black Holes
- The study also examined the role of black holes at the centers of these early galaxies. These black holes, often referred to as “little red dots” due to the light they emit, contribute to the overall light from galaxies, potentially leading to overestimates of galaxy mass in previous studies.
- When the researchers removed the light from black holes in their data, the galaxies turned out to be less massive than initially thought. This helped bring the observations back in line with the standard model of cosmology, reducing the need for major revisions.
Continuing Research
- The researchers are now expanding their dataset to include more observations from JWST, which will allow them to push their analysis to even earlier galaxies and larger masses.
- This expanded dataset will provide a clearer understanding of galaxy formation in the early universe.
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
- The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched nearly three years ago by NASA, has been instrumental in providing new insights into the early universe.
- Designed to observe the universe in infrared wavelengths, JWST has a larger primary mirror than its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope, allowing it to detect faint, distant galaxies from billions of years ago.
- This capability has led to surprising discoveries, such as the presence of massive, fully developed galaxies within 400-650 million years after the Big Bang, far earlier than expected.
- By studying these galaxies, JWST is helping astronomers refine their understanding of galaxy formation, star production, and the role of dark matter in shaping the early universe.
About Black Hole
- A black hole is a region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it.
- This intense gravitational pull is caused by a large amount of matter being compressed into a very small area. Black holes form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycles.
- They have a boundary known as the event horizon, beyond which escape is impossible.
- At the center of a black hole is a point of infinite density, called the singularity, where the laws of physics as we know them break down.
- Black holes are classified into different types based on their mass: stellar black holes (formed from the collapse of stars), supermassive black holes (found at the centers of galaxies), and intermediate or primordial black holes, which may have formed in the early universe.
Conclusion
- Despite the initial surprises, the standard model of cosmology remains a robust framework for explaining the origins and evolution of the universe.
- Observations of massive galaxies in the early universe may be explained by more efficient star formation, and by disentangling the contributions of black holes from the overall light emitted by galaxies.
- Future research with more data from JWST will help refine our understanding of how galaxies formed and grew in the early universe.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q1. Consider the following statements regarding black holes:
1. A black hole’s gravitational pull is so strong that even light cannot escape from it. 2. Black holes can only be formed from the collapse of stars. 3. The boundary around a black hole, beyond which nothing can escape, is known as the event horizon. 4. Black holes emit intense radiation as they consume nearby matter, making them detectable despite their invisibility. Which of the statements given above are correct? (A) 1 and 3 only |
Q. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (2014)
Spacecraft Purpose
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only Ans: (b) |
| Answer 1– B
Explanation – · Statement 1 is correct: The gravitational pull of a black hole is so strong that light cannot escape. · Statement 2 is incorrect: Black holes are primarily formed from collapsing stars, but there are other theoretical types, such as primordial black holes, that may have formed in the early universe. · Statement 3 is correct: The event horizon is the boundary beyond which nothing can escape a black hole. · Statement 4 is correct: Black holes emit radiation as they consume nearby matter, making them detectable.
|
SINDEX-24: IAF & RSAF hold joint exercise in Bengal
Source: Bhasker live
https://bhaskarlive.in/sindex-24-iaf-rsaf-hold-joint-exercise-in-bengal/
UPSC Relevance: GS 3- Defence, Science and Technology
Context: SINDEX-24
Why in News
- The latest edition of SINDEX, a bilateral exercise between the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and Indian Air Force (IAF), got underway at Air Force Station Kalaikunda in West Bengal
SINDEX Exercise Overview
- The latest edition of SINDEX, the bilateral military exercise between the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and the Indian Air Force (IAF), commenced at Air Force Station (AFS) Kalaikunda in West Bengal.
- This exercise began on Monday and marks a significant military engagement between Singapore and India.
History and Importance of SINDEX
- This is the 12th edition of the Joint Military Training (JMT) between the RSAF and the IAF, demonstrating the long-standing defense ties between the two countries.
- The RSAF’s participation in this edition is notable as it is sending its largest contingent to date, reflecting the growing importance of the exercise.
Structure and Duration of the Exercise
The SINDEX exercise is divided into two phases:
- Initial Separate Training Phase (First 3 Weeks):
- During this phase, both the IAF and RSAF will train separately, focusing on their own combat readiness and tactics.
- Bilateral Phase (November 13-21, 2024):
- The second phase involves joint operations between the two air forces. This phase will include advanced air combat simulations and joint mission planning to enhance interoperability and sharpen combat readiness.
Participation of Forces and Aircraft
Both air forces have brought a diverse and advanced fleet of aircraft for the exercise:
- RSAF Contingent:
- F-16 and F-15 fighter squadrons
- G-550 Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) aircraft
- C-130 transport aircraft
- IAF Contingent:
- Rafale
- Mirage 2000 ITIs
- Su-30 MKI
- Tejas
- Mig-29
- Jaguars
Role of Air Force Station Kalaikunda
- AFS Kalaikunda offers state-of-the-art facilities for air-to-air and air-to-ground combat exercises.
- Its strategic location allows the forces to practice with minimal interference from commercial air traffic, especially with designated practice ranges such as:
- The air-to-air firing range over the Bay of Bengal
- The air-to-ground range at Dudhkundi
A Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) has been issued to ensure commercial flights stay away from the practice zones.
Advanced Air Combat Simulations
During the bilateral phase, the IAF and RSAF will form two teams:
- Red Team (Attackers): Assigned specific targets for attacks.
- Blue Team (Defenders): Responsible for defending the assigned targets.
Though live munitions are not used, simulated ‘kills’ and maneuvers are recorded. These mock combats help both forces fine-tune their strategies and enhance joint mission capabilities.
Strong Military Ties
- The quick return of the RSAF to India, after participating in Exercise Tarang Shakti, highlights the robust military relations between Singapore and India.
- The frequency of such exercises shows the commitment of both nations to strengthen their defense collaboration.
Conclusion
- SINDEX 2024 represents a significant milestone in the defense partnership between India and Singapore.
- By participating in complex air combat simulations and joint exercises, both air forces continue to improve their operational capabilities, preparing for modern-day warfare and potential joint missions in the future.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q2. Consider the following statements regarding Which of the following statements is correct regarding the 12th edition of the SINDEX exercise?
A) It is a joint military training between the Indian Navy and the Singapore Navy.
|
Q. Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news? (2022)
(a) It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea. (b) China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea. (c) A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defence capabilities. (d) Though International Court of Justice declared them as no man’s land, some South-East Asian countries claim them. Ans: (b)
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| Answer 2 – B
Explanation – · Statement 1 is Incorrect: The SINDEX exercise is a joint military training exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF), not the Indian Navy and the Singapore Navy. · Statement 2 is correct: The latest edition of SINDEX marks the largest contingent ever sent by the RSAF for this exercise, as indicated by officials from the Ministry of Defence. · Statement 3 is Incorrect: The 12th edition of the SINDEX exercise is being conducted at Air Force Station Kalaikunda in West Bengal, not in Pune, Maharashtra. · Statement 4 is Incorrect: While the SINDEX exercise does involve air operations, it is not solely focused on naval warfare simulations; instead, it enhances air combat interoperability and involves joint air missions. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
As Delhi air worsens, CAQM invokes GRAP Stage-2 measures
Source: The Hindu
https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/unifil-peacekeepers-under-attack/article68773775.ece
UPSC Relevance: GS 3- Environment and Ecology
Context: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
Why in News
- The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) ordered the implementation of Stage-2 emergency measures under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
Overview
- Recently, the CAQM implemented Stage-2 emergency measures under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) to combat worsening air quality in the National Capital Region (NCR), which includes Delhi and parts of neighboring states such as Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
- These measures follow the earlier Stage-1 measures that were put in place a week prior.
Key Measures of Stage-2 Implementation
- Restrictions on Fuels and Generators:
- A ban has been imposed on the use of coal and firewood, including in traditional cooking tandoors at hotels, restaurants, and open eateries.
- The use of diesel generator sets is restricted, allowing their operation only for emergency services.
- Increased Parking Fees:
- To discourage the use of private vehicles, the CAQM has increased parking fees. This aims to reduce vehicular emissions, which significantly contribute to air pollution.
- Dust Suppression and Road Maintenance:
- Measures such as mechanical or vacuum sweeping of roads, water sprinkling on identified routes, and the application of dust suppressants have been mandated to minimize dust pollution.
Current Air Quality Status
- As of the afternoon of October 21, Delhi’s 24-hour average Air Quality Index (AQI) was recorded at 310, categorized as very poor, indicating a significant deterioration from the previous day’s AQI of 277 (poor).
- Predictions from the Central government’s Air Quality Early Warning System suggest that the air quality will remain in the very poor category for at least the next six days due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, such as calm winds during the night, which inhibit pollutant dispersion.
Government Campaigns
- “Red Light on, Gaadi off” Campaign: Launched by Environment Minister Gopal Rai, this campaign encourages drivers to turn off their vehicle engines at traffic signals.
- The minister emphasized that prolonged idling at red lights leads to unnecessary fuel wastage and contributes to air pollution.
Legal Actions
- Firecracker Ban: The Delhi High Court upheld a total ban on the sale, storage, manufacturing, and bursting of firecrackers, citing the already high pollution levels in the city. The court denied a petition from the Delhi Fireworks Shopkeepers’ Association that sought to challenge the storage ban, stating that allowing storage poses risks of misuse.
Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
- The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is a comprehensive framework established by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to address the escalating air pollution crisis in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR).
- Implemented in response to the severe air quality challenges faced during winter months, GRAP categorizes air pollution levels into different stages—ranging from moderate to severe—and prescribes specific actions based on these stages.
- The plan encompasses a range of measures, including restrictions on construction activities, banning the use of certain fuels, enhancing public transport, and implementing traffic regulations to curb vehicular emissions.
Conclusion
- The CAQM’s implementation of Stage-2 emergency measures and the associated campaigns highlight the urgent response needed to tackle the severe air quality crisis in Delhi-NCR.
- By focusing on reducing emissions from various sources and raising public awareness about pollution, the government aims to mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution on public health and the environment.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q3. In the following question, a statement of Assertion(A) is given followed by a corresponding statement of Reason(R). Read the statements carefully and mark the correct answer.
Assertion (A): The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) is responsible for implementing the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) to manage air pollution in the National Capital Region (NCR). Reason (R): GRAP prescribes specific actions based on the level of air pollution to mitigate its impact on public health and the environment. a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. |
Q. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (2016)
1. Carbon dioxide 2. Carbon monoxide 3. Nitrogen dioxide 4. Sulfur dioxide 5. Methane Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only Ans: (b) |
| Answer 3 – A
Explanation · Assertion (A): This statement is Correct. The CAQM was established to oversee and improve air quality in the NCR, which includes Delhi and its surrounding areas. One of its primary functions is to implement the GRAP, a framework designed to take systematic action based on the severity of air pollution. · Reason (R): This statement is also Correct. The GRAP outlines various measures that are to be activated in stages, depending on the level of air pollution. For example, it may include actions like restricting construction activities, banning the use of certain fuels, or regulating vehicular emissions when pollution levels reach specific thresholds. These actions aim to protect public health and minimize environmental damage. · Connection Between Assertion and Reason o The reason (R) explains why the assertion (A) is true. Since the CAQM is responsible for implementing GRAP, it logically follows that the plan prescribes actions in response to different pollution levels, and this directly relates to the CAQM’s mandate. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |
Reached Agreement with China on LAC patrolling, resolution of friction points: India
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2- International Relations
Context: India-China agreement on LAC
Why in News
- India and China have reached an agreement on the “patrolling arrangements” and the resolution of the military stand-off at the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
Background
- India and China have been engaged in a military stand-off since 2020, primarily along the LAC, which is the de facto border between the two countries.
- Tensions escalated significantly following violent clashes in the Galwan Valley, which resulted in casualties on both sides. Since then, both nations have been working through various diplomatic and military channels to resolve the issues at hand.
Agreement on Patrolling Arrangements:
- The recent announcement by India’s Foreign Secretary, Vikram Misri, indicates that India and China have reached an agreement on “patrolling arrangements” along the LAC.
- This agreement represents a significant step towards disengagement from the military stand-off that has persisted for over four years.
- The statement mentions that discussions have been ongoing between Indian and Chinese negotiators, leading to this breakthrough.
- This implies that both sides have worked collaboratively to address the friction points, specifically mentioning the areas of Demchok and Depsang, which had not seen progress in the past two years.
Return to Pre-2020 Conditions:
- External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar confirmed that the agreement allows for patrolling to resume as it was prior to the 2020 tensions.
- The patrolling that had been halted during the stand-off is now set to restart, although it is not clear if the previously established buffer zones will continue to affect patrolling routes.
- The statement suggests that the disengagement process with China has been completed, which is an essential precursor to restoring normalcy along the border.
Timing and Political Context:
- The timing of the announcement, just before the BRICS summit in Russia, is crucial.
- It suggests that there may be a potential meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the summit, which could further help in mending bilateral ties.
- Previous meetings between the leaders had been limited since the clashes, making this potential meeting significant for diplomatic relations.
Ongoing Diplomatic Efforts:
- Misri’s briefing highlighted the extensive diplomatic efforts that led to this agreement. Key meetings between Indian and Chinese officials, including high-level discussions involving Foreign Ministers and National Security Advisers, played a pivotal role in achieving this breakthrough.
- The reference to the involvement of military commanders and the coordination through various mechanisms indicates a structured approach to resolving border issues.
Line of Actual Control (LAC)
- The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the de facto boundary that separates Indian-administered territory from Chinese-administered territory in the region of Ladakh, as well as parts of Arunachal Pradesh.
- It is not a legally recognized international boundary but rather a line that reflects the positions of the two countries following the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and subsequent border skirmishes.
- The LAC is a significant factor in India-China relations, affecting trade, diplomacy, and regional stability. Tensions along the LAC can spill over into broader geopolitical issues, impacting relationships with other countries.
Conclusion
- The agreement on patrolling arrangements between India and China signifies a notable development in their bilateral relations, particularly in the context of recent tensions along the LAC.
- By returning to pre-2020 conditions, both nations may be taking critical steps toward restoring stability in the region.
- The potential for high-level meetings at the BRICS summit could further facilitate dialogue and understanding, essential for ensuring long-term peace along the border.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. Which of the following statements regarding the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China is/are correct?
1. The LAC is a legally recognized international boundary between India and China. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A) 1 and 2 only
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Q. ‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)
(a) China (b) Japan (c) Russia (d) USA Ans: (a)
|
| Answer 4 B
Explanation · Exercise Malabar: Exercise Malabar is a trilateral naval exercise involving the United States, India, Australia, and Japan, focusing on maritime security and interoperability. Initially a bilateral exercise between India and the U.S. in 1992, it has since evolved to include Australia and Japan, emphasizing regional security in the Indo-Pacific. · Exercise Kakadu: Exercise Kakadu is a biennial maritime exercise hosted by Australia in the Northern Territory and includes participation from the United States and numerous other countries. It serves as Australia’s largest naval exercise, providing a platform for naval forces to conduct training in a multinational environment. · Exercise RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific Exercise): RIMPAC is the world’s largest international maritime exercise, held biennially in Hawaii and involves participants from over 25 countries, including the United States, Japan, Australia, and others. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
As trade gap with UAE, ASEAN widens, India pauses talks with others
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS3-Economy
Context: ASEAN, FTA
Why in news
- After a series of free trade agreements (FTAs), India is adopting a more cautious negotiating strategy, temporarily pausing talks for trade pacts with smaller countries such as Oman and Peru.
Previous FTAs and Their Impact:
- India’s earlier FTAs, such as the one with the UAE and ASEAN, resulted in a significant increase in imports compared to exports. This raised concerns about trade imbalances and the effectiveness of these agreements.
- The deal with Australia, which took effect in December 2022, has not yet shown substantial export benefits relative to the period before the agreement.
Emerging Strategy:
- In response to these challenges, India is adopting a more cautious approach to trade negotiations, pausing talks with smaller countries like Oman and Peru.
- The Commerce Ministry is developing a new Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to streamline and improve the negotiation process, emphasizing a clearer understanding of trade-offs and objectives in future agreements.
Objectives of the New SOP
- Streamlining Negotiations: The SOP aims to establish a standardized approach for launching and conducting trade negotiations, addressing the inconsistency in past procedures.
- Inclusion of Modern Chapters: It will cover contemporary trade topics such as labor and environmental standards, ensuring that negotiations reflect current global trade norms.
- Addressing Institutional Issues: There is a recognition of the lack of consistent expertise in trade negotiations due to frequent rotations of officials in India, contrasting with the experience of foreign negotiators.
Recent Developments and Challenges
- Trade Gaps:
- The widening trade gap, particularly with countries like the UAE, has prompted a review of existing FTAs. Data shows that imports from the UAE rose sharply, while exports did not keep pace.
- Between April and September 2024, imports from the UAE increased by 52%, while exports only grew by 11.45%, leading to a significant trade deficit.
- Review of Existing Agreements:
- The Ministry has initiated a review of the ASEAN trade agreement, citing rising imports and insufficient gains from the deal, particularly since it was signed in 2010.
- The review is essential due to tariff asymmetry in the ASEAN agreement and the increasing trade deficit with the region.
- Geopolitical Considerations:
- India’s focus is shifting towards larger markets (like the EU and UK) and countries of geopolitical significance (like the Maldives), as these regions are perceived to offer better trade opportunities.
Conclusion
- India’s cautious approach to trade agreements reflects a broader strategy to protect its economic interests amidst rising trade deficits and growing competition.
- The development of a new SOP indicates an intent to strengthen negotiation capabilities, ensuring future agreements are more beneficial.
- The ongoing review of existing FTAs, particularly the ASEAN deal, highlights the government’s commitment to reassessing and optimizing trade relationships in line with India’s economic goals.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q5. Which of the following statements are correct regarding India’s recent approach to free trade agreements (FTAs)?
1. India has decided to pause negotiations for trade pacts with smaller countries such as Oman and Peru due to concerns about trade imbalances. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A) 1, 2, and 4 only |
Q. India is a member of which among the following? (2015)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) India is a member of none of them Ans: (b)
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| Answer 5 A
Explanation · Statement A is correct: India is pausing negotiations with smaller countries like Oman and Peru due to concerns over trade imbalances resulting from previous FTAs. · Statement B is correct: The new SOP for trade negotiations does include modern chapters that address labor and environmental standards, emphasizing their importance in trade agreements. · Statement C is incorrect: The trade deficit with ASEAN countries has increased, particularly after the implementation of the ASEAN trade agreement. · Statement D is correct: India is shifting its focus to larger markets such as the EU and UK, as well as countries of geopolitical importance, to seek better trade opportunities. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |
What is the Z-Morh project in Kashmir, where 7 were killed by militants?
Source: Indian Express
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-the-z-morh-project-kashmir-attack-9630983/
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS3-Internal Security
Context: Z-Morh project in Kashmir
Why in news
- Z-Morh tunnel on the Srinagar-Sonamarg highway was in news recently as seven people were killed by suspected militants.
What is the Z-Morh Tunnel?
- The Z-Morh tunnel is a significant infrastructure project designed to connect the Sonamarg health resort with Kangan town in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir.
- Spanning approximately 4 kilometers, the tunnel is strategically located near Gagangir village, just ahead of Sonamarg.
- Its primary purpose is to provide all-weather connectivity to Sonamarg, which is a popular tourist destination along the Srinagar-Leh highway.
- The tunnel derives its name from the Z-shaped road stretch at the construction site.
What Was the Need for the Tunnel?
- The region where the Z-Morh tunnel is constructed lies at an altitude of over 8,500 feet, making it susceptible to snow avalanches during the winter months.
- Consequently, the road to Sonamarg typically remains closed for a significant portion of the winter season.
- This challenge has necessitated the construction of the tunnel, which aims to ensure uninterrupted access to Sonamarg, thereby enhancing tourism and local economy while improving overall accessibility for residents and visitors alike.
When Did Work Commence, What Is Its Cost, and When Is It Likely to Be Completed?
- The idea for the Z-Morh tunnel was initially proposed by the Border Roads Organisation in 2012. After awarding the construction contract to Tunnelway Ltd, the project was later transferred to the National Highways & Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL). The NHIDCL subsequently retendered the project, which was awarded to APCO Infratech, executing the work through a special purpose vehicle named APCO-Shri Amarnathji Tunnel Private Limited.
- Although the project was anticipated to be completed by August 2023, it faced delays. A soft-opening of the tunnel occurred in February 2024, but the official inauguration has been postponed due to the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) that is currently in place due to the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections.
What Is the Strategic Importance of the Z-Morh Tunnel?
- The Z-Morh tunnel is an integral part of the larger Zojila tunnel project, which aims to provide year-round connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh. The strategic importance of this tunnel lies in its ability to facilitate rapid movement for military personnel to border areas in Ladakh.
- All-Weather Connectivity: By offering all-weather access to Sonamarg, the tunnel plays a crucial role in connecting to Ladakh, which is vital for national security.
- Military Operations: The construction of the Zojila tunnel, which connects Sonamarg to Drass in Ladakh and is expected to be completed by December 2026, will enhance connectivity for the Indian armed forces deployed in the region. The Z-Morh tunnel will serve as a crucial link for facilitating quick access for military operations.
- Reduced Dependence on Air Transport: All-weather road connectivity will lessen the Indian Army’s reliance on air transport for maintaining forward positions. Currently, air maintenance involves the use of transport aircraft, which can be costly and increase wear on the aircraft. With improved road access, transportation of troops and supplies can be conducted more efficiently, reducing operational costs and extending the lifespan of military aircraft.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ | ||||||||||
Q6. Match the following tunnels and passes with their corresponding features or significance:
Choose the correct option: (a) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 |
Q. Consider the following pairs: (2022)
Peak Mountains 1. Namcha Barwa – Garhwal Himalaya 2. Nanda Devi – Kumaon Himalaya 3. Nokrek – Sikkim Himalaya Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 3 only Ans: b |
| Answer 6 A
Explanation · A-2: The Z-Morh Tunnel, spanning 6.5 km, ensures year-round connectivity between Srinagar and Sonamarg. It is crucial for uninterrupted access to this region, especially during the heavy snowfall season. · B-3: Zojila Pass, at an altitude of 3,528 meters, connects Kashmir Valley with Ladakh. It is vital for military logistics to Eastern Ladakh, though prone to closure due to heavy snowfall in winter. · C-1: The Atal Tunnel, 9.02 km long, connects Manali to Lahaul-Spiti and Ladakh, providing all-weather access. It reduces travel time to Leh, supporting military and civilian movement. · D-4: Khardung La Pass, at 5,359 meters, is one of the world’s highest motorable roads. It serves as a crucial route for accessing the Nubra Valley and strategic areas near the Siachen Glacier. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |