Current Affairs Reverse Engineering- CARE (11-11-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| Polity and Governance: Indian initiative for child-friendly public spaces wins Innovation Award at global Smart Cities Expo |
| Art and Culture: Gen. Chauhan launches Project Shaurya Gatha to conserve India’s military heritage |
| Science and Technology: The significance of Lignosat, the first wooden satellite launched into space |
| India gifts two water-jet propelled Fast Interceptor Craft to Mozambique |
| Mpox clade Ia has evolved to jump from humans to humans: new study |
| Social Issues: What are the costs of population decline? |
Indian initiative for child-friendly public spaces wins Innovation Award at global Smart Cities Expo
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2 Polity and Governance, Awards and Honours
Context: The Innovation Award at the 2024 Smart Cities Expo World Congress (SCEWC)
Why in News
- aProCh, an Ahmedabad-based community initiative that works in the field of building safe environments for children, won the Innovation Award at the 2024 Smart Cities Expo World Congress (SCEWC) held in Barcelona
Overview
- The 2024 Smart Cities Expo World Congress (SCEWC) held in Barcelona, Spain from November 5-7, 2024, focused on urban solutions that promote livable, sustainable, and inclusive cities.
- The theme for this year’s event was “Live Better”, and it highlighted innovations aimed at improving urban transformations, especially in areas like mobility, economy, and sustainability.
- One of the major highlights of the event was the Innovation Award won by aProCh, an Ahmedabad-based initiative working towards creating safe environments for children in urban areas.
aProCh’s Innovation Award
- aProCh, short for “A Protagonist in Every Child,” was awarded the Innovation Award at the event for its pioneering work in transforming public spaces into child-friendly zones.
- These spaces are designed to encourage children’s active participation in creating sustainable and inclusive futures.
- The initiative is run by the Riverside Education Foundation in Ahmedabad and focuses on reimagining public spaces to make them more accessible, safe, and interactive for children.
- This helps foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among younger generations regarding their urban environment.
- The co-founder and CEO of aProCh, Kirti Zala, mentioned that after this recognition, the initiative will actively recommend to the Indian government to implement similar programs under the Smart Cities mission, particularly in areas focused on improving child safety and accessibility.
- This could potentially lead to policy changes that encourage more child-centric urban planning.
India’s Presence at SCEWC 2024
- The Indian Pavilion at the SCEWC 2024 showcased India’s smart cities mission and included a delegation of around 40 people.
Other Awards and Highlights
- The Smart City of 2024 award was given to Shenzhen, China, for its innovative ‘Smarter City, Better Life’ This recognition underscores Shenzhen’s commitment to urban sustainability and smart city solutions.
- Another major award at the event was for Milano’s Mayor, Giuseppe Sala, who was named the Best Leader for his efforts in transforming Milan into a more sustainable and inclusive urban center.
- In addition to the main awards, there was a special focus on zero-waste initiatives.
- Ugo Valenti, the director of the SCEWC, discussed the efforts made to reduce waste during the event, including recycling carpets and collaborating with local organizations to redirect leftover food.
- The SCEWC organizers plan to evaluate the success of these zero-waste initiatives after the event to assess their environmental impact.
Sustainability Focus
- A significant aspect of the SCEWC was its emphasis on sustainability. One of the standout examples of sustainable design was the Czech Republic’s pavilion, which won the Green Exhibitor Award.
- The pavilion was constructed using recycled materials, such as panels made by a company called Plastic Guys from Brno, which specializes in using recycled plastic for creating furniture and panels.
- Additionally, the pavilion’s carpet was made by recycling juice and milk tetra packs, using heat and pressure without glue, ensuring a fully sustainable setup.
- Michal Cechura, the project leader for the Czech pavilion, emphasized the importance of not only recycling but also ensuring the design of recycled products is appealing.
- This addresses the common misconception that recycled products are unattractive, helping to make sustainability more mainstream.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the 2024 Smart Cities Expo World Congress (SCEWC):
1. The Smart City of 2024 award was given to Milan for the “Smarter City, Better Life” initiative. 2. India’s Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) participated in the expo with a delegation. 3. aProCh, an initiative from Ahmedabad, won an award for transforming public spaces into child-friendly zones. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (B) Only Two (C) Only Three (D) None |
Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Smart India Hackathon 2017? (2017)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Ans: b |
| Answer – 1 – B
Explanation – · Statement 1 is incorrect: The Smart City of 2024 award was given to Shenzhen, China, for its initiative “Smarter City, Better Life,” not to Milan. · Statement 2 is correct: India’s Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) did participate in the expo with a delegation that included officials like Joint Secretary Rahul Kapoor and Smart Cities Director Manoj Sharvar. · Statement 3 is correct: aProCh, an initiative from Ahmedabad, won the Innovation Award at the SCEWC for its efforts in transforming public spaces into child-friendly areas, making cities more inclusive for children.
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Project Shaurya Gatha launched to conserve India’s military heritage
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS1 Art and Culture
Context: ‘Shaurya Gatha’
Why in News
- Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan launched Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’.
Overview
- The Indian Military Heritage Festival, where Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ was launched by Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan on November 8, 2024, focuses on preserving and promoting India’s military heritage.
- This project is part of a larger initiative by the Department of Military Affairs and the United Service Institution (USI) of India aimed at fostering awareness and appreciation of India’s extensive military history, achievements, and strategic culture.
Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’
- Objective: Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ aims to conserve and promote India’s military heritage through educational and tourism initiatives.
- By focusing on both preservation and public engagement, the project hopes to make India’s military history accessible to a broader audience and increase public understanding of the military’s role in shaping the country’s history.
- Organizers: The project is a collaborative effort between the Department of Military Affairs and USI of India. The USI, India’s oldest think tank, has a long history of promoting military research and thought.
Indian Military Heritage Festival
- Event Details: This is the second edition of the annual festival, organized by the USI, and it serves as a platform to engage experts and stakeholders from around the world on topics related to India’s national security, military history, and heritage.
- Focus: The event intends to bridge the gap in public understanding of India’s military history and address contemporary security issues. It aims to bring these themes to the forefront of national discourse, making them an integral part of India’s cultural landscape.
- Participants: The festival attracted a wide range of participants, including think tanks, corporations, public and private sector undertakings, non-profits, academicians, and research scholars from India and abroad. This diverse group is expected to foster interdisciplinary discussions and collaborations.
- Key Themes: The festival highlighted India’s military traditions, current security challenges, and the government’s efforts towards military self-reliance as part of the Aatmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) initiative.
Publications Released
General Anil Chauhan released several significant publications on military history and heritage during the event:
- “Because of this: A History of the Indo-Pak Air War December 1971” by Air Marshal Vikram Singh (Retd), a work that details the air warfare aspects of the 1971 India-Pakistan War, providing insights into the strategies, operations, and impact of air power in the conflict.
- “Valour and Honour” – a joint publication by the Indian Army and the USI of India that likely covers accounts of bravery, valor, and the ethos of the Indian Armed Forces.
- “War-wounded, Disabled Soldiers, and Cadets” – a publication in collaboration between the USI and the War Wounded Federation. This book may discuss the sacrifices and resilience of injured soldiers and the support systems in place for their rehabilitation and recognition.
DRDO Photo Exhibition l
- The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) showcased a photo exhibition depicting its journey and achievements in contributing to the Aatmanirbhar Bharat mission.
- DRDO’s innovations in defense research and development are crucial to enhancing India’s self-reliance in defense technology.
In Participation by NCC Cadets
- NCC cadets from the Delhi-NCR area participated in the event, symbolizing youth engagement in military heritage and security awareness.
- The involvement of NCC cadets underscores the importance of educating the younger generation about India’s military history and values.
Broader Goals of the Initiative
- The Defence Ministry highlighted that India’s military heritage, despite its richness and significance, is not well-known among the general public.
- The festival and initiatives like Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ aim to bring attention to India’s military legacy, historical milestones, and contemporary security issues. This educational push seeks to foster national pride and awareness, and strengthen the strategic culture of India.
Significance of the Indian Military Heritage Festival
- Educational Impact: By increasing public understanding of military history, the event aims to foster respect for military achievements and the contributions of the armed forces to national security.
- Cultural Engagement: As part of the national cultural calendar, the festival aligns with efforts to integrate India’s military heritage into mainstream discourse, making it a permanent part of the nation’s identity.
- Strategic Focus: Discussions at the festival provide a platform for exploring current security challenges, defense strategies, and the pursuit of self-reliance in defense capabilities, aligning with India’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat goals.
Conclusion
The launch of Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ at the Indian Military Heritage Festival represents a commitment to preserving and promoting India’s military heritage. The festival serves as a platform for deeper engagement and collaboration on national security and heritage issues, while encouraging self-reliance and strategic awareness within India.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q2. Consider the following statements regarding Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ and the Indian Military Heritage Festival:
1. Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ aims to conserve and promote India’s military heritage through educational initiatives and tourism. 2. The Indian Military Heritage Festival is organized by the Ministry of Defence in collaboration with the United Service Institution (USI) of India. 3. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) showcased a photo exhibition at the festival to highlight its contributions to the Aatmanirbhar Bharat mission. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only |
Q. Who amongst the following Englishmen, first translated Bhagavad Gita into English? (2009)
(a) William Jones (b) Charles Wilkins (c) Alexander Cunningham (d) John Marshall Ans (b)
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| Answer 2– C
Explanation – · Statement 1 is correct: Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ does aim to conserve and promote India’s military heritage through educational initiatives and tourism. · Statement 2 is incorrect: The Indian Military Heritage Festival is organized by the United Service Institution (USI) of India, not directly by the Ministry of Defence. · Statement 3 is correct: The DRDO showcased a photo exhibition at the festival, highlighting its achievements in contributing to the Aatmanirbhar Bharat mission. · Therefore, option C is the correct answer. |
The significance of Lignosat, the first wooden satellite launched into space
Source: The Hindu
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/lignosat-wooden-satellite-9663235/
UPSC Relevance: GS3 Science and Technology
Context: Lignosat
Why in News
- The world’s first wood-panelled satellite was launched into space to test the reliability of timber as a renewable building material for future space travel.
Overview
- On November 5, 2024, the world witnessed a pioneering step in space exploration with the launch of LignoSat, the first-ever wood-panelled satellite.
- This small Japanese spacecraft was developed as a collaborative project between Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry, a homebuilding company. The aim is to test wood’s potential as a sustainable and renewable material in space environments.
What is LignoSat?
- LignoSat measures just 4 inches (10 centimeters) on each side, and weighs 900 grams.
- The satellite is named after the Latin word for wood, with panels built from a type of magnolia tree, using a traditional Japanese crafts technique without screws or glue to hold it together.
- With timber, a material we can produce by ourselves, we will be able to build houses, live and work in space forever.
- The satellite will test the durability of wood in the extreme environment of space where temperatures fluctuate from -100 to 100 degrees Celsius every 45 minutes, even as objects traverse through sunlight and darkness.
Key Facts about LignoSat
- Purpose: LignoSat is designed to test the feasibility of wood as a building material for future space travel.
- Dimensions and Weight: The satellite measures 4 inches (10 cm) on each side and weighs approximately 900 grams.
- Structure: The satellite features panels made from a specific type of magnolia wood, crafted using a traditional Japanese technique that doesn’t require screws or glue. The name “LignoSat” is derived from “lignum,” the Latin word for wood.
Scientific Objectives
LignoSat will be in orbit for six months, and during this time, it will gather data on how wood behaves in the harsh conditions of space. The satellite’s sensors will monitor the following factors:
- Temperature Resistance: In space, temperatures fluctuate drastically—from as low as -100°C to 100°C every 45 minutes as objects pass through areas of sunlight and shadow. LignoSat will test whether wood can endure these rapid temperature changes.
- Radiation Shielding: The experiment will examine wood’s potential to shield electronic components from harmful space radiation, a capability vital for satellite longevity.
- Durability and Degradation: Without the presence of water and oxygen, which typically cause wood to rot on Earth, researchers want to observe if wood is more durable in space.
Why Wood?
- Wood is not new in the aerospace industry. Historically, wooden structures have been used in aircraft, particularly in the early 1900s.
- Furthermore, cork—a type of wood—is used on spacecraft exteriors to protect them during re-entry, as it helps absorb and dissipate heat effectively.
- In this project, the magnolia wood used in LignoSat’s construction is expected to withstand space conditions. If successful, wood could become a renewable alternative to metals commonly used in satellite construction, such as aluminum.
Potential Benefits of Wood in Space Exploration
- Sustainability: Wood is renewable and could be cultivated to meet future needs, allowing for a sustainable building material in space environments.
- Reduced Environmental Impact: Conventional aluminum satellites burn up in Earth’s atmosphere upon re-entry, releasing aluminum oxides that can harm the ozone layer. Wood, on the other hand, would disintegrate without producing harmful pollutants, presenting a less damaging alternative to traditional materials.
- Space Waste Management: With the rapid increase in satellites—especially with mega-constellations like SpaceX’s Starlink network—space debris is a growing concern. Wood could offer a safer, biodegradable option, potentially reducing the environmental footprint of satellite decommissioning.
Future Ambitions of the LignoSat Team
- The team, led by astronaut Takao Doi and Kyoto University researchers, envisions expanding the role of wood in space exploration.
- They aim to test and prove wood as a “space-grade” material and explore the long-term possibility of constructing habitats, satellites, and even timber structures on the Moon or Mars in the next few decades.
Significance of LignoSat’s Mission
- This experiment is a promising venture in the quest for more sustainable space solutions. Researchers hope that LignoSat’s mission will demonstrate wood’s viability as a structural material in space, encouraging more eco-friendly satellite designs.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q3 Consider the following statements regarding the world’s first wood-panelled satellite, LignoSat:
1. LignoSat was developed by Kyoto University in collaboration with Sumitomo Forestry to test wood’s durability in space. 2. LignoSat’s primary objective is to assess the feasibility of using wood as a renewable material for space structures. 3. Wood has never been used in aerospace technology prior to LignoSat. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only
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Q. With reference to ‘Astrosat’,’ the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) 1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space. 2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below. [a] 1 only [b] 2 only [c] Both 1 and 2 [d] Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: D
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| Answer 3– A
Explanation – · Statement 1 is correct as LignoSat was developed by Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry. · Statement 2 is also correct since one of LignoSat’s goals is to test wood as a sustainable material for space. · Statement 3 is incorrect. Wood, specifically cork, has been used in aerospace, such as in the outer shells of re-entry vehicles, making it not the first instance of wood in aerospace. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |
India gifts two water-jet propelled Fast Interceptor Craft to Mozambique
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS 3 Defence Technology
Context: Water-jet propelled Fast Interceptor Craft (FIC)
Why in News
- India gifted two water-jet propelled Fast Interceptor Craft (FIC) to Mozambique as part of capacity-building engagements with friendly foreign nations in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Overview
- India’s recent gifting of two water-jet propelled Fast Interceptor Craft (FIC) to Mozambique on November 9, 2024, is part of India’s broader initiative to build maritime security capabilities and strengthen relationships with Indian Ocean Region (IOR) nations.
- This move highlights India’s role in enhancing regional security and providing humanitarian assistance in times of need.
Key Highlights of the Fast Interceptor Craft (FIC) Handover
- Ceremony and Officials Involved:
- The handover of the FICs took place with key representatives from both India and Mozambique. India’s High Commissioner to Mozambique, Robert Shetkintong, India’s newly appointed Defence Adviser in Maputo, Col Puneet Attri, and Commander Rajan Chib, Commanding Officer of INS Gharial (the ship that transported the vessels) were present. Mozambique’s Ministry of National Defence Permanent Secretary, Augusto Casimiro Mueio, formally accepted the vessels on behalf of the Mozambican government.
- Technical Capabilities of the FICs:
- The Fast Interceptor Craft are high-speed, water-jet-propelled vessels, which can reach a top speed of 45 knots and travel a range of 200 nautical miles at 12 knots.
- They are designed for rapid-response missions and are equipped with machine guns, bullet-resistant cabins, and can accommodate a crew of five personnel.
- These vessels are intended to significantly bolster Mozambique’s capacity to counter maritime threats, such as terrorism and insurgency, especially in the conflict-affected Cabo Delgado region.
- Historical Background of India’s Support to Mozambique:
- Previous Maritime Gifts: India has previously donated similar vessels and other support to Mozambique. In 2019, India provided two large interceptor vessels, followed by two more FICs in 2022.
- Training Support: Alongside the gifting of vessels, India has consistently supported training initiatives for Mozambique’s security forces. Indian Coast Guard teams based in Mozambique provide hands-on training in the operation and maintenance of Indian-donated vessels.
- Simulated Training Equipment: India also gifted an infantry weapons training simulator in 2023, enhancing Mozambique’s defense training facilities near Maputo.
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
- COVID-19 Pandemic Support:
- During the COVID-19 pandemic, India supplied over a million doses of the Covishield vaccine to Mozambique as part of the global COVAX program, including a direct donation of 100,000 doses.
- Cyclone Idai Response (March 2019):
- In response to the Cyclone Idai disaster, which caused severe flooding and loss of life in Mozambique’s Sofala province, Indian Naval Ships (INS Sujata and Shardul) and an Indian Coast Guard vessel (Sarathi) were diverted to provide immediate assistance.
- Over two weeks, Indian forces rescued over 200 civilians, provided emergency medical treatment to more than 2,300 individuals, and distributed 10 tonnes of food supplies to flood-affected areas.
Strengthening Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Region
India’s support to Mozambique reflects a broader strategy of fostering security and stability in the Indian Ocean Region:
- Joint Surveillance and Port Visits:
- Indian warships have been making regular port calls at key Mozambican ports like Maputo, Beira, and Nacala to build stronger maritime security ties.
- The Indian Navy has also engaged in Joint Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Surveillance missions with the Mozambique Navy to combat illegal fishing, human trafficking, and maritime terrorism, while also conducting harbor and sea training for Mozambique’s naval personnel.
- IMT Trilateral Exercise:
- In March 2023, Indian Naval Ships (INS Tir and Sujata) participated in the second India-Mozambique-Tanzania (IMT) Trilateral Exercise at Nacala. The trilateral exercise focuses on enhancing maritime cooperation, countering piracy, and improving regional naval interoperability.
- India’s Role as a Preferred Partner:
- Many IOR nations regard India as a preferred partner for maritime security and disaster relief due to its proactive approach in providing capacity-building support, humanitarian aid, and training.
- Indian initiatives in the region aim to build self-reliant (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) military capabilities in allied nations, contributing to regional stability and creating a resilient maritime security framework.
Conclusion
- India’s engagement with Mozambique, particularly the gifting of Fast Interceptor Craft, is emblematic of India’s commitment to building strategic partnerships and fostering security in the Indian Ocean Region.
- These efforts not only enhance Mozambique’s maritime capabilities but also reinforce India’s role as a responsible regional power, dedicated to promoting peace, security, and sustainable development across the region.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. With reference to India’s recent defense and capacity-building engagement with Mozambique, consider the following statements:
1. India recently gifted two Fast Interceptor Craft (FIC) to Mozambique to enhance its maritime security capabilities. 2. The Fast Interceptor Craft are fully made in India, including their engines and advanced weaponry. 3. India has also been involved in providing humanitarian assistance to Mozambique, such as during the Cyclone Idai disaster in 2019. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (A) 1 and 2 only
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Q. Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017)
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy. 2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: (b) |
| Answer 4- B
Explanation · Statement 1 is correct. India recently gifted two Fast Interceptor Craft (FIC) to Mozambique as part of its engagement in enhancing maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region. · Statement 2 is incorrect. While the FICs were provided by India, the question does not specify that they are fully made in India, nor does it state that all parts, including engines and weaponry, are indigenous. · Statement 3 is correct. India provided humanitarian assistance to Mozambique during the Cyclone Idai disaster in 2019, showcasing its commitment to regional support and security. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
Mpox clade Ia has evolved to jump from humans to humans: new study
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3- Diseases, Science and Technology
Context: Clade Ia of the mpox virus
Why in News
- The recent discovery of human-to-human transmission in Clade Ia of the mpox virus, along with evolving mutations, raises new public health concerns despite ongoing vaccination efforts in Africa.
Overview
- Since the global eradication of smallpox in 1980, scientists have been aware of the potential for other poxviruses to pose health risks, and among these, mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) has received special attention.
- Mpox is prevalent in West and Central Africa, and the World Health Assembly’s post-smallpox eradication policies included the monitoring of mpox in these regions. Despite efforts to contain it, mpox has seen outbreaks over recent years that have raised international concern.
- In 2022-2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a worldwide mpox outbreak a ‘public health emergency of international concern’ due to the spread of the virus across continents.
- This declaration mobilized global support, with numerous countries pledging vaccines to 15 affected African nations, including some that had never previously reported mpox cases.
- Despite these efforts, a shortage of vaccine doses has forced these countries to prioritize their vaccination campaigns, focusing on the most vulnerable populations.
Clades of Mpox Virus and Recent Developments
Mpox is divided into two main clades (groups): Clade I and Clade II, with each clade further subdivided:
- Clade I (Subclades Ia and Ib): Primarily found in Central Africa, with Clade Ib as a recent cause of infections. The Clade Ia virus has long been known but previously only caused limited, sporadic human infections, typically through animal-to-human transmission.
- Clade II (Subclades IIa and IIb): IIb was responsible for the 2022 global outbreak and continues to circulate in parts of Africa. Little is known about IIa, except that it causes infections in West Africa.
Historically, Clade Ia only transmitted from animals to humans without sustained human-to-human transmission. However, recent research suggests Clade Ia might have developed the ability for human-to-human transmission, marking a potential shift in its behavior and raising new public health concerns.
How Mpox Mutates
- Viruses mutate as they replicate, introducing changes in their genetic code through enzymes called polymerases, which replicate the virus’s DNA or RNA.
- When a virus infects a host, polymerase enzymes copy its genetic material to produce new virus particles.
- Occasionally, these enzymes make errors, or mutations, which can alter the virus’s characteristics, potentially making it more infectious or resilient.
- RNA viruses, such as HIV and influenza, mutate rapidly as their polymerases make frequent mistakes. DNA viruses, like those in the pox family, mutate at a slower rate, partly because their polymerases include an error-correction mechanism called proof-reading, which reduces mutation rates to about one error every three years.
- This slow mutation rate has traditionally limited the mpox virus’s evolution, allowing it to remain relatively stable over time.
Role of APOBEC Proteins in Viral Mutation
- In addition to viral polymerases, the immune system also induces mutations in viral DNA. The APOBEC (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme, Catalytic Polypeptide-like) family of proteins can introduce mutations as a defense mechanism.
- APOBEC proteins alter viral DNA by changing one of its four base units, cytosine, to another base, thymine. This selective editing can sometimes harm or even disable viruses.
- In 2023, a study published in Science demonstrated that APOBEC proteins were largely responsible for mutations in the mpox virus, as the pattern of mutations matched APOBEC’s specific cytosine-to-thymine editing.
- This analysis suggested that the virus was circulating within human populations in Africa since 2016, with human immune responses contributing to these mutations.
- This is significant as it indicates human-to-human transmission, explaining why mpox Clade IIb persisted and spread beyond Africa in the 2022 outbreak.
Recent Findings on Clade Ia
- A recent preprint study published on Virologica provides evidence that Clade Ia, traditionally limited to animal-to-human transmission, now also shows signs of human-to-human transmission.
- Researchers found that about 63% of mutations in current Clade Ia infections match those caused by APOBEC activity.
- This strongly suggests that these mutations occurred as the virus replicated in humans, confirming a new pattern of transmission.
Implications of Human-to-Human Transmission
- While Clade Ia’s ability to spread between humans does not immediately impact current vaccination strategies, it raises concerns due to the varied response of different mpox clades to antiviral drugs.
- Since Clade Ia and Clade II have distinct properties, they may require different treatment approaches.
Current Efforts and Challenges in Containment
- Africa’s vaccination campaign against mpox is underway, although the limited supply of vaccines poses challenges.
- With Clade Ia now potentially spreading within human populations, there is an increased need for monitoring and developing strategies to contain the virus.
- African nations are hopeful that targeted vaccination will help stem the spread of the virus, but the emergence of multiple clades capable of human-to-human transmission adds complexity to the ongoing containment efforts.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q5. With reference to the recent developments in mpox (monkeypox) virus, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above are correct? A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. Which of the following statements is / are correct?(2013) 1. Viruses lack enzymes necessary for the generation of energy. 2. Viruses can be cultured in any synthetic medium. 3. Viruses are transmitted from one organism to another by biological vectors only. Select the correct answer using the codes given below. [A] 1 only [B] 2 and 3 only [C] 1 and 3 only [D] 1, 2 and 3 Answer: A
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| Answer 5- A
Explanation · Statement 1 is correct: Clade Ia was historically known to cause sporadic infections, often transmitted from animals to humans. However, recent research has shown that this clade has evolved to allow human-to-human transmission as well. A preprint posted in October 2023 reported evidence that the DNA of Clade Ia viruses from the current outbreak bears signs of human-to-human transmission. Statement 2 is correct: APOBEC proteins, which are part of the human immune system, can introduce mutations into viral DNA during the process of replication. These mutations can affect the virus’s ability to infect and spread. In the case of mpox, research has shown that APOBEC proteins introduced many mutations in the viral DNA, especially in Clade IIb, which contributed to its human-to-human transmission since 2016. · Statement 3 is incorrect: The 2022-2023 outbreak was primarily caused by Clade IIb, not Clade IIa. Clade IIb was responsible for the widespread outbreak that began in 2022, and it continues to cause infections in parts of Africa. Clade IIa, on the other hand, is associated with infections in Western Africa, but it did not play the leading role in the recent global outbreak. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |
What are the costs of population decline?
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS1 –Social Issues, Demography
Context: Demographic Situation in Southern India
Why in news
- The Chief Ministers of both Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu expressed concerns about the low fertility rates in their States recently.
Overview
- The demographic situation in Southern India has evolved significantly due to decades of family planning efforts that have led to a rapid decline in fertility rates, especially in states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
- Fertility rates in these states are currently below replacement level, meaning fewer children are being born than needed to replace the current population, which poses challenges for future population growth and the economy.
Key Findings
- Total Fertility Rates (TFR):
- As of recent data, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal recorded fertility rates of 1.4 between 2019-2021, while Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh had a fertility rate of 1.5. This is significantly lower than the replacement fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman. States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have much higher fertility rates (e.g., Bihar at 3), contributing to the demographic disparity in India.
- Ageing Population:
- The population in Southern states is ageing faster due to lower birth rates. For instance, Kerala had 16.5% of its population as elderly in 2021, which is projected to rise to 22.8% by 2036. Similarly, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh will have significant proportions of their population above 60 in the coming decades. In contrast, northern states like Bihar have much younger populations.
Economic Impact of an Ageing Population
The economic impact of an ageing population is multifaceted, and it primarily revolves around the old age dependency ratio (OADR), which indicates the number of elderly people for every 100 working-age individuals (18 to 59 years).
- Old Age Dependency Ratio (OADR):
- In 2021, Kerala had an OADR of 26.1, meaning for every 100 working-age individuals, there were 26 elderly individuals dependent on them. By 2036, the number is expected to increase further. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh also have high OADR figures, indicating that these states’ populations are already moving past the demographic dividend phase, where they once had a large proportion of working-age people.
- Slowing Economic Growth:
- The low fertility rates imply fewer young workers entering the workforce, while the elderly population grows, leading to increased health and social security costs. This will strain public finances, especially in states with an ageing population. In the Southern States, which have higher rates of healthcare expenditure, this will put additional pressure on their economies.
- Health Expenses:
- The southern states, which represent only 20% of India’s total population, spent 32% of the total out-of-pocket expenditure on cardiovascular diseases in 2017-18, highlighting a significant burden on healthcare costs due to the ageing population.
Pro-Natalist Policies: Will They Work?
In response to concerns about the ageing population and declining fertility rates, some Southern state leaders, such as Andhra Pradesh’s CM N. Chandrababu Naidu, have proposed pro-natalist policies that incentivize higher birth rates through financial incentives and support for larger families. However, the effectiveness of such policies remains uncertain for several reasons:
- Effectiveness of Pro-Natalist Policies:
- Internationally, pro-natalist policies (such as providing incentives for having more children) have shown limited success. Educated women, who are a key demographic in the southern states, are more likely to delay childbirth or choose fewer children in favor of their careers or personal goals. Policies that merely incentivize fertility may not address the deeper socio-economic factors at play.
- Work-Family Policies:
- Dr. Srinivas Goli, an expert on population studies, suggests that the focus should shift from purely financial incentives to better work-family policies, including paid maternity and paternity leave, accessible childcare, and policies that reduce the “motherhood penalty.” These measures would enable women to balance work and family life, encouraging higher fertility rates without sacrificing economic independence.
- Gender Equity:
- Countries and states with better gender equity tend to maintain fertility rates at more sustainable levels. When women are not penalized economically or socially for having children, they are more likely to choose to have children. Improving gender equity in Southern India might therefore help address declining fertility rates.
Political Implications: The Impact of Delimitation
The population imbalance between Southern and Northern India has significant political implications, especially with the upcoming delimitation exercise, which will redraw the constituencies in the Lok Sabha after 2026. This will be based on the population of states, which could result in shifting political representation:
- Impact on Southern States:
- Southern states with declining populations like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh are expected to lose seats in the Lok Sabha. For example, Tamil Nadu could lose 9 seats, Kerala 6 seats, and Andhra Pradesh 5 seats, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are likely to gain seats due to their growing populations.
- Political Discontent:
- The southern states, which have historically contributed more to India’s economic growth and tax revenues, feel shortchanged in terms of their representation in the central government’s resource-sharing mechanisms. This imbalance could intensify political friction, as the southern states perceive themselves as losing out on political power due to their lower fertility rates.
Solutions to Address the Ageing Population Problem
Several solutions are being considered to address the challenges posed by an ageing population:
- Increase Working Lifespan:
- Extending the working lifespan, such as raising the retirement age, could help reduce the old age dependency ratio. This would allow older people to remain active in the workforce for longer, thereby alleviating some of the pressure on the younger workforce.
- Migration Policies:
- Southern states have become hubs for economic migrants, particularly from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, who move to these states for employment opportunities. While these migrants contribute to the workforce, they also bring their demographic profiles with them, which complicates the political and financial resource distribution. Addressing this issue could help Southern states better manage the challenges of an ageing population.
- Improved Health and Social Security:
- Investing in healthcare infrastructure, particularly for the elderly, and improving social security schemes will help Southern states manage the growing number of elderly people, reducing the financial burden on families and the state.
Conclusion
- The demographic changes in Southern India present both challenges and opportunities.
- While lower fertility rates and an ageing population may strain economies and political systems, carefully designed policies that promote gender equality, improve work-family balance, and manage migration effectively could help mitigate the effects.
- The pro-natalist policies being considered by Southern states may not be the panacea, but a comprehensive approach involving structural changes in labor, healthcare, and social policies may prove more effective in addressing the region’s demographic shifts.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q6. Consider the following statements regarding fertility rates and demographic transitions in India:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A) 1 and 2 only
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Q. The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple? (2022)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3 Answer: (a)
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| Answer 6- A
Explanation · Statement 1 is correct: According to the data from the Office of the Registrar General of India, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal had fertility rates of 1.4 between 2019 and 2021, which is below the replacement level of 2.1. This indicates a very low fertility rate, suggesting that the population in these states is not growing quickly. · Statement 2 is correct: These states, including Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh, recorded fertility rates of 1.5 during the same period, which is also below the replacement rate. The low fertility rate here is a sign of demographic transition, where population growth slows as countries or states develop economically. · Statement 3 is incorrect: In fact, states with lower fertility rates tend to be more economically developed. Lower fertility rates are typically seen in more developed areas due to improved healthcare, women’s education, and economic conditions. For instance, Southern states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh have more developed economies but are now facing an ageing population due to lower fertility rates. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |