Biosphere Reserves
Introduction to Biosphere Reserves
What is a Biosphere Reserve?
Biosphere Reserves are areas that include terrestrial, coastal, marine ecosystems, or combinations of these. They are internationally recognized under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, which began in 1971. The concept was introduced to promote sustainable relationships between people and their environment.
Objectives of Biosphere Reserves
The primary goals include:
- In-situ conservation of biodiversity, covering everything from genes to ecosystems.
- Scientific research and monitoring to understand ecological dynamics.
- Sustainable development through improved quality of life for local communities.
These reserves are considered living laboratories to experiment with and demonstrate sustainable development strategies.
Global Framework and UNESCO Recognition
Role of UNESCO’s MAB Programme
- Under Article 4 of the statutory framework of the MAB Programme, a Biosphere Reserve must meet a set of criteria. Designation is done by the International Coordinating Council (ICC) of UNESCO, based on nomination by the member state.
Global Network
- As of now, there are 738 Biosphere Reserves in 134 countries, including 22 transboundary sites. These together form the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR).
Implementation Mechanism in India
Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Biosphere Reserves
- India implements the Biosphere Reserve Programme through a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) under the umbrella of the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems (CNRE).
- Implementing Agencies: State Forest Departments (except in Madhya Pradesh, where EPCO is responsible).
- Funding Pattern: 60:40 between Centre and States, and 90:10 for Himalayan and North Eastern States.
Focus on Community Welfare
- Unlike other conservation schemes, the Biosphere Reserve programme focuses on local communities by promoting alternative and supplementary livelihoods in buffer and transition zones, thereby reducing pressure on core conservation areas.
Biosphere Reserve Programme in India
Historical Development
- India’s engagement began in 1979, when the Indian MAB Committee identified potential sites. In 1983, the Committee of Secretaries approved the initiative, and the Indian National Biosphere Reserve Programme was formally launched in 1986.
Aims and Features
The programme aims to:
- Extend conservation beyond existing Protected Areas (PAs)
- Ensure long-term protection and sustainable use of representative ecosystems
- Integrate traditional knowledge and scientific research
- Improve the livelihoods of local inhabitants through sustainable means