Current Affairs Reverse Engineering
Care (3-04-2024)
| News at a Glance
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| Telangana: New Cyber Crime Police Stations (CCPS) to protect against cyber crime |
| Medigadda Barrage in news |
| Economy: 90 Years of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) |
| Art and culture: Utkala Dibasa or Odisha Day |
| Science and Technology: 125 Years of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory |
| International: Katchatheevu Island issue |
| Indian Americans are the least poor among Asian Americans |
| DRC appoints its first-ever female PM as violence surges in country’s east |
New Cyber Crime Police Stations (CCPS) to protect against cyber crime
Source: The Hindu
TSPSC Syllabus Relevance: Cyber Crime and security management
Context: Telangana continues to top cybercrime charts with a three-fold rise in cybercrime cases between 2020 and 2022.
Why in news
- To fight the increasing number of cybercrimes, Telangana State Cyber Security Bureau (TSCSB) has set up seven special CCPS under six police commissionerate limits.
Key highlights
- These seven CCPS have been established in Warangal, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Siddipet, Khammam and Ramagundam
- It is noteworthy that the jurisdiction of CCPS lies within the respective Commissionerates, while the TSCSB State Headquarters at the Integrated Command Control Center (ICCC) in Banjara Hills has statewide jurisdiction.
- Each of these police stations will be headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) rank officer, who will be designated as the Station House Officer (SHO).
- Earlier in January 2024, the state government had started the helpline number 1930 for fraud and quick complaint of cybercrime.
- Cybercrimes related to Rs 1 lakh and above will be registered in cybercrime police stations and investigation taken up.
- If the victim’s loss is below 1 lakh, he should file the case in their respective area police station.
Cybercrimes in Telangana
- Citizens of Telangana lost 157 crores to cyber criminals in February 2024.
- A total of 9,661 cybercrime cases were reported to the Telangana State Cyber Security Bureau (TSCSB), of which 8,088 were financial frauds.
- Over 119 crore was lost in 7,672 cases across the top five Modus Operandi (MO) in February, as per the official data.
Telangana cyber crime rate: NCRB data
- Telangana continues to top cybercrime charts with a three-fold rise in cybercrime cases between 2020 and 2022.
- The state also witnessed an increase in criminal cases, including crime against women, kidnapping, crime against SC and STs, economic offences, and corruption cases.
- The rise in overall crime, including cybercrime, is attributed to the state police policy of liberal registration of cases.
Cybersecurity Development in Telangana
- It is the first state in India to have its own Cybersecurity policy and has established a Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence (CCOE) Telangana, acting as a nerve centre in Hyderabad to protect, uplift and build a solid ecosystem for cybersecurity and privacy.
- The Telangana Cybersecurity Policy framework was released on 15 September 2016 as a part of the state’s sectoral policy for information technology.
- Cybersecurity, data centre, data analytics and open data as sectors were identified as the four key areas to help generate more employment and boost investments.
Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence (CCOE)
- Set up in 2020, the Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (CCoE) is a joint initiative of the Government of Telangana and Data Security Council of India (DSCI) with an aim to provide secure and resilient cyberspace to fulfil the needs of the digital economy and society by creating a cluster of cybersecurity organisations in the state.
- Europe’s most digital nation Republic of Estonia renewed its MoU with Telangana (signed in 2018) for deepening the cooperation in areas such as information and communication technology, cybersecurity and blockchain. (Jul 2021)
- CCoE in collaboration with Municipality of the Hague, the Government of Telangana and other key organisations partnered for the 4th edition of the Indo-Dutch Cyber Security School (IDCSS) in October 2021 to nurture the cybersecurity talent pool in the state.
| CARE MCQ |
| Q1. Which of the following cities in Telangana have a Cyber Crime Police Station (CCPS) established under the Telangana State Cyber Security Bureau (TSCSB)?
A. Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Siddipet only B. Warangal, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Siddipet, Khammam, and Ramagundam C. Khammam, Mahbub nagar and Nalgonda only D. Warangal and Khammam only
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| Answer 1– B
Explanation · Telangana is the first state in India to have its own Cybersecurity policy and has established a Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence (CCOE) Telangana, acting as a nerve centre in Hyderabad to protect, uplift and build a solid ecosystem for cybersecurity and privacy. · The Telangana Cybersecurity Policy framework was released on 15 September 2016 as a part of the state’s sectoral policy for information technology. · The Telangana State Cyber Security Bureau (TSCSB) has set up seven exclusive Cyber Crime Police Stations (CCPS) under six police commissionerate limits. · These CCPS have been established in Warangal, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Siddipet, Khammam, and Ramagundam. · Therefore, option B is correct answer. |
Medigadda Barrage in news
Source: The Hindu
TSPSC Syllabus Relevance: Water resources and multi-purpose river projects
Context: Issue of management and maintenance of Medigadda barrage
Why in News
- Telangana government has released 48 tmcft of water into the sea from the Medigadda barrage since November last year as per opposition allegations.
Politics over issue
- The Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) has alleged that the Congress government released 48 tmcft of water into the sea from the Medigadda barrage since November last year
- This action has sparked controversy and accusations regarding the management and maintenance of the barrage, leading to a call for a debate on the issue of water for irrigation and drinking needs.
About Medigadda Barrage
- Location: The Medigadda barrage is a crucial component of the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project, situated in Telangana.
- Structural Issues: The barrage has faced structural issues, raising concerns about its integrity and functionality.
- Accusations: The Congress government has been accused of mismanagement and delaying restoration works, while the BRS has called for the rehabilitation of the structure to protect crops and prevent water scarcity.
About The Kaleshwaram Project
- The Kaleshwaram Project is a significant multi-purpose lift irrigation project in Telangana, with the goal of lifting water from the River Godavari at Medigadda and transporting it across 13 districts up to Hyderabad and surrounding regions.
- This ambitious project consists of seven Links and 56 packages, including three barrages, 14 reservoirs, 31 lifts, and an extensive network of canals, tunnels, and pipelines spanning 1,832 kilometers.
- The project’s primary objective is to lift 215 TMC of water from the river Godavari to irrigate 18.26 lakh acres of new Command Area (CA) in 13 districts and supplement the water supply to an existing CA of 4.71 lakh acres.
- The total estimated cost of the project, approved by the Central Water Commission (CWC) in June 2018, amounts to 80,190.46 crore.
- To achieve its water allocation goals, the project plans to utilize 240 TMC of water, with 195 TMC sourced from the River Godavari at Medigadda, 20 TMC from the pre-existing Sripada Yellampally reservoir, and an additional 25 TMC from groundwater sources.
- Out of this, 169 TMC is designated for irrigation, 16 TMC for industrial use, 30 TMC for drinking water in Hyderabad, and 10 TMC for villages along the route.
- Notably, the project involves lifting water from a height of 100 meters above Mean Sea Level (MSL) at Medigadda to a remarkable height of 618 meters above MSL at the Kondapochamma Sagar reservoir, accomplishing an overall lift of 518 meters.
- The Kaleshwaram Project is expected to benefit approximately 45 lakh acres in 20 out of the 31 districts in Telangana, in addition to Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
- Its implementation is anticipated to significantly transform and drought-proof Telangana, positioning it as an agricultural powerhouse and providing crucial support to local farmers.
| CARE MCQ |
| Q2. Consider the following statements with regards to Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project:
1. The Medigadda barrage is a crucial component of the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project. 2. The Kaleshwaram Project is a multi-purpose lift irrigation project, with the goal of lifting water from the river Kaveri. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
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| Answer 2– A
Explanation · The Medigadda barrage is a crucial component of the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project, situated in Telangana. The barrage has faced structural issues, raising concerns about its integrity and functionality. So, statement 1 is correct. · The Kaleshwaram Project is a significant multi-purpose lift irrigation project in Telangana, with the goal of lifting water from the River Godavari at Medigadda and transporting it across 13 districts up to Hyderabad and surrounding regions. So, statement 2 is incorrect. · This ambitious project consists of seven Links and 56 packages, including three barrages, 14 reservoirs, 31 lifts, and an extensive network of canals, tunnels, and pipelines spanning 1,832 kilometers. · Therefore, option A is correct answer.
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90 Years of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 (Indian Economy)
Context: 90 years of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI): Its history, how it navigated times of crisis
Why in news
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has played a pivotal role in India’s economic landscape for the past 90 years.
Establishment and Early Years
- From its establishment in 1935 to its current operations, the RBI has been instrumental in shaping the country’s monetary policies, regulating the banking system, and managing various economic crises.
- Hilton Young Commission-RBI was set up based on the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, which was appointed by Lord Reading, then viceroy of India.
- The RBI was established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act.
- Initially set up as a private entity, it was nationalized in 1949.
- The early years of the RBI were marked by the leadership of Sir Osborne Arkell Smith, the first Governor, and the subsequent appointment of Sir C D Deshmukh as the first Indian Governor.
- The RBI’s relationship with the government has seen periods of tension, but the bank has remained steadfast in defending its autonomy.
The Reforms of 1991
- The RBI played a crucial role in managing the economic crisis of 1991, which was triggered by a sharp increase in oil prices.
- The crisis led to a depletion of foreign exchange reserves and pushed India close to default.
- The RBI’s actions included transferring gold reserves to manage liquidity problems, devaluing the rupee, and implementing banking reforms.
- These measures helped stabilize the economy and set the stage for significant changes in India’s economic policies.
Manmohan & Pranab
- The RBI’s history also includes notable interactions with political leaders. For instance, the tenure of Manmohan Singh as Governor saw significant groundwork for strengthening monetary policy actions and banking reforms.
- Singh’s differences with then Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee underscored the complexities of the RBI’s relationship with the government.
Subbarao, Patel vs Govt
- Governor D Subbarao and his successor, Urjit Patel, faced disagreements with the Finance Ministry.
- These instances highlighted the delicate balance between the RBI’s autonomy and its interactions with the government.
2008 Crisis and After
- The RBI’s actions under Governor Y V Reddy played a crucial role in India’s escape from the global financial crisis of 2008-09.
- Post-crisis, under Governor Subbarao, the RBI adopted a liberal accommodative policy to salvage economic growth.
- Raghuram Rajan’s tenure saw initiatives to internationalize the rupee and boost exports.
Demonetisation of 2016
- One of the most significant challenges faced by the RBI was managing the aftermath of the demonetization of Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes in 2016.
- The sudden withdrawal of notes led to a liquidity shortage, impacting businesses and GDP growth.
- The RBI’s management of this situation was critical for maintaining its credibility.
MPC, Asset Quality Review
- The establishment of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) and the continuation of the asset quality review under Governor Patel’s tenure demonstrated the RBI’s commitment to maintaining financial stability and addressing the debt pile of defaulters through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC).
Covid-19 Pandemic
- The Covid-19 pandemic posed significant challenges to India’s economy. Governor Shaktikanta Das and his team opted for an accommodative monetary policy to kickstart growth.
- However, the liberal policy led to a spike in inflation, prompting the RBI to raise interest rates.
- The pandemic also accelerated the digitization of payments, with the launch of UPI revolutionizing the banking system.
RBI Governance system
- The RBI’s affairs are governed by a central board of directors, comprising the governor, four deputy governors, government-nominated directors, and directors representing local boards for Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi.
- Each local board consists of members representing regional interests, co-operative, and indigenous banks.
Constitution
- The central board of directors is appointed/nominated for a period of four years.
- It includes official directors (governor and at most four deputy governors) and non-official directors nominated by the government, along with others representing local boards.
Functions of RBI
- The RBI serves as the monetary authority, formulating, implementing, and monitoring monetary policy with the objective of maintaining price stability while considering growth. It also acts as the regulator and supervisor of the financial system, banker to other banks, lender of the last resort, and banker to the government.
- Additionally, the RBI manages government public debts, oversees foreign exchange, and issues currency notes, among other developmental roles.
Monetary Policy
- Until the establishment of the Monetary Policy Committee in 2016, the RBI had full control over monetary policy in the country.
- The Monetary Policy Committee comprises six members, with the Governor of RBI acting as an ex-officio chairman.
Regulator and Supervisor of Financial System
- The RBI acts as a regulator and supervisor of the overall financial system, injecting public confidence, protecting interest rates, and providing positive banking alternatives to the public.
Issuer of Currency
- The RBI has the sole right, authority, or monopoly of issuing currency notes, except one rupee note and coins of smaller denominations, with the objective of providing the public with an adequate quantity of good-quality currency notes and coins.
Developmental Role
- The RBI performs various promotional functions to support national objectives, including encouraging rural and agricultural economic development.
Regulator and Supervisor of Payment and Settlement Systems
- The RBI introduces and upgrades safe and efficient modes of payment systems in the country to maintain public confidence in the payment and settlement system.
Monetary Policy Committee
- It was created in 2016.
- It was created to bring transparency and accountability in deciding monetary policy.
- MPC determines the policy interest rate required to achieve the inflation target.
- Committee comprises of six members where Governor RBI acts as an ex-officio chairman. Three members are from RBI and three are selected by government.
- Inflation target is to be set once in a five year. It is set by the Government of India, in consultation with the Reserve Bank.
- Current inflation target is pegged at 4% with -2/+2 tolerance till March 31, 2021.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q3. Consider the following about with reference to RBI:
1. The Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1949. 2. The statutory basis for the implementation of the flexible inflation targeting framework was provided by amendments to the RBI Act 2016. Which of the above statement is/are incorrect? A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
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Q. Which one of the following activities of the Reserve Bank of India is considered to be part of ‘sterilization’? (UPSC Prelims 2023)
A. Conducting ‘Open Market Operations’ B. Oversight of settlement and payment systems C. Debt and cash management for the Central and State Governments D. Regulating the functions of Non-banking Financial Institutions Answer: A
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| Ans 3 A
Explanation
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Utkala Dibasa or Odisha Day
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance : GS 1 ( Art and Culture )
Context : Utkala Dibasa or Odisha Day: Story of the state’s formation
Why in news
- April 1 is celebrated as Odisha Day, or Utkala Dibasa, in the state of Odisha.
Key highlights
- On this day in 1936, a separate Odisha state (then Orissa) was carved out from the erstwhile Bihar and Orissa Province, and the addition of Koraput and Ganjam districts of the Madras Presidency.
- This makes Odisha one of only two Indian states to have a formation date predating Independence, the other being Bihar, and the first state in the country to be consciously created on a linguistic basis.
Historical Background
- The region known today as Odisha developed a unique political identity around 3,000 years ago. It was ruled by various local dynasties and developed a vibrant culture.
- However, in 1568, Odisha lost its political independence after being conquered by the armies of the Bengal Sultanate.
- It was later ruled by the Marathas and came under British control in 1803 as part of the Bengal Presidency.
Movement for a Separate State
- The movement for an exclusively Odia-speaking state gained momentum after the creation of the Bihar and Orissa Province in 1912.
- The Utkal Sabha, formed in 1882, marked the beginning of a political movement for the creation of Odisha.
- The movement intensified after 1920, with the Indian National Congress adopting the reorganization of provinces on a linguistic basis as a key part of its agenda.
Formation of Odisha Province
- The Orissa Province was finally created in 1936 after elaborate inquiries by three separate committees.
- It was considered administratively and politically prudent to form a separate state amidst growing subnationalism in the province.
- The new province was carved out from the existing Bihar and Orissa Province, Madras Province, and Central Provinces.
Continued Celebrations
- Odisha Day, also known as Utkal Divas and Utkala Dibasa, is observed on April 1 every year to commemorate the struggle for a separate political identity for the state.
- The day holds immense significance for the people of Odisha, fostering a spirit of unity and celebrating the state’s rich cultural and historical heritage.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. Consider the following statement with reference to Odisha Day:
1. On this day in 1936, a separate Odisha state (then Orissa) was carved out from the erstwhile Bihar and Bengal Province. 2. Odisha is the only Indian state established before independence. 3. This is the first state in the country which has been consciously created on linguistic basis. Which of the above statement is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
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Q: Consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2023)
Statement-I: 7th August is declared as the National Handloom Day. Statement-II: It was in 1905 that the Swadeshi Movement was launched on the same day. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? A. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I. B. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I. C. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect. D. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct. Answer: A
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| Answer 4– C
Explanation – · April 1 is celebrated as Odisha Day, or Utkala Dibasa, in the state of Odisha.On this day in 1936, a separate Odisha state (then Orissa) was carved out from the erstwhile Bihar and Orissa Province, and the addition of Koraput and Ganjam districts of the Madras Presidency. So, statement 1 is incorrect. · This makes Odisha one of only two Indian states to have a formation date predating Independence. So, statement 2 is incorrect. · the other being Bihar, and the first state in the country to be consciously created on a linguistic basis. So, statement 3 is correct. · Therefore, option C is correct answer.
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125 Years of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
Source: The Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 1 and GS 3 (Structures of historical importance and Science and Technology)
Context: 125 Years of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory: How the Great Drought of 1876 led to its establishment
Why in news
- In 1893, the Government of India sanctioned the establishment of the Solar Physics Observatory, which later became the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO).
Introduction
- Since ancient times, humans have been fascinated by the celestial bodies, with the Sun being one of the primary objects of study.
- In 1792, the British East India Company established the Madras Observatory, marking the beginning of astronomical observations in this part of the world.
- However, it wasn’t until 1878 that dedicated solar observations were recorded, setting the stage for significant advancements in solar astronomy.
Pioneering Solar Observations
- The Madras Observatory recorded astronomical observations from 1812 to 1825, including data on the Sun, the Moon, bright stars, and planets.
- In 1878, the first dedicated solar observations were conducted from the Trigonometrical Survey Office in Dehradun, laying the foundation for solar astronomy in India.
The Impact of the Great Drought
- The Great Drought of 1876, triggered by scanty rainfall over South India, had devastating consequences, leading to widespread famine and the loss of millions of lives.
- This catastrophic event, part of a global phenomenon, underscored the need to understand the factors influencing weather patterns, including solar activity.
The Birth of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
- Recognizing the potential link between solar activity and meteorological phenomena, the British Raj formed a Famine Commission, which recommended regular solar observations.
- Thus, the idea for an Indian solar observatory was conceived, with the aim of studying changes in the Sun and their correlation with Indian meteorology.
- Charles Michie Smith, a Professor of Physics at the Madras Christian College, was tasked with identifying an ideal location for the observatory.
- After extensive surveys, Kodaikanal in the Palani hills of Tamil Nadu was chosen for its favorable atmospheric conditions.
- In 1893, the Government of India sanctioned the establishment of the Solar Physics Observatory, which later became the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO).
- Lord Wenlock laid the foundation stone in 1895, and by the early 1900s, the main observatory building and essential instruments were ready for operation.
Early Years and Discoveries
- The initial years of KoSO saw significant contributions to solar astronomy, including the discovery of the Evershed Effect by John Evershed, who served as director from 1911 to 1922.
- As the largest solar observatory in India, KoSO played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the Sun’s behavior and its impact on Earth.
Evolution and Expansion
- Following World War II, KoSO expanded its research scope to include cosmic rays, radio astronomy, and ionospheric physics.
- In 1971, it was brought under the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru, marking a new phase of collaboration and growth.
Modern Advancements
- Today, KoSO boasts a wealth of digital data, including 1.48 lakh digitized solar images spanning over a century.
- With advanced instruments like the H-alpha telescope and the White light Active Region Monitor (WARM), KoSO continues to make significant contributions to solar research.
Conclusion
- Over the past 125 years, the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory has been at the forefront of solar astronomy, providing invaluable insights into the Sun’s behavior and its influence on our planet.
- From its humble beginnings spurred by the Great Drought of 1876 to its status as a premier research institution today, KoSO stands as a testament to the enduring quest for knowledge about our solar system’s central star.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q5. Consider the following statements:
1. Charles Michie Smith selected Kodaikanal in the Palani Hills of Tamil Nadu for the observatory. 2. In 1971, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory was brought under the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
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Q. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC Prelims 2022)
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail. 2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions. 3. Power grids could be damaged. 4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. 5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. 6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. 7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only C. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Ans: C
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| Answer 5 C
Explanation
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Katchatheevu Island issue
Source: The Hindu
https://epaper.thehindu.com/reader?utm_source=Hindu&utm_medium=Menu&utm_campaign=Header
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2 (India and its neighbourhood- relations)
Context: The decades-old territorial and fishing rights dispute around Katchatheevu Island has been brought back into the limelight
Why in news
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi targeted the Congress for ceding the island to Sri Lanka and the party hitting back, saying the PM was raking up the issue now with an eye on the upcoming Lok Sabha elections.
About Katchatheevu Island
- Katchatheevu Island is a 285-acre territory presently within Sri Lanka’s maritime boundary, located 33 km off the coast of Tamil Nadu.
- The island is home to the 110-year-old St Anthony’s Church, which attracts thousands of devotees annually from India, who go there from Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu.
- The island was ceded by the Indian administration under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to Sri Lanka under the Sirimavo Bandaranaike administration in 1974 in an act of bilateral largesse, preceding the 1976 exchange of letters that divided the maritime boundary line in the Sethusamudram littoral region between the two neighbors.
- Since the outbreak of the Lankan civil war, in 1983, the island became the crownless battleground for combats between Indian Tamil fishers and a Sinhala-dominated Lankan navy, leading to the loss of livelihoods, properties, and lives of Indians owing to accidental crossings of the international maritime boundary line.
- Of late, Sinhalese fishermen have begun raising apprehensions that the Sri Lankan administration might be persuaded to lease the island to India.
- However, the Katchatheevu dispute is far too complex to be distilled down to jingoistic discourses or parochial anxieties, as it is a relic in a legacy of geopolitical conundrums from colonial South Asia.
Background and History
A Colonial Indian Island
- Katchatheevu was once part of the Ramnad Zamindari. The Ramanathapuram principality (or Ramnad) was established in 1605 by the Nayak dynasty of Madurai.
- It consisted of 69 coastal villages and 11 islets, including Katchatheevu.
- A copper plaque issued by Koothan Sethupathi, sovereign of Ramanathapuram between 1622 and 1635, testifies to the Indian ownership of the territory extending up to Thalaimannar in present-day Sri Lanka, including Katchatheevu, which was a source of regular revenue for the Sethupathi dynasty.
- In 1767, the Dutch East India Company signed an agreement with Muthuramalinga Sethupathi to lease the island, and, later, in 1822, the British East India Company leased the island from Ramaswami Sethupathi.
- As pointed out by W T Jayasinghe, the former Sri Lankan Secretary of Foreign Affairs, three proclamations issued by Colin Campbell, the Governor of Ceylon, in 1845, that outlined the limits of Jaffnapatnam, made no mention of Katchatheevu.
- This fact tilts the island’s historical ownership in India’s favour.
- In 1913, a lease was signed by the Raja of Ramnad and the Secretary of State for India in Council for the full exploitation of the chank shells lying within the limits described in the schedule thereto; the said schedule mentioned Katchatheevu to lie in the Palk Bay.
- This was in accordance with the legal understanding during British times that Katchatheevu was in India and not Ceylon.
- A 1922 report from the Imperial Records Department on the question of the ‘Ownership of the Island of Kachitivu [sic]’ also supports India’s historic claim to the island by virtue of the island’s ownership by the Raja of Ramnad.
- The British government’s lease was extended up to 1936, obviating Sri Lanka’s possession of the island until 1947-48 when both India and Ceylon became independent.
- Then, in 1947-48, there was a lease in favour of the Dewan of Ramanathapuram, V Ponnuswamy Pillai, by Mohammed Meerasa Maraickar in respect of Katchatheevu alone.
- But the seeds of the Katchatheevu dispute seem to lie in incidents from October 24, 1921, when delegations from colonial India and Ceylon tried negotiating on a ‘Fisheries Line’ to curb overexploitation of marine resources and find a suitable solution to Katchatheevu.
- The two sides eventually agreed on a border that passed three miles west of Katchatheevu, ensuring that the island was well within Ceylonese territory.
- Although delegates of neither side ratified the agreement, nor was it officially approved by the Secretary of State, an ad hoc imagined maritime boundary came into existence.
- A survey marked Katchatheevu within Sri Lankan boundaries, but a British delegation from India challenged this, citing the ownership of the island by the Ramnad Kingdom.
What is the dispute about
- The dispute over Katchatheevu has been primarily centred on fishing rights and the access it grants to the fertile fishing grounds in the surrounding waters.
- Fishermen from both countries have traditionally used these waters, leading to occasional conflicts and the arrest of fishermen by both nations’ naval forces for allegedly crossing into each other’s territorial waters.
Resolution attempts
- In 1974, then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi accepted Katchatheevu as a Sri Lankan area under the “Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement” aimed at resolving the maritime boundaries in the Palk Strait.
- The agreement allowed Indian fishermen to fish around Katchatheevu and participate in the annual St. Anthony’s festival on the island without needing a visa.
- A further agreement in 1976 attempted to demarcate the maritime boundaries more clearly, but it did not completely resolve the disputes over fishing rights and the detention of fishermen.
- In 1976, the maritime boundary line in the Sethusamudram region between the two neighbours was divided, ending the Indian fishermen’s visits to the island.
- The agreement was never ratified by the Indian Parliament, and this has been a basis for the ongoing dispute over the island’s ownership and the rights of Indian fishermen to fish in the surrounding waters.
Indo-Bangla land pact
- The Union Home Ministry cleared Indian citizenship for 14,864 people who decided to stay in India following the exchange of adversely-held enclaves under a landmark land boundary agreement with Bangladesh, sources said.
- From July 6 to 16 in 2015 , India and Bangladesh jointly conducted a survey to determine which of the countries the residents of the enclaves wanted to stay in.
- India and Bangladeshexchanged 162 adversely-held enclaves on August 1, 2015.
- As many as 111 Indian enclaves became part of Bangladesh while 51 Bangladesh enclaves became part of the Indian territory.
- According to an estimate, around 37,000 people were living in Indian enclaves in Bangladesh while 14,000 people were staying in Bangladeshi enclaves in India.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q6. Consider the following statements with reference to Katchatheevu Island:
1. Katchatheevu is an uninhabited speck in the Palk Strait, between India and Srilanka. 2. In 1974, Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi of India and Sirima R.D. Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka signed an agreement that recognized Katchatheevu as part of India territory. 3. The 1976 India-Sri Lanka agreement was aimed at defining maritime boundaries and exclusive economic zones for both countries. Which of the above statement is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
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Elephant Pass, sometimes seen in the news, is mentioned in the context of the affairs of which one of the following? (UPSC Prelims 2009)
A. Bangladesh B. India C. Nepal D. Sri Lanka Ans: D
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| Answer 6 C
Explanation
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Indian Americans are the least poor among Asian Americans
Source: The Hindu
https://epaper.thehindu.com/reader?utm_source=Hindu&utm_medium=Menu&utm_campaign=Header
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2 and 3 (Indian diaspora and Economic scenario)
Context: Half the Asian Americans who lived in poverty said that their ‘American dream’ was out of reach
Why in news
- A recent report by the Pew Research Center has revealed that Indian Americans have the lowest poverty rate among Asian Americans in the United States.
Key highlights
- According to the report, only 6% of Indian Americans lived along or below the poverty line as of 2022, which is the lowest share among the various Asian groups residing in the country.
- The report analyzed data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2022 American Community Survey (ACS) and Pew Research Center’s 2022-23 survey of Asian American adults.
- The survey involved 7,006 respondents and was conducted between July 2022 and January 2023.
Economic and educational disparities
- While Asian Americans are generally considered to be educationally and financially successful compared to other racial and ethnic groups, the report highlights significant economic and educational disparities within the Asian American community.
- The highest poverty rates were observed among Burmese (19%), Hmong (17%), and Mongolian (16%) Americans.
- On the other hand, Indian (6%), Sri Lankan (6%), and Filipino (7%) Americans had the lowest poverty rates.
- Chinese, Bangladeshi, and Pakistani-origin Americans fell somewhere in the middle, with poverty rates of 11%, 12%, and 13%, respectively.
Financial challenges
- The report also provided insights into the financial challenges faced by Asian adults living near or below the poverty line in the U.S.
- It found that individuals in this group were more likely to have trouble paying bills, receiving food from charities, experiencing difficulties paying rent or mortgage, and struggling to pay for medical care compared to those living above the poverty line.
- Additionally, the report highlighted the support networks utilized by Asian adults living near or below the poverty line.
- More than 60% of them turned to family or friends for assistance, while close to 50% sought help from local, state, or federal governments.
- Religious institutions and Asian community groups were also sources of aid for some individuals.
- It is important to note that poverty rates can vary among different racial and ethnic groups in the United States. According to other sources, the poverty rate for Black individuals in the U.S. was 20.1% in 2022, while the poverty rate for non-Hispanic Whites and Asians was lower, at 13.5% and 7.3% respectively.
- These statistics highlight the disparities in poverty rates across different racial and ethnic groups in the country.
Indian Diaspora In USA
- In USA, Indian community enjoys distinction of being the highest earning, best educated and fastest growing ethnic groups, and that too in the most powerful country in the world.
- Their high levels of literacy, economic success, knowledge of English and experience with democracy in their home country has eased their transition in the land of their adoption.
- Indian Americans are found in the following high- profile occupations and sectors – medicine, engineering, law, information technology, international finance, management, higher education, mainstream and ethnic journalism, writing, films and music.
- They also work in real estate, retailing and agriculture and as taxi operators, factory workers and newsstand workers. The Indo-American community in the US reflects the diversity of India.
- Several Indian IT graduates have emerged as important entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley.
- India is today one of the few developing countries which has attracted investment not in one, but scores of R & D centers funded and established by reputed MNCs like GE, CISCO, Sun Microsystems, Microsoft, IBM, Hughes Software, Intel, Oracle, Lucent Technologies, Microsoft Sun Microsystems.
- Indian American community has become important for US politics reflected in focus on this community under Howdy Modi & Namaste Trump events.
- Vice president kamala Harris has Indian roots.
- Other prominent leaders include – Nikki Haley and Piyush Bobby Jindal.
- Around 1.8 million Indian origin people are eligible voters.
- Although the Indian electorate is limited is played crucial role in the swing states focused by both the democrats and the republicans.
Conclusion
- The Pew Research Center report indicates that Indian Americans have the lowest poverty rate among Asian Americans in the United States.
- However, it is essential to recognize that poverty rates can vary among different racial and ethnic groups in the country.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q7. Consider the following statements with reference to a recent report by the Pew Research Center:
1.According to the report, Indian Americans have the lowest poverty rate among Asian Americans in the United States. 2. According to the report, only 6% of Indian Americans lived along or below the poverty line as of 2022 3. According to report the highest poverty rates were observed among Burmese (19%), Hmong (17%), and Mongolian (16%) Americans. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
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Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (UPSC Prelims 2019)
A. Poverty rates vary from State to State B. Price levels vary from State to State C. Gross State Product varies from State to State D. Quality of public distribution varies from State to State Ans: B
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| Answer 7– D
Explanation · A recent report by the Pew Research Center has revealed that Indian Americans have the lowest poverty rate among Asian Americans in the United States. So, statement 1 is correct. · According to the report, only 6% of Indian Americans lived along or below the poverty line as of 2022, which is the lowest share among the various Asian groups residing in the country. So, statement 2 is correct. · According to report the highest poverty rates were observed among Burmese (19%), Hmong (17%), and Mongolian (16%) Americans. · On the other hand, Indian (6%), Sri Lankan (6%), and Filipino (7%) Americans had the lowest poverty rates. So, statement 3 is correct. · Therefore, correct answer is option D |
DRC appoints its first-ever female PM as violence surges in country’s east
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2 (International Affairs)
Context: Former Planning Minister Judith Suminwa Tuluka will step into the role at a time of worsening violence in the country
Why in news
- The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has appointed Judith Suminwa Tuluka as the country’s first female Prime Minister. President Felix Tshisekedi fulfilled a campaign promise by appointing Tuluka to the position on April 1, 2024.
Key highlights
- The appointment of the first female Prime Minister comes at a time of worsening violence in the eastern region of the DRC.
- The conflict in the east has resulted in the displacement of more than 7 million people, making it one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises.
- The region is plagued by over 120 armed groups vying for control over its rich mineral resources, leading to mass killings.
Regional and UN Peacekeepers Withdrawing
- Both regional and UN peacekeepers have been asked to leave the DRC after the government accused them of failing to resolve the conflict.
- As the withdrawal of personnel begins and Congolese authorities take over, violence in the region has continued to escalate.
Rebel Group M23 Gains Territory
- The prominent rebel group M23 has made significant territorial gains in the eastern region, contributing to the spike in violence and the increasing number of displaced people.
- The top UN envoy to the DRC, Bintou Keita, has reported the group’s territorial advancements.
Tensions with Rwanda
- President Tshisekedi has accused neighboring Rwanda of providing military support to the rebels, a claim that Rwanda denies.
- However, UN experts have stated that there is substantial evidence of Rwandan forces operating in the DRC.
- The United States has urged both countries to avoid war.
New Prime Minister’s Priorities
- In her first speech, Prime Minister Judith Suminwa Tuluka has promised to work towards peace and development in the DRC.
- However, the formation of a new government could take months due to the need for intensive negotiations with various political parties.
India and the DRC
- India and the DRC have a friendly relationship.
- India established a diplomatic mission in Kinshasa in 1962 and sent Gurkha troops to the DRC in 1960-62 to counter the rebellion in Katanga.
- India has also been contributing to UN Peacekeeping efforts since 1960.
- The DRC has bilateral agreements and MOUs with India, including Foreign Office Consultations signed in May 2005 and a Joint Commission for Political, Economic, Scientific, Technical, and Socio-cultural signed in March 2008.
Other Facts
- The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country in Central Africa. By land area, the DRC is the second-largest country in Africa and the 11th-largest in the world.
- With a population of around 112 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous Francophone country in the world.
- The national capital and largest city is Kinshasa, which is also the economic center.
- Congo Capital: Kinshasa
- Congo Official language: French
- Congo Currency: Congolese Franc
- President of the Democratic Republic of Congo: Felix Tshisekedi
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q8. Consider the following statements with regards to Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
1. Judith Suminwa Tuluka has been appointed as the first female Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2. DRC is the largest country in Africa. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
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Q. In recent years Chad, Guinea, Mali and Sudan caught international attention for which one of the following reasons common to all of them? (UPSC Prelims 2023)
A. Discovery of rich deposits of rare earth elements B. Establishment of Chinese military bases C. Southward expansion of Sahara Desert D. Successful coups Answer D |
| Answer 8– A
Explanation
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