Current Affairs Reverse Engineering
Care (16-04-2024)
| News at a Glance
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| Telangana: Need for Emergency Water Pumping in Nagarjunasagar |
| 10,135 cybercrime cases reported in Telangana in March 2024 |
| Geography: India’s Southwest Monsoon Forecast by IMD |
| Security: Siachen: 40 years of Operation Meghdoot |
| Economy: Space tourism in news |
| Science and Technology: Viral hepatitis – a challenge to India’s public health |
| India’s Arctic Imperative |
| Defence: India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK |
Need for Emergency Water Pumping in Nagarjunasagar
Source: The Hindu
TSPSC Syllabus Relevance: Paper-IV (Development and Environmental Problems)
Context: In view of the water crisis in some districts of the state, there is a need for immediate and war footing preparation and action.
Why in news
- The drinking water crisis in Hyderabad, Telangana, has reached a critical point, prompting the urgent need for emergency pumping of water from the Nagarjunasagar reservoir in Nalgonda.
Key highlights
- The water level in the reservoir is currently at about 510.30 feet, which is below the required water supply level.
- This has led to the decision to extract water using emergency pumps for the second time since 2016.
Alternative Water Sources and Infrastructure Plans
- To address the water crisis, plans are being made to meet the demand from alternative water sources.
- The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) has decided to draw an additional 20 million liters of water per day from the twin reservoirs- Himayatsagar and Osmansagar
- .Additionally, the construction of new water treatment plants is being considered, and there are plans to increase the number of water tankers, as well as the purchase of new tankers to meet the estimated increase in water demand.
Preventive Measures and Future Outlook
- In anticipation of a potential fall in water levels below 500 feet in the Nagarjunasagar in the coming months, the HMWS&SB is preparing to install secondary pumping facilities on a barge or pontoon to ensure continuous water supply from the dead storage level of the reservoir.
- This proactive approach aims to prevent interruptions in water supply to Greater Hyderabad and its peripheral areas.
- Furthermore, the government has drafted an action plan to bring additional drinking water supplies to Hyderabad, even as the water levels in Nagarjuna Sagar have reached critically low levels.
Mission Bhagiratha
- Mission Bhagiratha is a safe drinking water project for every village inTelangana State, with a budget of ₹43,791 crores.
- Vision : To ensure safe and sustainable PIPED drinking water supply at:
- 100 LPCD (litres per capita per day) for rural areas,
- 135 LPCD for Municipalities
- 150 LPCD for Municipal Corporations
- 10% Quantity allocated to Industrial requirements
- To provide tap connection to every household of the habitation.
- 10% of water in all Irrigation sources reserved for Drinking Water.
| CARE MCQ |
| Q1. Consider the following dams:
1. Nagarjunasagar 2. Himayat sagar 3. Osmansagar Which of these dams is located in Telangana? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1,2 and 3 D. None of these
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| Answer 1– C
Explanation · All three dam located in Telangana Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is a masonry dam across the Krishna River at Nagarjuna Sagar which straddles the border between Palnadu district in Andhra Pradesh and Nalgonda district in Telangana. · Himayat Sagar is an artificial lake about 20 kilometres from Hyderabad in the Ranga Reddy district of Telangana. · Osman Sagar is a reservoir in the Indian city of Hyderabad. The lake is around 46 km², and the reservoir is around 29 km², with total level of 1,790 feet. |
10,135 cybercrime cases reported in Telangana in March 2024
Source: The Hindu
TSPSC Syllabus Relevance: Cybersecurity
Context: As cybercrime cases intensify, citizens have been proactively reporting the cases both online and via the helpline.
Why in news
- Of the 10,135 cybercrime cases reported in Telangana in March 2024, over 4,272 (42.15%) victims were employees, data shared by the Telangana State Cyber Security Bureau (TSCSB) revealed.
Key Highlights
- A whopping 2,863 victims of cybercrime were private employees and 351 were software or Information Technology (IT) employees working largely in Hyderabad, Cyberabad and Rachakonda.
- This was followed by 786 who were self-employed, including startup owners, while 272 were government employees.
Category
- As many as 525 businessmen fell prey to cyber criminals in April, in which ‘identity theft’ and ‘business and investment frauds’ were the key Modus Operandi (MO).
- In case of impersonation or cheating, fraudsters impersonate popular business entities, higher officers or even fake customer care executives and con unsuspecting victims through calls.
- Prominent frauds in this category include parcel frauds, trending in the last six months, in which cyber criminals impersonated as executives of two top global logistics and courier companies and customs officials.
- This also includes credit/debit card fraud – where victims are defrauded on the pretext of blocking of the card, card limit enhancement, KYC updation, PAN card linkage, replacement of card, reward Points and even Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AePS).
- In business and investment frauds, on the other hand, fraudsters lure unsuspecting investors into making significant investments on fake trading apps.
- The most common MO is to add the victim to a WhatsApp group under the pretext of sharing trading-related information followed by sharing an app link on which victims can invest.
- When victims attempt to withdraw their supposed profits, the fraudsters deny the withdrawal requests, resulting in significant financial losses.
Vulnerable groups
- Larger companies have caught up by deploying extensive cyber security systems and insurance, however, the middle spectrum constituting Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and startups are still vulnerable as it an added cost.
- Meanwhile, students (487) and housewives (403) also continue to be on radar.
- Of these, majority across the two segments – 216 students and 142 women – were conned on the pretext of fake business and investment frauds, where fraudsters lure unsuspecting victims into making significant investments on fake trading apps.
- Interestingly, as many as 242 farmers fell prey to cybercrimes in the past month, across gift fraud (49), identity fraud (48), business and investment fraud (41) and loan fraud (41).
Citizen’s role
- As cybercrime cases intensify, citizens have been proactively reporting the cases both online and via the helpline.
- According to data, as many as 3,985 complaints were raised by citizens online through the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) Portal while 17,381 calls pertaining to financial (7,765) and non-financial (1,315) were made on the 1930 helpline number in March alone.
- In many cases, promptness of the citizens in reporting the fraud, followed by an efficient response from the police, has led to a blocking of a significant portion of the lost amount.
- Of the 10,135 complaints in March, a total of ₹17.92 crore was successfully blocked.
| CARE MCQ |
| Q2. Consider the following statement with reference to cybercrime in Telangana:
1. It is reported only in urban areas and rural population is not affected. 2. In case of impersonation or cheating, fraudsters impersonate higher officers and con unsuspecting victims through calls. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
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| Answer 2– B
Explanation
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India’s Southwest Monsoon Forecast by IMD
Source: The Hindu
https://epaper.thehindu.com/reader
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS – 1 (Important Geophysical Phenomena, Agricultural Resources) , GS- 3 (Climate Change)
Context: Concept of El Nino and La Nina, impact of monsoon on agriculture
Why in news
- The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecasted above-average rainfall for India during the southwest monsoon season from June to September.
Key highlights
- The IMD predicts that the rainfall during this period will be 6% more than the annual average of 87 cm.
- This forecast is based on multiple approaches, including statistical associations and weather simulations, which have indicated a similar outlook for the monsoon this year.
El Nino and La Nina Impact
- The IMD has noted that the El Nino phenomenon, which negatively impacted India’s monsoon last year, is expected to fade by June and progress to La Nina.
- La Nina is a converse cooling effect that is usually linked to surplus rainfall by the second half of the monsoon.
- The agency has also highlighted that 40% of the El Nino years in the past received normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, indicating that not all El Nino years result in poor monsoons.
Probability and Importance for Agriculture
- The IMD’s models indicate a 30% chance of monsoon rains being over 10%, categorized as ‘excess’ in the IMD vocabulary.
- This is a significant jump considering that in any given year, there is only a 17% chance of such ‘excess’ rain.
- June and July are considered crucial monsoon months for agriculture, and the agency is expected to provide more information on spatial distribution and update its forecast in May, just ahead of the monsoon onset in June.
About Monsoon and formation of South-West Monsoon
- The monsoon climate is experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20° N and 20° S across the world.
- In India, this type of climate is mainly found in the south and southeast, occupying two out of the four seasonal divisions of the country.
- The southwest monsoon season, characterized by seasonal rainfall, occurs between June and September, while the retreating monsoon season is known for its occurrence in the months of October and November .
Factors Influencing South-West Monsoon Formation
- The formation of the southwest monsoon is influenced by several factors, including the differential heating and cooling of land and water, which creates low pressure on the Indian landmass and high pressure in the surrounding seas.
- Additionally, the shift of the position of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer, the presence of a high-pressure area east of Madagascar, the heating of the Tibetan plateau, and the movement of the westerly and easterly jet streams play significant roles in the formation of the monsoon.
- Furthermore, the Southern Oscillation (SO) also impacts the pressure conditions, leading to periodic changes in pressure conditions in the tropical eastern South Pacific Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean .
Impact on India and Southeast Asia
- The summer monsoon and the winter monsoon significantly determine the climate for most of India and Southeast Asia.
- The summer monsoon brings a humid climate and torrential rainfall to these areas, upon which agriculture heavily relies.
- The yearly rain brought by the monsoon is crucial for the agricultural activities in these regions, and the monsoon winds play a vital role in shaping the climate for these areas .
Monsoon Prediction in India
- Historical Forecasting Methods : Over a century ago, the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) relied on snow cover for monsoon forecasts. Lesser snow cover indicated a better monsoon. British physicist Gilbert Walker designed a statistical weather model based on the relationship between two weather phenomena.
- Transition to Numerical Models : In 2014, the IMD began using numerical models to supplement statistical models for long-range forecasting. These state-of-the-art numerical models, developed by the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction, have enhanced the forecasting capabilities.
- Challenges with Forecasting : Despite the advanced numerical models, longer forecast periods create more uncertainty in prediction. The IMD’s forecast capacity is still weak due to this uncertainty.
- District-Wise Weather Data : The IMD provides district-wise weather data, but it may not be sufficient. For instance, when the IMD forecasts scattered rainfall over a particular district, it implies that 26-50% of that district (by area) will receive rainfall.
- Data Collection and Supercomputing : The IMD collects weather data through various sources, including automatic weather stations, surface observatories, radiosonde, radars, and satellites. Highly advanced dynamical models require supercomputers, and prediction models depend on proper data about current weather conditions.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q3. Consider the following statements with reference to Monsoon:
1. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted above average rainfall this year due to the north-east monsoon that arrives from June to September. 2. According to IMD, if there is an effect of El Nino in any year then there is definitely less than normal monsoon rainfall. 3. The south-west monsoon season in India occurs in the months of October and November. Which of the above statements is/are incorrect? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
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Q. With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)’ sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017 UPSC Prelims)
1. IOD phenomenon is characterized by a difference in sea surface temperature between the tropical Western Indian Ocean and the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. 2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an El Nino’s impact on the monsoon. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer : B
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| Answer 3 D
Explanation · The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecasted above-average rainfall for India during the southwest monsoon season from June to September. So, statement 1 is incorrect. · According to IMD has also highlighted that 40% of the El Nino years in the past received normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, indicating that not all El Nino years result in poor monsoons. So, statement 2 is incorrect. · The southwest monsoon season in India is the primary rainy season, lasting from June to September. During this time, winds from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal carry moisture toward the land. When these winds hit mountain barriers, it causes rainfall. So, statement 3 is incorrect. · Therefore, option D is correct answer.
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Siachen: 40 years of Operation Meghdoot
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 1 (India after Independence), GS 3 (conflict and border security of India)
Context: April 13, 2024, commemorates four decades since India pre-empted Pakistan and seized the Siachen glacier, with the operation ongoing.
Why in news
- Operation Meghdoot was India’s bold military response to Pakistan’s “cartographic aggression” in the uncharted territory of Ladakh.
Key Highlights
- Situated at an altitude of 15,632 feet, Siachen Glacier with its historical importance, extreme conditions also reflect the conflict between India and Pakistan four decades ago.
- April 13, 2024 marks four decades since the Indian Army drove out Pakistan and captured the glacier on the Saltoro Ridge overlooking the Nubra Valley in the Karakoram ranges.
- About 1,150 soldiers lost their lives in the conflict, most of whom were killed by extreme weather.
Meaning of Siachen
- Siachen, in Balti language means “land of roses’ — ‘Sia’ is a kind of rose species that grows in the region and ‘Chen’ means “in abundance”.
- However, it is known for being the world’s highest and coldest battlefield. It sits at a very strategic location with Pakistan on the left and China on the right.
India -Pakistan Conflict
- Background: Siachen is a legacy of the Partition between India and Pakistan. While the Line of Control (LoC) was delineated and accepted by both sides upto NJ-9842 as part of the 1972 Simla agreement, the glacier itself was left unmarked.
- India claims the area based on the Jammu and Kashmir Accession Agreement of 1947 and the Karachi Agreement of 1949, which define the ceasefire line beyond NJ-9842 as running “Northwards to the glaciers”.
- On the other hand, Pakistan interprets it as ‘North-Eastwards’ to claim the area beyond the Saltoro Ridge and beyond Siachen as its own.
- This would give Pakistan direct connectivity to China as well as strategic oversight over the Ladakh region and the crucial Leh-Srinagar highway, posing a serious threat to India.
The Genesis of Operation Meghdoot
- Mountaineering Expeditions and Cartographic Aggression : In the 1970s and 1980s, Pakistan allowed foreign mountaineering expeditions in the Siachen region to reinforce its territorial claims, leading to heightened tensions.
- Pre-Emptive Action by India : In response to intelligence indicating imminent military action by Pakistan in early 1984, India moved to pre-empt it.
- Role of Mountaineering Expeditions : Mountaineering expeditions led by Col. Narinder ‘Bull’ Kumar to the Siachen glacier and Saltoro range in the early 1980s, as Commandant of the High Altitude Warfare School, greatly contributed to the planning process for Operation Meghdoot.
- Launch of Operation Meghdoot : Based on reconnaissance reports, the Indian Army launched ‘Operation Meghdoot’ on April 13, 1984, to capture the 76.4 km-long glacier.
- Continued Significance : Operation Meghdoot continues to this day, becoming the longest continuing operation in the world, with significant military and geopolitical implications for both India and Pakistan.
A Test of Endurance
- High-Altitude Posts : Army posts are located at heights of 18,000 feet and above, with the Bana post being the highest on the glacier and Indira Col the highest point. At 18,000-19,000 feet, Indian and Pakistani posts face each other; however, at 20,000 feet and beyond, it is only India.
- Early Challenges : Operations on Siachen were a test of human endurance and skill, especially in the early days of Operation Meghdoot, with limited high altitude clothing and equipment.
- Technological Advancements : Over the last four decades, significant improvements have been made in habitat, communications, mobility, logistics, medical support, and green initiatives to ensure smooth operations and save lives.
- Impact of Climate Change : The glacier has been impacted by climate change, with the snout receding by over a kilometer from its original position in 1984.
Recent Developments
- Recent enhancements include improved mobile and data connectivity, the induction of Chinook heavy-lift helicopters and logistic drones, and advancements in medical facilities and support.
- In addition to All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) and ATV bridges improving mobility across the glacier, the induction of Chinook heavy-lift helicopters and logistic drones has significantly improved the supply of essential provisions to personnel deployed in posts that are cut off during winters.
- New logistics chains also means fresh rations and vegetables for forward posts. The availability of special clothing, mountaineering equipment, advanced rations and timely weather updates ensure that soldiers are better prepared to withstand temperatures that fall to -60 degrees.
- Today, nearly all the aircraft of the IAF including Rafale, Su-30MKI, Chinook, Apache, Advanced Light Helicopter Mk III & Mk IV, Light Combat Helicopter Prachand, MiG-29, Mirage-2000, C-17, C-130 J, IL-76 and An-32 operate in support of Operation Meghdoot.
- Helicopters continue to remain the lifeline on the glacier supporting troops in remote posts. IAF’s 114 helicopter unit along with the Army aviation continues to play a stellar role.
What’s Next?
- Ongoing Conflict: Siachen and Sir Creek have been termed “low-hanging fruits” in the India-Pakistan conflict, but their resolution remains complex, especially in the context of the broader Kashmir issue.
- Dialogue and Demilitarization: India and Pakistan have engaged in dialogues on Siachen at the level of Defence Secretaries.
- However, efforts towards demilitarization have faced challenges, with India calling for the authentication of the 110 km Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) as the first step, which Pakistan has refused.
- Strategic Significance: Siachen’s strategic importance has been emphasized, particularly in light of the collusive threat from China and Pakistan. The area’s possession is considered crucial for India’s security interests.
- Complications and Standoffs: The 2020 standoff with China in Eastern Ladakh and ongoing tensions along the Line of Actual Control have further complicated any potential settlement of the Siachen conflict.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. Consider the following statement with reference to Operation Meghdoot:
1. Operation Meghdoot is code-name for the Indian Armed Forces operation to capture the Siachen Glacier. 2. Siachen has been a bone of contention between India and Pakistan ever since the Shimla Agreement of 1972. 3. Operation Meghdoot was launched on April 13, 1984. 4. Siachen Glacier is located in Northern Ladakh. Which of the above statements is/are correct ? A. 1, 2 and 4 B. 2 and 3 C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 3 and 4
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Q. Siachen Glacier is situated to the (2020 UPSC prelims)
A. East of Aksai Chin B. East of Leh C. North of Gilgit D. North of Nubra Valley Ans: D
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| Answer 4– C
Explanation – · Operation Meghdoot was the code-name for the Indian Armed Forces operation to capture the Siachen Glacier, a strategically crucial region dominating Northern Ladakh. So, statement 1 and statement 4 are correct. · Siachen has been a bone of contention between India and Pakistan ever since the Karachi Agreement of 1949, when the area was left undivided due to the hostile terrain and extremely rough weather. So, statement 2 is incorrect. · Operation Meghdoot was launched on April 13, 1984. This military operation was unique as the first assault launched on the world’s highest battlefield. So, statement 3 is correct.
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Space tourism in news
Source: The Indian Express
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gopi-thotakura-space-tourism-indian-9271691/
Context: The projected market size for space tourism is substantial, with an estimated 2.4 million individuals expected to participate in these flights.
Why in News
- Gopi Thotakura, an entrepreneur and pilot, is poised to become the first Indian space tourist aboard Blue Origin’s NS-25 mission, founded by Jeff Bezos of Amazon fame.
Key Highlights:
- Thotakura is among six crew members selected for the mission, which has an undisclosed launch date, potentially making him the second Indian in space after Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma in 1984.
- Space tourism has seen significant growth, with the market valued at $848.28 million in 2023 and projected to reach $27,861.99 million by 2032.
- Challenges such as high costs and environmental impacts could impede the industry’s expansion despite its promising growth trajectory.
About Space Tourism:
- Space tourism, as outlined in the book ‘Air Transport: A Tourism Perspective’, aims to offer individuals the chance to experience space travel for leisure, recreational, or business reasons within the aviation sector.
- There are two primary categories of space tourism: sub-orbital and orbital.
- Sub-orbital trips involve spacecraft that ascend just beyond the Kármán line, providing passengers with a brief experience of outer space before returning to Earth.
- The NS-25 mission, which includes Gopi Thotakura, falls under the sub-orbital category and utilizes Blue Origin’s New Shepard spacecraft, designed specifically for space tourism.
- Orbital tourism involves spacecraft that venture much farther beyond the Kármán line, allowing passengers to spend extended periods at altitudes of nearly 1.3 million feet.
- In September 2021, Space X’s Falcon 9 transported four passengers to an altitude of 160 km, where they orbited the Earth for three days, showcasing the capabilities of orbital space tourism.
Importance of Space Tourism:
- Significant Market Potential: The projected market size for space tourism is substantial, with an estimated 2.4 million individuals expected to participate in these flights.
- Testing Ground: Space tourism offers a platform for testing supersonic travel by drastically reducing travel time between various Earth locations, marking the private sector’s entry into this domain.
- Economic Advantages: Space tourism holds the potential to boost the space industry’s expansion, generating revenue for space firms, creating employment opportunities, fostering innovation, and attracting investment across sectors like hospitality and entertainment.
- Promotion of Space Exploration: It can spark public interest in space exploration, prompting greater engagement with astronomy, space technology, and the universe, potentially leading to increased funding for space research and development.
- Technological Progress: Advancements in space tourism necessitate the enhancement of space-related technologies and infrastructure, including spacecraft, launch vehicles, and habitats, which can positively impact sectors like transportation, energy, and communication.
- Environmental Benefits: Space tourism offers an eco-friendly alternative destination for travelers, potentially alleviating the strain on Earth’s natural resources and ecosystems, thus reducing the environmental impact of conventional tourism.
Challenges:
- Cost Barrier: Space tourism remains prohibitively expensive, with prices typically starting at a million dollars per passenger, making it inaccessible to the majority.
- Environmental Impact: Studies highlight the potential environmental damage caused by space tourism, as rockets emit gaseous and solid chemicals directly into the upper atmosphere.
- Climate Change Concerns: Research from 2022 conducted by University College London (UCL), the University of Cambridge, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) reveals that soot emissions from rocket launches contribute significantly to warming the atmosphere, particularly in the stratosphere, accelerating climate change.
- Safety Challenges: Despite rigorous safety standards, the risk of accidents persists in space tourism.
- According to Astronomy Magazine, as of November 2023, 676 individuals have flown into space, with 19 fatalities, representing a relatively high fatality rate of approximately 3%.
- Emphasis on Sustainability: With the industry’s expansion, there is growing emphasis on developing environmentally friendly propulsion technologies and implementing sustainable practices to mitigate the environmental impact of space tourism.
- Health Risks: Space tourism poses potential health risks for passengers, including motion sickness and disorientation, which can affect eyesight, cognition, balance, and motor control.
Way Forward
- Top of Form
- Prioritizing Health, Comfort, and Safety: Critical steps such as thorough training, medical assessments, and the review of liability waivers are necessary before individuals embark on space tourism journeys.
- Industry Impact: While space tourism may initially constitute a small segment of the market, its benefits will extend to the broader New Space sector.
- Socioeconomic Advantages: As space travel becomes more routine, it will positively impact various socioeconomic facets of Earth’s society, including the advancement of solar-powered energy infrastructure and the generation of employment opportunities.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q5. Consider the following Statements:
How many of the above statements are incorrect?
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Q. Who was the first Indian to go to space as a space tourist? (2013 UPPSC prelims )
A. Vikram Sarabhai B. Santosh George C. Rakesh Sharma D. Satish Dhawan Answer : B
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| Answer 5 A
Explanation · Research from 2022 conducted by University College London (UCL), the University of Cambridge, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) reveals that soot emissions from rocket launches contribute significantly to warming the atmosphere, particularly in the stratosphere, accelerating climate change. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
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Viral hepatitis- a challenge to India’s public health
Source: The Indian Express
Context: World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Hepatitis Report 2024
Why in News
- India ranks among the countries with the highest burdens of viral hepatitis globally, equalling tuberculosis (TB) as the second leading infectious cause of death worldwide.
Key Highlights:
- COVID-19 topped the list of infectious killers in the report, utilizing data from 2022.
- In 2022, approximately 1.3 million deaths were attributed to viral hepatitis globally, up from 1.1 million in 2019, despite a decrease in the incidence of new cases to 2.2 million in 2022, down from 2.5 million in 2019.
- Diagnosis and treatment rates for viral hepatitis remained alarmingly low, raising concerns about effective management of the disease.
- India has the second highest prevalence of viral hepatitis cases globally, contributing over 11% to the total burden, according to the report.
- Out of the 254 million individuals living with hepatitis B (hep B) worldwide in 2022, India accounted for 29 million cases, ranking second after China with 79 million cases.
- For hepatitis C (hep C), India had 5.5 million cases out of the global total of 50 million, following closely behind Pakistan with 8.8 million cases.
- Diagnosis rates for viral hepatitis remained significantly low, with only 2.4% of hep B cases and approximately 28% of hep C cases being diagnosed.
- Viral hepatitis can spread through contaminated blood transfusions or needles.
- Mother-to-child transmission is the primary driver of hep B cases in India, accounting for almost 90% of infections, as blood banks now offer safe blood, and needle-stick transmissions among healthcare workers are minimized due to widespread vaccination.
- Regarding hep C, India is among ten countries where 80% of infections occur among injection drug users, as stated in the WHO report.
About Viral hepatitis:
- Top of Form
- There are five hepatitis viruses that cause liver disease in humans.
- Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and manifests as an acute, short-term illness. Since it is typically short-term, hepatitis A may not require specific medical intervention.
- Hepatitis B results from infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can become a chronic condition. There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B, but chronic cases may require antiviral medications.
- Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is one of the most common bloodborne viral infections, often persisting as a long-term condition. Antiviral medications can effectively treat both acute and chronic forms of hepatitis C.
- Hepatitis D is a rare form that only occurs alongside hepatitis B infection, caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). Pegylated interferon alpha is listed as a treatment by the WHO, but it can have severe side effects and is not recommended for individuals with cirrhosis.
- Hepatitis E is transmitted through contaminated water and is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV), primarily affecting regions with poor sanitation. No specific medical therapies are available for hepatitis E, as it often resolves on its own due to its acute nature.
India’s response to Viral Hepatitis compared to that of TB:
- Despite viral hepatitis causing a comparable number of deaths to tuberculosis (TB), it receives significantly less attention globally.
- Treatment coverage for TB stands at approximately 70% globally, whereas coverage for hepatitis B (hep B) and hepatitis C (hep C) is only 3% and 20%, respectively.
- In India, although the number of deaths due to viral hepatitis is lower than TB, the treatment coverage gap is notable. None of the diagnosed hep B patients and only 21% of diagnosed hep C patients received treatment, compared to 95% of diagnosed TB patients.
- The issue does not stem from a shortage of drugs, as India offers some of the cheapest drugs and diagnostics globally. For instance, the cost of a rapid diagnostic test for hep B in India is $0.09, the lowest among reported countries, and for hep C, it is $0.21.
- Treatment for hep B with TDF and a 12-week course to cure hep C are available in India below the global benchmark prices. Additionally, several Indian pharmaceutical companies produce generic versions of these medicines.
Challenges in dealing with Viral Hepatitis:
- Controlling hepatitis B (hep B) presents more challenges compared to hepatitis C (hep C), requiring three key measures: ensuring full vaccination for all newborns, immunizing adults who haven’t received the vaccine, and providing treatment for diagnosed individuals.
- The hep B vaccine was introduced for children in 2007-08 under the government’s universal immunization program, but a 2019 study revealed varying coverage rates between 41% and 62%. Additionally, the 2018 National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme includes provisions for vaccinating high-risk groups such as healthcare workers.
- Treatment for hep B is typically administered by specialists according to international guidelines. However, these guidelines may exclude a significant portion of diagnosed individuals from treatment initiation. Advocates suggest adopting a ‘treat all’ approach similar to HIV, offering immediate treatment to anyone diagnosed with hep B.
- Antiviral treatment for hep B aims to slow the virus’s ability to harm the liver.
- In the case of hep C, making medications available is only part of the solution. Treatment is highly effective, with cure rates ranging from 80% to 90%. Unlike hep B, where treatment is lifelong, hep C treatment lasts for a shorter duration, typically 12 to 24 weeks.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q6. Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: Hepatitis is primarily an inflammation of the lungs, often caused by viral infections. Statement-II: Hepatitis D is a rare form that only occurs alongside hepatitis B infection, caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? A. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I B. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-1 C. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect D. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct |
Q. Which one of the following statements is not correct? (UPSC Prelims 2019)
A. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV. B. Hepatitis B unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine. C. Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses arc several times more than those infected with HIV. D. Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years Ans: B
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| Answer 6 D
Explanation · Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections, although there are other potential causes as well. Hence statement 1 is incorrect. · Hepatitis D is a rare form that only occurs alongside hepatitis B infection, caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). Pegylated interferon alpha is listed as a treatment by the WHO, but it can have severe side effects and is not recommended for individuals with cirrhosis. Hence statement 1 is correct. So, correct answer is option D.
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India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK
Source: PIB
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2017945
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS- 3 (Joint Military Exercises)
Context : Indian Army to participate in the 5th India-Uzbekistan joint military exercise Dustlik
Why in news
- Indian Army contingent will participate in the 5th edition of India-Uzbekistan joint military exercise Dustlik, being held at Termez, Republic of Uzbekistan from 15 to 28 April 2024.
Key highlights
- This exercise is a yearly event conducted alternatively in India and Uzbekistan, with the last edition held at Pithoragarh, India, in February 2023.
Composition of Contingents
- The Indian Armed Forces contingent, comprising 60 personnel, is represented by 45 personnel from the Indian Army, primarily from a Battalion of the JAT Regiment, and 15 personnel from the Indian Air Force.
- The Uzbekistan contingent, comprising approximately 100 personnel from the Uzbekistan Army and Air Force, will be represented by personnel from the Southern Operational Command, part of the South-West Military District.
Objectives and Focus
- The aim of Exercise DUSTLIK is to foster military cooperation and enhance combined capabilities to execute joint operations in mountainous and semi-urban terrain.
- It will focus on physical fitness, joint planning, tactical drills, and special arms skills.
- Tactical drills to be practiced during the exercise will include various operations such as securing landing sites, special heliborne operations, and cordon and search operations.
Enhanced Complexity and Interoperability
- This edition of Exercise DUSTLIK has been enhanced with the conduct of multi-domain operations, involving personnel from combat support arms and services besides Infantry.
- The exercise will enable the sharing of best practices in tactics, techniques, and procedures of conducting joint operations, fostering inter-operability, bonhomie, and camaraderie between soldiers of both countries.
Future Implications
- Exercise DUSTLIK not only enhances the level of defense cooperation but also fosters bilateral relations between India and Uzbekistan, contributing to the broader strategic partnership between the two nations.
About DUSTLIK Exercise
- DUSTLIK is a biennial training exercise held between the armies of India and Uzbekistan.
- It aims at enhancing military capability to undertake multi-domain operations in a Sub Conventional scenario under United Nations Mandate.
- The first edition of the joint military exercise took place in Tashkent in 2019.
India-Uzbekistan Political and Bilateral relations
- India was one of the first countries to acknowledge the state sovereignty of Uzbekistan after its independence in 1991.
- The bilateral relations encompass political and strategic issues, defence and security, trade and investment, energy, agriculture, Science & technology, education, and people-to-people ties.
- The diplomatic relations between the two nations have completed 30 years in 2022.
- Uzbekistan and India have signed Agreements/MOUs/ Protocols/Joint Statements in trade, investment, education, civil aviation, tourism, science & technology, telecommunications, agriculture, and IT.
Geography of Uzbekistan
- It is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.
- It is surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest.
- Its capital and largest city is Tashkent.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q7. Consider the following pairs :
1. 4th edition of Dustlik – Pithoragarh, India 2. The first edition of the Dustlik – 2019 3. India recognised state sovereignty of Uzbekistan – 1950 How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? A. Only one pair B. Only two pairs C. All three pairs D. None of the pairs
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Q. With reference to Military exercises, consider the following pairs: (2018 UPSC prelims)
Military exercises Countries involved 1. Surya Kiran – India & France 2. Sampriti – India & Bangladesh 3. Shakti – India & Nepal Which of the pairs given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 3 only Answer : B
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| Answer 7– B
Explanation · Indian Army contingent will participate in the 5th edition of India-Uzbekistan joint military exercise Dustlik, being held at Termez, Republic of Uzbekistan from 15 to 28 April 2024. · This exercise is a yearly event conducted alternatively in India and Uzbekistan, with the last edition held at Pithoragarh, India, in February 2023. So, pair 1 is correctly matched. · The first edition of the joint military exercise between India and Uzbekistan took place in Tashkent in 2019. So, pair 2 is correctly matched. · India was one of the first countries to acknowledge the state sovereignty of Uzbekistan after its independence in 1991. So, pair 3 is incorrectly matched. · Therefore, option B is correct answer.
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India’s Arctic Imperative
Source: The Hindu
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-arctic
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS – 3 (Environmental Pollution & Degradation Conservation)
Context: The Indian government seems keen to benefit from seabed mining and resource exploitation in the Arctic, it ought to unequivocally back a sustainable mode of extraction
Why in news
- In December 2023, four Indian climate scientists commenced their acclimatization in Oslo, preparing for India’s inaugural winter expedition to the Arctic.
Key highlights
- The mission, based at the Himadri research station in the International Arctic Research Base at Svalbard.
- Presented a unique challenge as it involved living in intense cold and enduring weeks of polar nights with no sunlight.
Growing Interest in the Arctic
- The successful conclusion of India’s first winter expedition in the Arctic in March 2024 highlights a shift in India’s longstanding reluctance towards year-round Arctic missions.
- The decision was influenced by scientific data revealing accelerated Arctic warming and its potential catastrophic impact on India’s climate.
- Additionally, India aims to leverage the opening of Arctic sea routes, such as the Northern Sea Route, for trade, with an eye on reducing shipping costs and time while enhancing security.
Geopolitical and Strategic Considerations
- India’s heightened focus on the Arctic is driven by concerns over China’s increasing investments in the region, as well as Russia’s decision to grant expanded access to the Northern Sea Route to China.
- This shift occurs amid rising tensions in the Arctic due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, prompting India to carefully navigate its relationships with Western nations and Russia.
India’s Historical and Ongoing Engagement
- India’s involvement in the Arctic dates back to 1920, with significant contributions, including the establishment of an Arctic research base, commissioning of observational and atmospheric research facilities, and attainment of ‘observer’ status in the Arctic Council.
- This involvement has sparked debates within India’s academic and policy communities regarding the potential economic impacts of Arctic climate change, particularly concerning maritime resource exploitation.
Potential for Collaboration with Norway
- The present chair of the Arctic Council, Norway, holds close ties with India and has collaborated extensively in investigating Arctic and Antarctic conditions.
- India’s policy emphasizes cooperation with Arctic countries in green energy and clean Industries.
- A potential partnership with Norway could pave the way for greater participation in the Arctic Council’s working groups, with a focus on issues such as the blue economy, connectivity. and responsible resource development.
Six pillars of Arctic Policy
- Including scientific research,
- Climate and environmental protection,
- Economic and human development,
- Transportation and connectivity, governance and
- International cooperation,
- National capacity building.
Collaboration with Norway is expected to prioritize scientific research and climate protection, while also addressing economic opportunities in a sustainable manner, amidst mounting global geopolitical tensions in the Arctic.
About Arctic Region
- It is commonly understood to refer to the region above the Arctic Circle, north of latitude 66° 34′ N, which includes the Arctic Ocean with the North Pole at its centre.
- Eight Arctic States-Canada, Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and USA form the Arctic Council.
- The Arctic is home to almost four million inhabitants, of which approximately one tenth are considered as indigenous people.
- The Arctic influences atmospheric, oceanographic and biogeochemical cycles of the earth’s ecosystem.
India And the Arctic A History Of Cooperation
- India’s engagement with the Arctic started in February 1920, when it signed the Svalbard Treaty in Paris.
- India has ratified almost all international treaties and is a member of international organisations that are relevant to the Arctic.
- India launched its first scientific expedition to the Arctic in 2007 to initiate a series of baseline measurements in biological sciences, ocean and atmospheric sciences and glaciology.
- Subsequently, the Indian research station Himadri at the international Arctic research base at Ny-Ålesund in Spitsbergen, Svalbard was dedicated to the nation in 2008. In 2016, India’s northernmost atmospheric laboratory was established at Gruvebadet.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q8. Consider the following statements with regards to Arctic expeditions:
1. India’s engagement with the Arctic began in 1920 when it signed the Svalbard Treaty in Paris. 2. India’s first scientific expedition to the Arctic was launched in 2007. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
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Q. The term ‘IndARC’, sometimes seen in the news, is the name of (UPSC Prelims 2015)
A. an indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence B. India’s satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim C. a scientific establishment set up by India in Antarctic region D. India’s underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region
Ans: D
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| Answer 8– C
Explanation
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