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APPSC CARE 9th October 2025 Current Affairs

News at a Glance

Andhra Pradesh forms advisory panel to propel green hydrogen initiative

Source: The Hindu

APPSC Relevance: Governance, technology

Context: Green Hydrogen Initiative

Why in News?

Andhra Pradesh has constituted a high-level advisory committee under the ‘Green Hydrogen Valley – Amaravati’ initiative to promote technology, research, and infrastructure for green hydrogen.

Introduction

  • The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken a major step toward advancing India’s green energy transition by constituting a high-level advisory committee under the ‘Green Hydrogen Valley – Amaravati’ initiative.
  • This move aligns with India’s broader goal to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 and to become a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.

Key Highlights of the Initiative

1. Objective

  • The newly formed committee aims to:
  • Promote technology adoption, research, and infrastructure development for green hydrogen production, storage, and applications.
  • Transform Amaravati into a “Green Hydrogen Valley”, serving as a model ecosystem for innovation, investment, and policy implementation in clean energy.

2. Composition of the Advisory Committee

  • According to G.O. Ms. No. 82, issued by the Energy Department, the committee includes a mix of top policymakers, scientists, and industry experts:
PositionName / Institution
ChairmanDr. V.K. Saraswat, Member, NITI Aayog
Co-ChairmanK. Vijayanand, Chief Secretary, Andhra Pradesh
Member-ConvenerDr. M. Kamalakar Babu, Managing Director, NREDCAP
Other MembersRepresentatives from CSIR-NCL (Pune), Ministry of Railways, Fraunhofer Institute (Germany), SRM University, Greenko, ReNew Power, and other industry leaders
  • This reflects a multi-stakeholder approach, integrating expertise from government, academia, research institutions, and private industry.

3. Background

  • The initiative follows the Green Hydrogen Summit 2025, held at SRM University, Amaravati, where Andhra Pradesh articulated its vision to become India’s largest green hydrogen hub by 2030.
  • The summit emphasized:
    • Collaboration with global institutions.
    • Technology localization.
    • Skill development and workforce training in green energy.

4. Functions and Mandate

The Advisory Committee will:

  • Guide policy formulation and technology adoption for hydrogen ecosystems.
  • Support research and pilot projects for hydrogen-based fuels and storage systems.
  • Develop infrastructure for production, storage, and transportation of hydrogen.
  • Promote public-private partnerships (PPP) to attract investments.
  • Conduct annual progress reviews and summits at SRM University to monitor advancements and stakeholder engagement.

Strategic Importance for Andhra Pradesh

a) Economic Benefits

  • Creation of green jobs in hydrogen production, R&D, logistics, and manufacturing.
  • Boosting industrial competitiveness and investment inflows in renewable sectors.
  • Positioning Andhra Pradesh as a national and export hub for green hydrogen and derivatives like green ammonia and methanol.

b) Environmental Benefits

  • Reduction in carbon footprint and dependency on fossil fuels.
  • Support for India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) target of producing 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030.

c) Technological Edge

  • Collaboration with international research bodies like the Fraunhofer Institute (Germany) provides access to advanced European technologies in electrolysis, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell innovation.

Alignment with National and Global Goals

Policy / InitiativeRelevance to Andhra Pradesh Plan
National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023)Supports India’s mission objectives of green hydrogen hubs and export capacity.
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)Contributes to India’s climate targets under the Paris Agreement.
Atmanirbhar Bharat InitiativeEncourages domestic technology development and manufacturing in renewables.
Make in India & Skill IndiaGenerates local employment and technical capacity building.

Role of SRM University

  • SRM University in Amaravati will act as a knowledge and innovation hub, hosting annual reviews and summits, enabling:
  • Research partnerships.
  • Student-industry collaboration.
  • Pilot testing of hydrogen technologies. This academic link strengthens science-policy integration.

CARE MCQ

Q1.  With reference to the ‘Green Hydrogen Valley – Amaravati’ initiative, consider the following statements:

  1. It aims to make Andhra Pradesh India’s largest green hydrogen hub by 2030.
  2. The advisory committee is chaired by Dr. V.K. Saraswat, Member of NITI Aayog.
  3. The initiative involves collaboration with institutions like CSIR-NCL and the Fraunhofer Institute, Germany.
  4. SRM University, Visakhapatnam, will host annual progress reviews of the project.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A) 1, 2, and 3 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2, 3, and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 1- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The ‘Green Hydrogen Valley – Amaravati’ initiative envisions transforming Andhra Pradesh into India’s largest green hydrogen hub by 2030.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The high-level advisory committee is chaired by Dr. V.K. Saraswat, Member of NITI Aayog.
  • Statement 3 is correct: The initiative includes collaboration with research and industry partners such as CSIR-NCL (Pune) and the Fraunhofer Institute (Germany).
  • Statement 4 is incorrect: Annual reviews and summits will be held at SRM University, Amaravati, not Visakhapatnam.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Visakhapatnam to get Urban Disaster Management Authority, first in Andhra Pradesh

Source: New Indian Express

APPSC Relevance: Governance

Context: Urban Disaster Management Authority (UDMA)

Why in News?

  • Visakhapatnam is set to become the first city in Andhra Pradesh and second in India to establish an Urban Disaster Management Authority (UDMA) under the Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025.

About UFRMP:

  • Visakhapatnam is set to become the first city in Andhra Pradesh and only the second in India to establish an Urban Disaster Management Authority (UDMA), under the provisions of the Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025.
  • The proposal is currently awaiting approval from the State government and comes alongside the sanction of ₹200 crore from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Urban Flood Risk Mitigation Programme (UFRMP).

(Image Source: New Indian Express)

Legal and Institutional Background

a. Disaster Management Framework in India

  • Prior to the amendment:
  • The Disaster Management Act, 2005 provided for:
  • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) – chaired by the Prime Minister
  • State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMA) – chaired by the Chief Minister
  • District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMA) – chaired by the District Collector
  • However, no specific institutional mechanism existed for urban-level disaster management, despite increasing vulnerability of cities to floods, heatwaves, and industrial hazards.

b. Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025

  • Introduced the concept of an Urban Disaster Management Authority (UDMA) for million-plus cities.
  • Objective: To integrate disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience planning directly into urban governance and planning systems.
  • Mandate: Preparation, coordination, and implementation of disaster management plans specifically for urban areas.

c. Composition of UDMA

  • Chairperson: Municipal Commissioner
  • Members: District Collector and other key urban department heads
  • Coordination Mechanism: Works closely with SDMA, DDMA, and NDMA for policy alignment.

Why an Urban Disaster Management Authority?

  • Urban Vulnerabilities
    • Urban areas like Visakhapatnam face multi-dimensional risks:
    • Urban flooding due to unplanned drainage and rapid concretization.
    • Industrial and port-related hazards.
    • Climate-induced events such as heatwaves and cyclones.
    • Dense population and high economic concentration increase exposure and risk.
  • Need for Specialized Authority
  • District-level authorities often focus on rural and administrative units.
  • Urban areas require:
    • Integrated urban planning and disaster risk governance.
    • Coordination across urban agencies (municipal, water, electricity, roads, housing, etc.).
    • Real-time technology-based early warning systems.
  • Thus, UDMA ensures localized, proactive, and coordinated urban disaster management.

Visakhapatnam’s Proposal and Implementation Plan

a. Chairperson and Structure

  • Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) Commissioner – Chairperson.
  • Coordination with District Collector, NDMA, and Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (APSDMA).

b. Funding

  • ₹200 crore sanctioned under the Urban Flood Risk Mitigation Programme (UFRMP) — Phase II.

c. Allocation of Funds

TypeAllocationKey Activities
Structural Measures₹140 crore– Upgradation of stormwater management systems (₹80 cr)
– Rejuvenation of water bodies (₹24 cr)
– Permeable walkways and curbs (₹10 cr)
– Sponge parks and zones (₹6 cr)
– Rainwater harvesting (₹5 cr)
– Pilot bioswale projects (₹15 cr)
Non-Structural Measures₹60 crore– Green roofs, green spaces, urban forests (₹20 cr)
– GIS-based flood monitoring and early warning (₹20 cr)
– Capacity-building and training (₹5 cr)
– Community-based disaster risk management (₹5 cr)
– Hazard and vulnerability assessments (₹2 cr)
– City & ward-level disaster management plans (₹2.5 cr)
– Establishment of Urban Flood Management Cell (₹5.5 cr)

Role and Significance of UDMA

AspectSignificance
Urban-Centric PlanningAligns disaster management with city master plans and infrastructure projects.
Integration with Smart City InitiativesPromotes use of GIS, IoT, and digital warning systems.
Institutional CoordinationBrings together multiple agencies — municipal, urban development, housing, and environment — for coherent response.
Flood Risk ManagementStrengthens resilience against urban floods through both structural and non-structural measures.
Community InvolvementEnhances preparedness and awareness at ward level through participatory governance.

Broader Policy Context

  • The 15th Finance Commission and NDMA have emphasized the need for city-level resilience mechanisms due to increasing climate-induced disasters.
  • The creation of Urban Disaster Management Authorities aligns with:
  • Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030)
  • UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 11): Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
  • National Disaster Management Plan (2024–30) which focuses on urban resilience and climate adaptation.

Challenges Ahead

  • Institutional Overlaps: Need clear demarcation of roles between UDMA, DDMA, and SDMA.
  • Capacity Constraints: Requires technical manpower and disaster management expertise at municipal level.
  • Funding Continuity: Sustained financial support needed beyond the initial NDMA grant.
  • Urban Planning Integration: Coordination between planning authorities and disaster management bodies is crucial.
  • Public Participation: Ensuring citizen engagement and awareness for risk reduction.

CARE MCQ

Q2. With reference to the Urban Disaster Management Authority (UDMA) recently proposed in Visakhapatnam, consider the following statements:

  1. The UDMA is mandated under the Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025.
  2. The Municipal Commissioner will serve as the Chairperson of the Authority.
  3. The Authority will function only in cities with populations exceeding one million.
  4. Visakhapatnam’s UDMA is being set up with financial assistance under the Urban Flood Risk Mitigation Programme (UFRMP) of the NDMA.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2, and 3 only
C) 1, 2, and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer: B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The UDMA is a new institutional mechanism introduced through the Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025, to manage urban-level disasters.
  • Statement 2 is correct: As per the Act, the Municipal Commissioner serves as the Chairperson of the Authority, while the District Collector is a member.
  • Statement 3 is incorrect: The Act applies only to million-plus cities, not to all urban areas.
  • Statement 4 is correct: The UDMA in Visakhapatnam is proposed for effective implementation of the Urban Flood Risk Mitigation Programme (UFRMP) funded by the NDMA, with ₹200 crore sanctioned.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Dharwad Botanists Discover Four New Plant Species in the Western Ghats

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS3– Environment and Ecology

Context: New Plant Species

Why in News?

Botanists from Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, discovered four new plant species in the Western Ghats of Karnataka during 2024-25 floristic surveys.

Introduction

  • A team of botanists from Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, led by Prof. K. Kotresha, has discovered four new plant species in the Western Ghats of Karnataka.
  • The discoveries were made during floristic explorations carried out in 2024-25 and have been published in internationally recognized journals.

Details of the Discovery:

The discoveries form a part of a larger floristic survey being conducted across Karnataka. So far, surveys in eight districts have been completed, with work continuing in the remaining districts. The newly discovered species are:

  • Oberonia marnkuliensis Shreyas & Kotresha – Found in Marnkuli Hill, Shivamogga district, this species has been named after the village of its collection. Published in Richardiana international journal, it represents the diversity of Central Western Ghats flora.
  • Zeuxine seetharamii (Betageri & Kotresha) – Discovered in Kali Tiger Reserve, Uttara Kannada district, this species honors Prof. Y.N. Seetharam, a noted taxonomist from Gulbarga University. Its discovery was published in the Asian Journal of Research in Botany.
  • Parasopubia gorensis (Patgar, Betageri & Kotresha) – Collected from Goregudda, Hindgaon, Kumta taluk, Uttara Kannada district, this species is named after the Goddess Goreshwara temple on the lateritic plateau. Published in Phytotaxa, it highlights the rich biodiversity of the Uttara Kannada region.
  • Utricularia kumtensis (Kanoj, Patgar, Betageri & Kotresha) – Found near Mirjan Fort, Kumta taluk, Uttara Kannada district, the species’ name reflects its geographical origin. Its discovery was also published in Phytotaxa.

Significance of the Discoveries:

  • Biodiversity Documentation: With an estimated 30 lakh plant species globally, only 2.5 lakh have been documented. The discovery of four new species emphasizes that a vast majority of global flora remains unexplored.
  • Conservation Importance: Western Ghats is a recognized biodiversity hotspot. Documenting new species aids in conservation planning, especially for endemic or potentially endangered species.
  • Scientific Recognition: The publication of these discoveries in international journals enhances India’s contribution to global botanical research and taxonomy.
  • Regional Development: These discoveries highlight the ecological richness of districts like Uttara Kannada and Shivamogga, which can be leveraged for eco-tourism, biodiversity education, and local conservation efforts.

(Image Source: The Hindu)

About Western Ghats (Sahyadri Hills)

Location & Geography:

  • The Western Ghats, also called the Sahyadri Hills, run parallel to India’s western coast.
  • Stretch from Maharashtra in the north to Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the south (~1,600 km).
  • Passes through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
  • Average elevation: 1,200–1,500 m, with the highest peak being Anamudi (2,695 m) in Kerala.
  • Rivers originating: Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Periyar – vital for peninsular India.

Ecological Significance:

  • One of the 8 “hottest hotspots” of biodiversity in the world.
  • Dense forests with evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, and montane shola forests.
  • Rich in endemic species of flora and fauna.
  • Important for monsoon precipitation and river flow regulation.

Biodiversity:

  • Flora: ~7,400 species of plants; ~30% are endemic. Examples: Zeuxine seetharamii, Oberonia marnkuliensis.
  • Fauna: Home to tigers, elephants, lion-tailed macaques, Malabar civet, and over 500 bird species.
  • Known for medicinal plants, orchids, and unique montane ecosystems.

Conservation Status:

  • UNESCO World Heritage Site (1987).
  • Many protected areas: national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves (e.g., Nilgiri, Agasthyamalai, and Kudremukh).
  • Threats: deforestation, mining, hydroelectric projects, urbanization, invasive species, and climate change.

Conclusion:

  • The discovery of these four new plant species underscores the need for sustained floristic surveys and biodiversity conservation.
  • It also reinforces India’s position as a global centre for botanical research while emphasizing the critical role of local ecosystems in supporting diverse flora.

CARE MCQ

Q1.  Assertion–Reason

Assertion (A):
The discovery of four new plant species in Karnataka’s Western Ghats emphasizes the importance of documenting biodiversity in India.

Reason (R):
Less than 10% of the estimated global plant species have been scientifically documented so far.

Codes:
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true, but R is false.
(D) A is false, but R is true.

Answer 1- A

Explanation

  • The discovery of Oberonia marnkuliensis, Zeuxine seetharamii, Parasopubia gorensis, and Utricularia kumtensis highlights India’s vast unexplored biodiversity, particularly in the Western Ghats hotspot.
  • Out of nearly 30 lakh estimated plant species, only about 2.5 lakh have been scientifically recorded (~8–9%).
  • Therefore, documenting new flora is essential for conservation, ecosystem management, and scientific advancement — making the Reason a correct and valid explanation of the Assertion.

UPSC PYQ

Q.  Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species? (2012)

(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass

(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard

(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)

(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal

Ans: (a)

Draft Labour Policy Proposes Integration of All Social Security Schemes

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS2 Social Justice

Context: Draft National Labour and Employment Policy 2025

Why in News?

The draft Shram Shakti Niti 2025 aims to create universal, portable social security accounts, enhance women’s labour participation, and modernise India’s workforce through digital compliance and skill integration.

Introduction

  • The Union Labour Ministry released the draft National Labour and Employment Policy (Sharm Shakti Niti 2025) for public consultation.
  • The policy is a landmark initiative aiming to unify India’s fragmented social security landscape, enhance workforce participation, and create a future-ready labour ecosystem aligned with India’s vision of a developed nation by 2047.

Key Features of the Draft Policy

  • Universal and Portable Social Security A cornerstone of the policy is the creation of universal, portable social security accounts for all workers. By integrating schemes such as:
    • Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)
    • Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)
    • Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)
    • e-SHRAM
    • State welfare boards
  • The policy seeks to ensure that a worker’s social security benefits are comprehensive, seamless, and transferable across sectors and states, reducing informality and promoting long-term welfare.
  • Women’s Labour Participation The draft policy aims to raise female labour-force participation to 35% by 2030, addressing historical gender disparities. Measures include gender-sensitive standards in occupational safety, targeted skilling programs, and career guidance initiatives.
  • Single-Window Digital Compliance for MSMEs Recognising the crucial role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), the policy proposes digital self-certification and simplified compliance, promoting formalisation while reducing bureaucratic burdens.
  • Occupational Safety and Skills Integration Implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Code with risk-based inspections and AI-enabled safety systems is proposed. Convergence of skill development schemes aims to create a future-ready workforce, equipped for emerging sectors, including green jobs.
  • Green and Decent Jobs In line with sustainable development goals, the policy promotes green jobs, emphasizing environmental responsibility alongside economic growth.

Expected Outcomes

The draft policy envisages transformative outcomes for India’s workforce:

  • Universal worker registration and social security portability
  • Near-zero workplace fatalities
  • Reduction in informal employment via digital compliance
  • AI-driven labour governance across states
  • Creation of millions of green and decent jobs
  • A unified ‘One Nation Integrated Workforce’ ecosystem enabling inter-ministerial coherence and transparent monitoring

(Image Source: The Hindu)

Implementation Phases

The policy proposes a three-phase rollout:

  • Phase I (2025–27): Institutional setup, social security integration, and pilot initiatives.
  • Phase II (2027–30): Nationwide rollout of universal social security accounts, skill-credit systems, and district-level Employment Facilitation Cells.
  • Phase III (Beyond 2030): Paperless governance, predictive analytics, continuous policy review, and refinement based on real-time data.
  • Monitoring and Accountability: Progress will be tracked through:
  • Labour & Employment Policy Evaluation Index (LPEI) benchmarking states
  • Annual National Labour Report to Parliament
  • Independent third-party reviews for transparency

Implications for India

  • Economic Formalisation: By integrating social security and promoting digital compliance, the policy encourages formalisation, potentially increasing tax revenues, and enabling better labour market regulation.
  • Gender Inclusion: Raising female workforce participation addresses gender inequities, boosts household incomes, and supports broader economic growth.
  • Youth Employment and Skill Development: Integration of skill schemes and career guidance programs can enhance employability in emerging sectors, particularly in technology-driven and green industries.
  • Governance and Technology Integration: AI-driven inspections and predictive analytics can improve regulatory efficiency, reduce workplace hazards, and modernise labour governance.
  • Sustainability and Just Transition: Emphasis on green jobs ensures alignment with climate goals, while “just-transition pathways” safeguard workers from displacement due to industrial shifts.

Challenges Ahead

  • Digital Divide: Successful implementation depends on digital literacy and infrastructure, particularly in rural areas.
  • Inter-Ministerial Coordination: Integrating multiple social security schemes requires robust cooperation across ministries and states.
  • Compliance Enforcement: Ensuring adherence by informal sector workers and small enterprises will remain a challenge.
  • Gender Barriers: Social and cultural barriers may limit women’s participation, despite policy provisions.

Conclusion

  • The Shram Shakti Niti 2025 represents a comprehensive vision for India’s labour market, combining social security, safety, skills, and technology.

CARE MCQ

Q2.   Consider the following statements about the draft National Labour and Employment Policy (Shram Shakti Niti 2025):

  1. It proposes the integration of EPFO, ESIC, PMJAY, e-SHRAM, and State welfare boards to create universal social security accounts.
  2. It seeks to increase women’s labour-force participation to 35% by 2030.
  3. It mandates the implementation of AI-enabled predictive policing in law enforcement to ensure workplace safety.
  4. It proposes single-window digital compliance and simplified returns for MSMEs.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2, and 4 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer 2- B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The draft policy explicitly proposes integration of EPFO, ESIC, PMJAY, e-SHRAM, and State welfare boards to create universal, portable social security accounts for all workers.
  • Statement 2 is correct: One of the key objectives of the policy is to increase women’s labour-force participation to 35% by 2030, addressing gender inequity in the workforce.
  • Statement 3 is incorrect: While the policy includes AI-enabled safety systems for workplace monitoring, it does not mandate AI-enabled predictive policing in law enforcement. This is a misinterpretation; the focus is on labour governance and workplace safety, not law enforcement.
  • Statement 4 is correct: The policy proposes a single-window digital compliance system for MSMEs, including self-certification and simplified returns, to promote formalisation and ease of doing business.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)? (2017)

(a) Resident Indian citizens only

(b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only

(c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments

(d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004

Ans: (b)

India to Expand Solar Pumps Scheme to Africa and Island Nations

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations

Context: PM-KUSUM Solar Pumps in Africa and Island Nations

Why in News?

India plans to promote its PM-KUSUM and PM Surya Ghar programmes in Africa and island nations through the International Solar Alliance, showcasing solar irrigation and rooftop solar solutions.

Introduction

  • India plans to showcase its PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthan Mahabhiyan) and PM Surya Ghar programmes in African countries and island nations through the International Solar Alliance (ISA) platform.
  • This initiative highlights India’s renewable energy leadership and potential for international cooperation in sustainable agriculture and energy access.

About PM-KUSUM

  • Objective: Launched in 2019, PM-KUSUM is a ₹34,000-crore programme aimed at promoting solar energy in agriculture, thereby reducing farmers’ dependence on conventional electricity and fossil fuels, and enhancing energy security.
  • Components:
    • 100 GW solar power plants on farmer-owned land.
    • Installation of 14 lakh standalone solar pumps.
    • Solarisation of 35 lakh grid-connected agricultural pumps.
  • Targets and Progress:
  • Original target: 308 GW by 2022; revised to 348 GW by March 2026.
  • As of September 2025:
  • Standalone solar pumps: ~70% installed (successful).
  • Grid-connected solar pumps: 16–25% installed (slow progress).
  • Decentralised renewable energy plants: ~6% installed.
  • The scheme may be extended beyond 2026 to achieve remaining targets.

(Image Source: the Hindu)

International Outreach

  • ISA Platform: India intends to showcase PM-KUSUM and PM Surya Ghar programmes to countries facing energy and connectivity challenges, particularly in Africa and island nations.
  • Significance for Africa:
    • Only 4% of arable land in Africa is irrigated, leading to high dependency on food imports (~$400 billion).
    • India’s experience with solar pumps demonstrates how solar-powered irrigation can enhance agricultural productivity, reduce costs, and promote food security.
    • Indian solar pump technology presents investment opportunities for renewable energy companies in these regions.
    • Regional Collaboration: By sharing expertise in solar irrigation and rooftop solar, India strengthens South-South cooperation, positioning itself as a renewable energy leader while contributing to global sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Challenges and Lessons from PM-KUSUM

  • Implementation Gaps: While standalone solar pumps are progressing well, grid-connected systems and decentralised renewable plants face delays due to infrastructure and coordination issues.
  • Policy and Funding: The success of PM-KUSUM depends on continued government support, funding, and monitoring, as well as private sector participation in supply, installation, and maintenance.
  • Scaling Impact: Extending the programme internationally requires adapting technology and financial models to local conditions, particularly in regions with weaker grid infrastructure.

Significance and Analysis

  • Energy and Agriculture Nexus: PM-KUSUM demonstrates a synergistic approach, linking renewable energy with agricultural productivity, thereby addressing multiple challenges:
    • Reducing fossil fuel dependence.
    • Lowering irrigation costs for farmers.
    • Promoting sustainable agriculture.
  • Climate and SDG Alignment:
    • Contributes to SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 2 (Zero Hunger).
    • Supports India’s climate action commitments by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture.
  • Geopolitical and Economic Impact:
    • Enhances India’s soft power through renewable energy diplomacy.
    • Opens markets for Indian solar technology and services abroad, fostering economic and technological cooperation.
  • Innovation in Rural Development:
    • PM Surya Ghar’s rooftop solar initiative and standalone solar pumps show scalable models for rural electrification and irrigation.
    • Digital monitoring and maintenance systems increase efficiency and adoption.

Conclusion

  • The PM-KUSUM programme, coupled with international promotion via the ISA, represents a strategic blend of domestic reform and global outreach.

CARE MCQ

Q3.  Consider the following statements about the PM-KUSUM scheme:

  1. It aims to install 14 lakh standalone solar pumps and solarise 35 lakh grid-connected agricultural pumps.
  2. It was launched in 2019.
  3. PM-KUSUM mandates AI-enabled predictive policing to ensure farm safety.
  4. India intends to promote the scheme internationally through the International Solar Alliance (ISA) platform.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2, and 4 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer 3: B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The scheme aims to install 14 lakh standalone solar pumps and solarise 35 lakh grid-connected pumps.
  • Statement 2 is correct: PM-KUSUM was launched in 2019 with a ₹34,000-crore outlay.
  • Statement 3 is incorrect: The scheme does not involve AI-enabled predictive policing; this is unrelated to farm safety.
  • Statement 4 is correct: India plans to showcase PM-KUSUM internationally through the ISA platform to countries with energy and irrigation challenges.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015.
  2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (a)

India Mobile Congress 2025: 6G Mission Projected to Add $1.2 Trillion to GDP by 2035

Source: PIB

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Science and Technology

Context: India Mobile Congress 2025

Why in News?

The India Mobile Congress 2025 and the International 6G Symposium showcased India’s technological self-reliance, next-generation telecom innovations, and global 6G ambitions.

Introduction

  • The 9th edition of India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2025, Asia’s largest telecom, media, and technology event, was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi.
  • The event, organised jointly by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), underscores India’s commitment to leveraging innovation for digital transformation, technological self-reliance, and global leadership in next-generation telecom technologies.

Key Highlights

  • Technological Growth and Atmanirbhar Bharat:
    • PM Modi emphasised India’s evolution in telecom, noting six-fold growth in electronics production and a 28-fold increase in mobile manufacturing since 2014.
    • The development of the Made-in-India 4G stack reflects technological self-reliance and export readiness.
    • Support through initiatives like the Telecom Technology Development Fund has catalysed startup innovation in areas such as quantum communication, 6G, and financial fraud prevention.
  • Telecommunications Act and Cybersecurity:
    • Enactment of the Telecommunications Act facilitates faster approvals and network expansion.
    • Strengthened cyber laws and grievance redressal mechanisms ensure secure digital operations for consumers and industry stakeholders.
  • Digital Public Infrastructure and Startups:
    • India’s digital revolution has led to a 98% reduction in mobile data costs.
    • Platforms like IMC 2025 showcase the thriving startup ecosystem, exemplified by events such as the Startup World Cup 2025.

6G: The Next-Generation Mobile Network

  • 6G, or sixth-generation wireless technology, is envisioned as the successor to 5G. India aims to leverage 6G for technological self-reliance, global leadership, and economic growth, with targets like securing 10% of global 6G patents and contributing $1.2 trillion to GDP by 2035.
  • Key Features of 6G
    • Ultra-High Data Rates:
      • Expected to provide 1 Tbps (terabit per second) speeds, significantly higher than 5G.
      • Enables real-time immersive experiences, advanced virtual and augmented reality, and ultra-high-definition content streaming.
    • Low Latency:
      • Latency may reduce to sub-millisecond levels, enabling instantaneous communication for applications like autonomous vehicles and industrial automation.
    • Massive Connectivity:
      • Supports massive machine-type communications (mMTC) with trillions of connected devices, crucial for IoT and smart cities.
    • Advanced AI Integration:
      • AI will be deeply embedded in network operations, enabling predictive maintenance, network self-optimization, and intelligent spectrum management.
    • Use of Terahertz Spectrum:
      • 6G will leverage higher frequency bands (100 GHz – 1 THz) for ultra-fast data transmission, with challenges in propagation and coverage being addressed through advanced antennas and satellites.
    • Integrated Communication Platforms:
      • 6G will combine terrestrial, satellite, and aerial networks, ensuring global coverage, particularly in remote and underserved areas.
  • Applications of 6G
    • Smart Cities and Infrastructure: Enables autonomous transport systems, smart grids, and real-time traffic and resource management.
    • Healthcare and Telemedicine: Supports holographic consultations, remote surgery, and real-time health monitoring with ultra-low latency.
    • Industrial Automation: Facilitates Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0, with fully automated factories, robotics, and AI-driven production lines.
    • Education and Entertainment: Enables immersive AR/VR learning environments and ultra-realistic media experiences.
    • Agriculture and Environment: Precision farming using IoT sensors, drones, and AI-powered monitoring for improved crop yield and resource efficiency.
  • India’s 6G Vision
    • Global Leadership: India aims to co-lead the 6G revolution, focusing on indigenous R&D, international collaboration, and swadeshi telecom ecosystems.
    • Economic Impact: Expected contribution to $1.2 trillion GDP by 2035.
    • Creation of high-value jobs in research, manufacturing, and telecom services.
    • Patent and Innovation Goals: Targeting 10% of global 6G patents, with strong emphasis on AI, IoT, and satellite integration.
    • International Collaboration: India is partnering with global organisations like the European Space Agency, NASSCOM, and academia to foster standardisation and joint technology development.

India Mobile Congress 2025 scheduled to held on October 8-11 in New Delhi, ETGovernment

(Image Source: ET Government)

International 6G Symposium 2025

  • Launch and Purpose: Inaugurated by Union Communications Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia and Dr. Neeraj Mittal, the symposium focuses on next-generation 6G technologies, global research collaborations, and standardisation efforts.
  • Bharat 6G Alliance Initiatives:
    • Signed MoUs with NASSCOM and the European Space Agency to foster joint technology development.

Released four whitepapers:

    1. Spectrum Roadmap for 6G in India
    2. Powering Next-Gen Telecom
    3. AI and Network Evolution to 5G
    4. 6G Architecture, Security and Exposure Framework for RF Sensing

A joint declaration on 6G principles was presented, emphasizing global cooperation.

  • India’s 6G Vision:
    • Projected contribution to $1.2 trillion GDP by 2035.
    • Target of 10% of global 6G patents.
    • Focus on satellite communications market growth, expected to triple by 2033.
    • Promotion of Swadeshi telecom ecosystems, including the launch of 1 lakh Made-in-India 4G towers, enabling a future-ready 6G framework.

Industry and Innovation Showcase

  • Over 400 exhibitors presented cutting-edge innovations, spanning Optical Communications, Semiconductors, Quantum Communications, and AI-driven fraud prevention.
  • Emphasis was placed on public-private collaboration, start-up engagement, and global partnerships to foster a secure, inclusive, and technologically advanced telecom ecosystem.

Implications for India

  • Technological Self-Reliance: Development of indigenous 4G and 6G technologies reduces dependency on foreign suppliers, aligning with Atmanirbhar Bharat.
  • Economic Growth and Employment: 6G and related technologies are expected to generate high-value jobs, enhance exports, and drive GDP growth.
  • Global Leadership: By actively participating in 6G standardisation and international collaborations, India positions itself as a co-leader in the global telecom ecosystem.
  • Digital Inclusion and Cybersecurity: Expansion of telecom infrastructure and digital services improves connectivity for remote regions while maintaining robust cybersecurity frameworks.
  • Startups and Innovation Ecosystem: IMC 2025 strengthens the link between academia, startups, and policymakers, fostering innovation in next-generation connectivity technologies.

Conclusion

  • The India Mobile Congress 2025 and International 6G Symposium highlight India’s transition from a technology consumer to a global technology architect.

CARE MCQ

Q4.  Consider the following statements about 6G technology and India’s 6G vision:

  1. 6G is expected to provide data speeds up to 1 Tbps with sub-millisecond latency.
  2. 6G will integrate terrestrial, satellite, and aerial networks to ensure global connectivity.
  3. India aims to secure 10% of global 6G patents and contribute $1.2 trillion to GDP by 2035.
  4. 6G networks are expected to eliminate the need for cybersecurity measures due to AI-based automation.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2, and 3 only
C) 2 and 4 only
D) All of the above

Answer 4- B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: 6G is expected to provide ultra-high speeds (1 Tbps) and sub-millisecond latency for real-time applications.
  • Statement 2 is correct: 6G will integrate terrestrial, satellite, and aerial networks to ensure global coverage.
  • Statement 3 is correct: India targets 10% of global 6G patents and anticipates $1.2 trillion GDP contribution by 2035.
  • Statement 4 is incorrect: AI will aid network management, but cybersecurity measures remain essential due to higher connectivity and cyber risks.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. Which of the following is/are the aims/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018)

  1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did.
  2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centers within our national geographical boundaries.
  3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centers.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

Global Team Wins 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Bridging Metals and Organic Molecules

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Science and Technology

Context: Pioneering Metal-Organic Frameworks

Why in News?

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi for pioneering Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs).

Background:

  • The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was jointly awarded to Susumu Kitagawa (Japan), Richard Robson (UK), and Omar M. Yaghi (USA/Jordanian-American) for their groundbreaking work on Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)—a versatile class of materials that combine metallic ions and organic molecules to form stable, porous structures with wide-ranging applications.

What are Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)?

  • Definition: MOFs are crystalline materials composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands, forming a porous, lattice-like structure.
  • Structure: They can be visualized as diamond-like frameworks with countless cavities, allowing storage, filtration, or chemical transformation within their pores.
  • Key Feature: Flexibility – some MOFs, unlike rigid materials like zeolites, can expand and contract in response to environmental changes, similar to a “breathing” system.

Journey of Discovery

  • Richard Robson (UK/Australia):
    • Robson conceptualised the combination of metal ions (like copper) with four-armed organic molecules to form spacious crystals.
    • His early MOFs were unstable and prone to collapse, but they laid the foundation for future work.
  • Susumu Kitagawa (Japan):
    • Focused on creating porous molecules at Kyoto University.
    • Developed flexible MOFs that could allow gases to flow in and out, demonstrating that MOFs could change shape yet remain stable.
    • His work enabled the concept of soft MOFs, surpassing the rigidity of zeolites.
  • Omar M. Yaghi (USA/Jordanian-American):
    • At the University of California, Berkeley, he developed highly stable MOFs that could be rationally designed for specific applications.
    • Demonstrated practical uses such as harvesting water from desert air, capturing carbon dioxide, and removing environmental contaminants.

Significance and Applications

  • Environmental Protection: MOFs can filter toxic PFAS chemicals from water and break down pharmaceutical residues, reducing pollution.
  • Water Harvesting: Some MOFs can draw water vapor from air at night and release it as liquid water during the day, addressing water scarcity in arid regions.
  • Carbon Capture: MOFs provide a highly efficient medium for capturing CO₂, aiding in climate-change mitigation.
  • Customizable and AI-Driven Design: Researchers have created modular molecular kits allowing MOFs to be rationally designed or AI-optimized for various applications, from gas storage to catalysis.

(Image Source: The Hindu)

Why MOFs Won the Nobel Prize

  • MOFs represent a bridge between metals and organics, which were previously considered chemically incompatible.
  • They demonstrate a remarkable combination of flexibility and stability, unlike traditional materials such as zeolites.
  • Their real-world applicability spans energy, environment, and water management, making them highly valuable for global challenges.
  • The collaborative journey across continents—from conceptualisation, experimentation, to application—highlights the cumulative nature of scientific innovation.

Global Impact and Future Prospects

  • Tens of thousands of MOFs have been developed since the original discoveries, each with unique structures and chemical properties.
  • Potential applications include gas storage, drug delivery, catalysis, environmental cleanup, and climate solutions.
  • The modular design approach allows for AI-assisted optimization, paving the way for next-generation functional materials.

Conclusion

  • The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry celebrates not only the creation of Metal-Organic Frameworks but also the vision, persistence, and global collaboration of scientists in bridging a fundamental chemical divide.

CARE MCQ

Q5.  Consider the following statements about Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry:

  1. MOFs are crystalline materials made by combining metal ions with organic ligands, forming porous structures.
  2. MOFs have applications in carbon capture, water harvesting, and environmental remediation.
  3. The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was jointly awarded to scientists from Japan, the UK, and the USA.
  4. MOFs are rigid structures similar to zeolites and cannot change shape under environmental conditions.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2, and 3 only
C) 2 and 4 only
D) All of the above

Answer 5- B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: MOFs are formed by metal ions coordinated with organic ligands, creating porous crystalline frameworks.
  • Statement 2 is correct: MOFs are used in carbon capture, water harvesting from air, and environmental clean-up.
  • Statement 3 is correct: The Nobel was shared by Susumu Kitagawa (Japan), Richard Robson (UK), and Omar Yaghi (USA/Jordanian-American).
  • Statement 4 is incorrect: Unlike zeolites, MOFs can be flexible and “breathing”, changing shape when gases or liquids enter their cavities.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.  Consider the following statements: (2022)

1. Other than those made by humans, nanoparticles do not exist in nature.

2. Nanoparticles of some metallic oxides are used in the manufacture of some cosmetics.

3. Nanoparticles of some commercial products which enter the environment are unsafe for humans.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

IAF to Finally Receive First Tejas Mk1A Fighter Jet Amid Ongoing Fleet Shortage

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Defence

Context: Tejas Mk1A Fighter

Why in News?

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to induct the Tejas Mk1A, marking a milestone in India’s indigenous fighter aircraft development under the LCA programme.

Introduction

  • Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to receive its first Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk1A in October 2025, marking a significant milestone in India’s indigenous fighter aircraft development programme.
  • This comes amid ongoing efforts to bridge the IAF’s depleted fighter squadron strength and strengthen domestic defence production capabilities.

Tejas Mk1A: Features and Significance

Indigenous Development:

  • Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, Tejas represents India’s push for self-reliance in defence manufacturing.

Upgrades over Mk1:

  • The Mk1A variant features enhanced avionics, improved weapons systems, AESA radar, electronic warfare suites, and reduced maintenance requirements, compared to the initial Mk1 version.
  • It is a multi-role, lightweight fighter, capable of air-to-air combat, ground attack, and reconnaissance missions.

Production and Delivery:

  • HAL’s contract is for 83 Mk1A aircraft, originally scheduled to begin in February 2024.
  • Delays have occurred primarily due to slow engine deliveries from GE Aerospace, with only 1–2 engines supplied per month.
  • HAL now targets completing deliveries within four years, assuming no further setbacks.

First Flight and Public Display:

  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh is scheduled to witness the first flight in Nashik on October 17, 2025, signalling the operational induction of the Mk1A.

HAL Tejas - Wikipedia

(Image Source: The Hindu)

IAF Fighter Strength and Operational Needs

  • Current Squadron Strength:
  • The IAF currently operates 29 squadrons, below the sanctioned 42 squadrons.
  • Decommissioning of MiG-21 squadrons and delays in replenishment have widened the capability gap.
  • Annual Production Requirement:
    • To maintain operational readiness, the IAF requires two squadrons per year (30–40 aircraft).
    • Indigenous production of Tejas Mk1A contributes to reducing dependency on imported aircraft.
  • Future Acquisitions:
    • The IAF’s Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA) proposal is under consideration.
    • Plans include procurement of “Made in India” Rafale jets, with 18 expected to be delivered off-the-shelf in the near term.
    • Dassault Aviation currently has 233 Rafales still in production globally, with output at four aircraft per month.

Advanced Indigenous Projects

  • Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA):
  • India’s first indigenous fifth-generation stealth fighter, aimed at enhancing air superiority.
  • Flight expected within this decade, with operational induction by 2035.
  • Will incorporate stealth technology, advanced avionics, and next-gen weapons systems.
  • Long-Term Fighter Requirement:
  • Defence analysts estimate India will need 200–250 additional fighters and parallel indigenous production lines to ensure long-term operational readiness and strategic autonomy.

Strategic and Defence Implications

  • Indigenisation and Atmanirbhar Bharat:
  • The Tejas Mk1A programme exemplifies India’s commitment to defence self-reliance, reducing dependency on foreign suppliers.
  • Operational Readiness:
  • Increasing the number of squadrons with Mk1A and future AMCA aircraft addresses gaps created by aging fleets and decommissioned aircraft, ensuring air defence preparedness.
  • Economic and Technological Impact:
  • Indigenous fighter production supports high-technology manufacturing, job creation, and skill development.
  • Enables India to export fighter aircraft and defence technology in the long term, strengthening geopolitical influence.

Conclusion

  • The induction of Tejas Mk1A marks a turning point in India’s aerospace and defence journey, balancing immediate operational needs with long-term self-reliance objectives.

CARE MCQ

Q6. Consider the following statements about Tejas Mk1A and India’s fighter aircraft programme:

  1. Tejas Mk1A is an indigenous multi-role light combat aircraft with improved avionics and weapons systems over the Mk1.
  2. HAL’s contract to deliver 83 Mk1A jets has faced delays primarily due to slow engine supply from GE Aerospace.
  3. India plans to induct Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), a fifth-generation stealth fighter, by 2035.
  4. The Tejas Mk1A programme has completely eliminated India’s dependence on imported fighter aircraft.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2, and 3 only
C) 2 and 4 only
D) All of the above

Answer 6-B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: Tejas Mk1A is a lightweight, multi-role combat aircraft with enhanced avionics, weapons, and radar systems.
  • Statement 2 is correct: Delays in HAL’s delivery schedule are mainly due to slow engine supply from GE Aerospace.
  • Statement 3 is correct: India plans to develop and induct the AMCA by 2035 as its first indigenous fifth-generation stealth fighter.
  • Statement 4 is incorrect: While Tejas reduces dependency on imported fighters, India still relies on aircraft like Rafale for operational needs.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently? (2016)

(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

Ans: (c)

 
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