APPSC CARE 22nd September 2025 Current Affairs
News at a Glance
- Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh recognised as an ‘Achiever’ in SEEI-2024
- Andhra Pradesh bags ‘Best State Award’ for silk development
- International Relations: Wider recognition of Palestine and its broader implications
- H-1B Visa Fee Hike under Trump: Impacts and Implications
- Economy: SEBI Proposes Allowing FPIs to Trade in Gold & Silver
- Polity and Governance: Quality Control Orders (QCOs): Framework, Significance and Criticisms
- Fixing Timelines for Governors: Constitutional Implications & Issues
- Environment and Ecology: Isobutanol–Diesel Blending: Feasibility and Challenges
Andhra Pradesh recognised as an ‘Achiever’ in SEEI-2024
Source: The Hindu
APPSC Relevance: Awards and Honours
Context: State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2024
Why in News?
Andhra Pradesh won the Best State Award under the Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman programme of the Central Silk Board for effective silk development and farmer awareness initiatives.
Introduction
- Andhra Pradesh has been awarded the ‘Best State Award’ under the Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman programme of the Central Silk Board (CSB), Government of India, for its effective efforts in creating awareness among silk growers and implementing sericulture development programmes.
- The award was presented during the 76th Foundation Day celebrations of the CSB held in Bengaluru on September 20, 2025.
Key Highlights of the Award
- Awarding Body: Central Silk Board (Ministry of Textiles, GoI).
- Programme: Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman, aimed at promoting silk production and farmer awareness.
- Reason for Selection:
- Effective awareness creation among silk growers.
- Successful implementation of silk development programmes.
- Increased cocoon production and new farmer participation in mulberry cultivation.
- Leadership Contribution:
- Special Chief Secretary B. Rajasekhar and Director of Horticulture & Sericulture K. Srinivasulu provided guidance.
- Award Ceremony: Held in Bengaluru, conferred by Joint Secretary (Textiles) Padmini Singla, Member-Secretary CSB Shivakumar, and MP & CSB Member Ambika Lakshminarayana.
District-Level Initiatives
- The state government, in coordination with CSB scientists and district-level sericulture officials, organised large-scale awareness and training programmes in:
- Sri Sathya Sai
- Chittoor
- Annamayya
- Anantapur
- Prakasam
- Kakinada
- These initiatives resulted in:
- Higher cocoon production by existing farmers.
- Encouragement of new farmers to adopt mulberry cultivation.
Symbolic Achievements
- Andhra Pradesh’s Sericulture Department also won the Best Tableau Award during Independence Day celebrations (2025).
- Recognition at both state-level cultural platforms and national-level institutional awards strengthens the visibility of sericulture as a growth sector.
Significance of the Award
- Boost to Sericulture Sector
- Encourages wider adoption of mulberry cultivation.
- Enhances raw silk availability in the state, reducing dependence on imports.
- Farmer Empowerment
- Provides an alternative and profitable livelihood option for small and marginal farmers.
- Promotes rural employment, particularly for women in reeling and weaving activities.
- Economic Impact
- Strengthens Andhra Pradesh’s contribution to India’s silk production.
- Aligns with the Textile Vision 2047 which targets higher domestic silk output.
- Environmental Sustainability
- Mulberry plantations help in soil conservation and greenery expansion.
- Promotes climate-resilient agricultural diversification.
About the Central Silk Board (CSB)
- Established: 1948 under the Ministry of Textiles.
- Role: Development of sericulture and silk industry through research, extension, and farmer support.
- Foundation Day: Celebrated annually to highlight contributions of silk stakeholders.
- Programmes: R&D in silkworm breeds, farmer training, awareness campaigns like Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman.
CARE MCQ
Q2. Consider the following statements regarding the Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman programme:
- It is an initiative of the Central Silk Board under the Ministry of Textiles.
- The programme primarily aims at promoting silk exports through Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
- Andhra Pradesh won the Best State Award under this programme in 2025 for awareness creation among silk farmers.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer 2- C
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: The Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman programme is an initiative of the Central Silk Board (CSB), functioning under the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: The programme is designed to promote awareness and development among silk farmers, not specifically to boost exports through SEZs.
- Statement 3 is correct: In 2025, Andhra Pradesh won the Best State Award under this programme for effectively creating awareness and motivating farmers to take up mulberry cultivation and increase cocoon production.
- Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
Andhra Pradesh bags ‘Best State Award’ for silk development
Source: New Indian Express
APPSC Relevance: Awards and Honours
Context: ‘Best State Award’ for Silk Development
Why in News?
Andhra Pradesh won the Best State Award under the Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman programme of the Central Silk Board for effective silk development and farmer awareness initiatives.
Introduction
- Andhra Pradesh has been awarded the ‘Best State Award’ under the Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman programme of the Central Silk Board (CSB), Government of India, for its effective efforts in creating awareness among silk growers and implementing sericulture development programmes.
- The award was presented during the 76th Foundation Day celebrations of the CSB held in Bengaluru on September 20, 2025.
Key Highlights of the Award
- Awarding Body: Central Silk Board (Ministry of Textiles, GoI).
- Programme: Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman, aimed at promoting silk production and farmer awareness.
- Reason for Selection:
- Effective awareness creation among silk growers.
- Successful implementation of silk development programmes.
- Increased cocoon production and new farmer participation in mulberry cultivation.
- Leadership Contribution:
- Special Chief Secretary B. Rajasekhar and Director of Horticulture & Sericulture K. Srinivasulu provided guidance.
- Award Ceremony: Held in Bengaluru, conferred by Joint Secretary (Textiles) Padmini Singla, Member-Secretary CSB Shivakumar, and MP & CSB Member Ambika Lakshminarayana.
District-Level Initiatives
- The state government, in coordination with CSB scientists and district-level sericulture officials, organised large-scale awareness and training programmes in:
- Sri Sathya Sai
- Chittoor
- Annamayya
- Anantapur
- Prakasam
- Kakinada
- These initiatives resulted in:
- Higher cocoon production by existing farmers.
- Encouragement of new farmers to adopt mulberry cultivation.
Symbolic Achievements
- Andhra Pradesh’s Sericulture Department also won the Best Tableau Award during Independence Day celebrations (2025).
- Recognition at both state-level cultural platforms and national-level institutional awards strengthens the visibility of sericulture as a growth sector.
Significance of the Award
- Boost to Sericulture Sector
- Encourages wider adoption of mulberry cultivation.
- Enhances raw silk availability in the state, reducing dependence on imports.
- Farmer Empowerment
- Provides an alternative and profitable livelihood option for small and marginal farmers.
- Promotes rural employment, particularly for women in reeling and weaving activities.
- Economic Impact
- Strengthens Andhra Pradesh’s contribution to India’s silk production.
- Aligns with the Textile Vision 2047 which targets higher domestic silk output.
- Environmental Sustainability
- Mulberry plantations help in soil conservation and greenery expansion.
- Promotes climate-resilient agricultural diversification.
About the Central Silk Board (CSB)
- Established: 1948 under the Ministry of Textiles.
- Role: Development of sericulture and silk industry through research, extension, and farmer support.
- Foundation Day: Celebrated annually to highlight contributions of silk stakeholders.
- Programmes: R&D in silkworm breeds, farmer training, awareness campaigns like Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman.
CARE MCQ
Q2. Consider the following statements regarding the Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman programme:
- It is an initiative of the Central Silk Board under the Ministry of Textiles.
- The programme primarily aims at promoting silk exports through Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
- Andhra Pradesh won the Best State Award under this programme in 2025 for awareness creation among silk farmers.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer 2- C
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: The Mera Resham – Mera Abhiman programme is an initiative of the Central Silk Board (CSB), functioning under the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: The programme is designed to promote awareness and development among silk farmers, not specifically to boost exports through SEZs.
- Statement 3 is correct: In 2025, Andhra Pradesh won the Best State Award under this programme for effectively creating awareness and motivating farmers to take up mulberry cultivation and increase cocoon production.
- Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
Wider recognition of Palestine and its broader implications
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations
Context: recognition of Palestine
Why in News?
Several Western countries are moving to recognise Palestine to strengthen its diplomatic legitimacy and pressure Israel on settlements and peace negotiations.
Introduction
- The Palestinian question has remained at the heart of West Asian politics for over seven decades.
- The renewed push by around 10 countries — including Britain, France, Canada, Australia and Belgium — to formally recognise an independent Palestinian state during the UN General Assembly marks a shift in global diplomacy.
- This comes amid the ongoing Gaza war and growing international discontent with Israeli policies.
Status of Palestinian Statehood Today
- Declaration of Statehood (1988): The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared an independent state in 1988, quickly recognised by most of the Global South.
- Current Recognition: 147 out of 193 UN member states recognise Palestine (latest: Mexico, Jan 2025).
- UN Position: Palestine has observer status at the UN, but not full membership. A full seat requires UN Security Council approval, where the U.S. can veto.
- Governance:
- Palestinian Authority (PA): Limited self-rule in parts of the West Bank, runs passports, health, and education.
- Gaza Strip: Administered by Hamas since 2007, though PA still pays salaries.
- Diplomatic Presence: About 40 countries maintain consulates in Ramallah or East Jerusalem (e.g., Germany, China, Russia, Japan, Egypt, South Africa), signalling recognition of Palestinian aspirations.
Why is there no Palestinian State Yet?
- Israeli Opposition: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu openly rejects a two-state solution.
- U.S. Position: U.S. recognises Palestinian statehood only through negotiations with Israel.
- Internal Divisions: PA (West Bank) vs Hamas (Gaza) weakens unified representation.
- Control of Territory: Israel controls borders, security, and access to resources.
- UNSC Veto: Full statehood blocked at the UN due to U.S. veto power.
Why Are European Nations Moving Now?
- Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza: Pressure on Israel to end assaults and ease blockade.
- Settlement Expansion: Signal to Israel against expanding Jewish settlements in the West Bank.
- Reviving Peace Process: Push Israel to recommit to negotiations.
- Reform within PA: Recognition linked with PA governance reforms to enhance credibility.
- Geopolitical Signalling: To assert independence from U.S. policy and show responsiveness to global South concerns.
( Image Source: The Hindu)
What Would Recognition Mean for Palestinians?
- Legitimacy: Strengthens claims to sovereignty and equality in international fora.
- Diplomatic Leverage: Could expand ability to enter treaties, access courts, and gain institutional recognition.
- Boost to PA Authority: Provides international support to PA reforms and governance.
- Moral & Psychological Victory: Recognition by Western powers boosts Palestinian morale after decades of stalled negotiations.
- Limitations:
- Still lacks borders, airports, control of trade and movement.
- No guarantee of peace or end to occupation.
hat Would Recognition Mean for Israel?
- Diplomatic Pressure: Weakens Israel’s position internationally, increases scrutiny.
- Isolation Risk: Growing number of Western nations departing from U.S. line on Palestine.
- Domestic Politics: Could strengthen hardline elements in Netanyahu’s coalition.
- Economic Effects: Possibility of trade restrictions on settlement products (as suggested in Britain), though real impact minimal.
- Security Concerns: Israel argues recognition rewards Hamas and undermines its security doctrine.
U.S. Reaction
- Opposition: Strongly against unilateral recognition by allies.
- Sanctions: Blocked Palestinian Authority leaders from attending UNGA (visa denials).
- Strategic Alignment with Israel: Despite criticism of humanitarian crisis, Washington prioritises Israeli security.
Broader Diplomatic Implications
- Shift in Recognition Dynamics: Recognition no longer tied strictly to negotiated settlement.
- Pressure Tool: Could compel Israel to re-engage, or conversely deepen its intransigence.
- Divisions in the West: Potential rift between U.S. and European allies.
- Impact on Global South: Empowers their long-standing support for Palestine.
- Precedent: May influence recognition debates in other contested territories (e.g., Western Sahara, Taiwan, Kosovo).
Conclusion
- The expected recognition of Palestine by major Western powers is symbolically powerful but practically limited without control of territory or UN membership.
- For Palestinians, it represents a diplomatic and moral win, strengthening the PA’s legitimacy. For Israel, it signals rising global impatience with its policies.
- For the world, it marks a turning point: a potential realignment where recognition becomes a diplomatic instrument to revive — or redefine — the elusive two-state solution.
CARE MCQ
Q1. Which of the following statements about the recognition of Palestine is/are correct?
- Palestine has observer status at the United Nations but no voting rights.
- Recognition by individual countries automatically grants Palestine full UN membership.
- The Palestinian Authority administers parts of the West Bank, while Hamas controls the Gaza Strip.
- Recent European recognition moves aim to pressure Israel to halt settlement expansion and revive peace talks.
Options:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 3 and 4 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) All of the above
Answer 1- B
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: Palestine has observer status at the United Nations and can participate in debates, but it does not have voting rights.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: Recognition by individual countries does not automatically grant full UN membership; full membership requires approval by the UN Security Council, where any permanent member (like the U.S.) can veto.
- Statement 3 is correct: The Palestinian Authority (PA) exercises limited self-rule in parts of the West Bank, while Hamas has administered the Gaza Strip since 2007.
- Statement 4 is correct: Western nations like Britain, France, Canada, Australia, and Belgium are recognising Palestine to pressure Israel to halt settlement expansion, address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, and recommit to a peace process.
- Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2018)
(a) China
(b) Israel
(c) Iraq
(d) Yemen
Ans: (b)
H-1B Visa Fee Hike under Trump: Impacts and Implications
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations
Context: USA and H1B visa
Why in News?
Trump administration hikes H-1B visa fee to $100,000, impacting Indian tech workers and U.S. tech firms.
Introduction
- The reports highlighted that former U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration decided to impose a sharp increase in the fees for the H-1B visa, raising the cost for new applicants to $100,000—nearly six times the existing fee.
- The H-1B visa allows highly skilled non-immigrant professionals, predominantly in the technology sector, to work in the U.S.
- This policy has significant economic, technological, and diplomatic ramifications, particularly for India, which supplies a large proportion of H-1B workers.
Overview of H-1B Visa System
- Purpose: To attract skilled professionals in specialized fields, especially technology, to work in the U.S.
- Quota: 85,000 visas annually since 2004, including 20,000 for individuals with advanced degrees from U.S. institutions.
- Application Process: Lottery-based due to excess demand; applicants primarily include Indian and Chinese nationals.
- Current Scenario: Indian nationals represent roughly 71% of H-1B recipients, and around 60% earn less than $100,000, indicating many would be directly impacted by the fee hike.
(Image Source: Times of India)
Immediate Impacts of Fee Hike
- On Indian Tech Workers:
- Reduced access to U.S. employment opportunities due to prohibitive visa costs.
- Humanitarian concerns for families of prospective visa applicants.
- Decline in applications to a four-year low (~3,59,000), showing immediate deterrence.
- On U.S. Tech Companies:
- Disruption in recruitment of skilled labor.
- Difficulty in justifying hiring foreign talent for wages below $100,000.
- Risk of talent shortages in critical sectors like software, AI, and engineering.
- On India-U.S. Relations:
- Diplomatic leverage is limited; India can express concerns but cannot easily reverse U.S. policy.
- External Affairs Ministry emphasized that skilled talent mobility has historically contributed to innovation and economic growth in both countries.
Long-Term Implications for India
- Need for Self-Reliance in Tech Sector:
- India must reduce dependency on U.S. job markets for tech talent.
- Strengthening domestic infrastructure, technology parks, and innovation hubs becomes crucial.
- Opportunities in Alternative Markets:
- Expanding Indian tech exports and services to Asia (China, Russia) and Europe, where protectionist tendencies are less pronounced.
- Capitalizing on emerging fields like Artificial Intelligence, cloud computing, and renewable energy technology.
- Policy and Strategic Recommendations:
- Develop long-term strategies to retain talent within India and incentivize innovation domestically.
- Encourage global partnerships, joint ventures, and overseas collaborations beyond the U.S.
- Support startups and SMEs to absorb skilled tech workers internally.
Broader Global Context
- Protectionism in the U.S.: The fee hike reflects a broader trend of nativist economic policies aimed at prioritizing domestic workers.
- Global Talent Redistribution: Countries like India may benefit by redirecting talent flows to regions with more favorable immigration and employment policies.
- Innovation Consequences: The U.S. risks losing access to a critical pool of highly skilled engineers, potentially impacting its technological and economic competitiveness in the long term.
Conclusion
- The H-1B visa fee increase, while temporary, signals a strategic shift in U.S. immigration policy, emphasizing domestic job protection.
- For India, it underscores the urgency of reducing reliance on foreign job markets, enhancing domestic technological capacities, and diversifying global employment opportunities.
CARE MCQ
Q2. Consider the following statements regarding the H-1B visa fee hike by the U.S.:
- The fee increase affects mainly highly skilled Indian tech workers earning less than $100,000.
- The fee hike is likely to reduce India’s reliance on U.S. tech jobs and encourage domestic skill development.
- The policy allows the Indian government to directly reverse the fee hike through diplomatic pressure.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
Answer 2: C
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: Data suggests that nearly 60% of Indian H-1B visa recipients earn less than $100,000, making them directly impacted by the fee hike.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: India has limited diplomatic leverage to reverse U.S. immigration policies; direct negotiation cannot guarantee reversal.
- Statement 3 is correct: The fee hike highlights the need for India to invest in domestic tech infrastructure, reduce reliance on U.S. jobs, and explore alternative global markets.
- Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. Consider the following countries: (2025)
I. Austria
II. Bulgaria
III. Croatia
IV. Serbia
V. Sweden
VI. North Macedonia
How many of the above are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?
(a) Only three
(b) Only four
(c) Only five
(d) All the six
Ans(b)
SEBI Proposes Allowing FPIs to Trade in Gold & Silver
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Relevance: GS3 Economy
Context: About FPIs
Why in News?
SEBI is considering allowing FPIs to trade in non-cash settled, non-agricultural commodity derivatives like gold, silver, and base metals to deepen domestic commodity markets.
Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs):
- FPIs are foreign entities that invest in Indian financial markets, including equities, debt, and derivatives, without seeking control over companies. Their participation brings liquidity, depth, and international integration to domestic markets.
- Current Regulations on Commodity Trading:
- Allowed for FPIs: Financially settled non-agricultural commodity derivatives (e.g., crude oil, natural gas, index futures/options).
- Not allowed for FPIs: Ferrous metals, base metals, and precious metals (e.g., gold, silver, zinc, lead).
- Commodity classification:
- Hard commodities: Metals (base, ferrous, precious) and energy products.
- Soft commodities: Agricultural and processed agricultural products.
- Currently, FPIs cannot trade in physically settled non-agricultural commodities, limiting their scope in India’s commodity markets.
SEBI’s Proposal
- Key features of the proposal:
- Allow FPIs to trade in non-cash settled, non-agricultural commodity derivatives.
- Commodities included: Gold, silver, zinc, lead, and other base metals.
- A working group will be constituted to develop the non-agricultural commodity space.
- A recent SEBI initiative also proposed a single automatic window for foreign investors, aimed at simplifying market access.
- Objective: To broaden the domestic commodity market and enhance foreign investor participation.
(Image Source: Indian Express)
Rationale Behind the Proposal
- Market Depth & Liquidity:
- FPIs bring large capital, which can improve liquidity in commodities markets.
- Currently, liquidity is mostly in the front month contracts, making hedging costly for industrial participants who need long-term positions.
- FPI participation could increase liquidity in far-month contracts, allowing corporates to hedge domestically rather than on international exchanges.
- Efficient Price Discovery:
- Greater institutional participation leads to better pricing mechanisms in commodity markets.
- FPIs’ research capabilities and global exposure improve the quality of price signals.
- India’s Strategic Position:
- India is a significant player in gold and silver markets, so foreign participation aligns with India-specific commodities.
- Enhancing domestic liquidity reduces dependence on global markets amid geopolitical uncertainties.
- Capital Churning: FPIs can manage and deploy capital more efficiently, adding dynamism to trading volumes even after standard market hours.
Potential Market Impact
- Positive Impacts:
- Increased FPI investment: Could reverse recent outflows (FPIs sold ~₹60,679 crore equities since July 2025).
- Deeper markets: Extended liquidity in far-month contracts aids corporate hedging.
- Efficient hedging: Reduces dependency on international exchanges, lowering hedging costs.
- Price discovery: More efficient and realistic pricing in commodities markets.
- Risks and Considerations:
- Volatility: Increased FPI participation may amplify short-term price swings.
- Regulatory oversight: SEBI will need strong monitoring to prevent speculative excesses.
- Market concentration: If dominated by a few FPIs, it could distort local market dynamics.
Broader Implications for Indian Economy
- Commodity Market Development: Moves India toward mature, globally integrated commodity derivatives markets.
- Industrial Competitiveness: Easier hedging allows Indian corporates to stabilize costs.
- Foreign Investment Flows: Encourages long-term capital inflow, complementing equity and debt markets.
- Policy Signal: Shows SEBI’s readiness to liberalize markets while safeguarding domestic stability.
CARE MCQ
Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the recent SEBI proposal on foreign portfolio investors (FPIs):
- FPIs will be allowed to trade in physically settled non-agricultural commodities such as gold, silver, zinc, and lead.
- The move aims to increase liquidity, improve price discovery, and enable Indian corporates to hedge domestically.
- FPIs were previously allowed to trade in all commodity derivatives, including base and precious metals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
Answer 3- A
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: SEBI’s proposal allows FPIs to trade in non-cash settled, non-agricultural commodity derivatives, including physically settled metals like gold, silver, zinc, and lead.
- Statement 2 is correct: The primary rationale is to increase liquidity, enable efficient price discovery, and allow Indian corporates to hedge domestic commodity risks instead of relying on international exchanges.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: Previously, FPIs were restricted from trading in base and precious metals; they could only trade in financially settled non-agricultural contracts like crude oil, natural gas, and index futures/options.
- Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. With reference to Foreign Direct Investment in India, which one of the following is considered its major characteristic? (2020)
(a) It is the investment through capital instruments essentially in a listed company.
(b) It is a largely non-debt creating capital flow.
(c) It is an investment which involves debt-servicing.
(d) It is the investment made by foreign institutional investors in the Government securities.
Ans: (b)
Quality Control Orders (QCOs): Framework, Significance and Criticisms
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Relevance: GS2 Polity and Governance
Context: Quality Control Orders (QCOs)
Why in News?
Quality Control Orders (QCOs) are legal directives under the BIS Act, 2016, mandating certain standards for products to ensure quality, safety, and promote domestic industry.
What are QCOs?
- Quality Control Orders (QCOs) are legal directives issued by the government under the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Act, 2016, mandating compliance with certain standards for specific products.
- Purpose: To ensure quality, safety, and reliability of products in the domestic market, and to prevent the entry of sub-standard imports.
- Legal Basis: Section 16 of the BIS Act empowers the government to make the use of BIS Standard Marks compulsory for products in public interest, health, safety, environmental protection, prevention of unfair trade practices, or national security.
- Effect: Products covered under QCOs cannot be manufactured, imported, or sold without a BIS certification and the corresponding Standard Mark.
- Example: Hallmark for gold/silver jewelry, ISI marks for electrical appliances, toys, water coolers, hermetic compressors, and room air conditioners.
(Image Source: Indian Express)
Role of BIS and Standards
- BIS develops Indian Standards for goods, services, processes, and systems.
- Around 23,000 standards exist; most are voluntary, but QCOs make them mandatory.
- BIS grants certificates of conformity to manufacturers/importers, allowing them to display the Standard Mark.
- Certification Schemes:
- BIS has 10 Conformity Assessment Schemes (CAS) based on the rigor required.
- 7 for products
- 1 each for management systems, services, and processes
- Scheme-I is most common: involves product sampling, factory audits, and market surveillance.
How the QCO Framework Works
- Identification of Product: Ministry identifies products needing mandatory standards.
- Stakeholder Consultation: Industry and BIS are consulted to decide relevant standards and enforcement mechanisms.
- Draft QCO: Hosted on WTO Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) website for global feedback.
- Notification & Implementation: Ministry issues QCO with usually 6 months or more for industry compliance.
- Objective:
- Improve product quality for consumers.
- Boost domestic production and protect markets from inferior imports.
- Example of Impact:
- Hermetic compressors: Production rose from <2 million (2021-22) → 8 million (2023-24).
- Room air conditioners: Production grew from ~1 million (2021-22) → 12 million (2023-24).
Benefits of QCOs
- Consumer Safety & Quality: Ensures safe and high-quality products.
- Domestic Industry Growth: MSMEs benefit by increasing production and turnover.
- Example: Birla Aircon, Meerut: turnover rose from ₹7 crore → ₹42 crore after QCOs for water coolers.
- Trade Promotion: Helps domestic products become export-ready and comply with international standards.
Criticisms of QCOs
a) Domestic Industry (MSMEs):
- Certification process is complex, involving site inspections and stringent technical assessment.
- Some small firms find compliance costly or cumbersome.
b) Foreign Trade Partners:
- Countries like the US, UK, EU, New Zealand have raised concerns:
- BIS standards often not aligned with international norms.
- Burdensome site inspections required before imports.
- Lack of clear transition periods and license validity.
- Quote: NITI Aayog vice-chairperson Suman Berry called QCOs a “malign intervention” earlier this year.
- Balance Needed:
- Protect domestic market from sub-standard imports.
- Promote domestic innovation and quality exports.
Government Measures to Address Concerns
- Engagement with MSMEs: BIS and Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA) conducting regional conferences and “Manak Manthan” initiative for field-level support.
- Digitisation & Simplification:
- Certification process digitized.
- Time-bound grant of certification within 30 days under simplified procedure for 750+ products.
- Open House (Jan Sunwai): Online sessions thrice a week for queries and guidance.
- Result: Out of ~50,753 product certifications issued by BIS, ~80% went to MSMEs, many voluntarily to display ISI mark.
CARE MCQ
Q4. Consider the following statements about Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in India:
- QCOs are issued under the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Act, 2016.
- Products covered under QCOs cannot be manufactured, imported, or sold without BIS certification.
- All BIS standards are mandatory under QCOs.
- QCOs require consultation with stakeholders and notification on the WTO TBT website before implementation.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2, and 4 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
Answer 4- B
Explanation
- Statement 1 is correct: QCOs are issued under the BIS Act, 2016, which gives the government legal authority to make certain Indian standards mandatory in the public interest.
- Statement 2 is correct: Products covered under QCOs cannot be manufactured, imported, or sold without obtaining BIS certification and the relevant Standard Mark, ensuring compliance with quality and safety norms.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: Not all BIS standards are mandatory. Most standards are voluntary, and only products notified under a QCO require mandatory compliance.
- Statement 4 is correct: Before issuance, QCOs require consultation with stakeholders (industry and BIS) and are hosted on the WTO Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) website for comments from other countries, ensuring transparency in international trade compliance.
- Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)
- The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
- AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: A
Fixing Timelines for Governors: Constitutional Implications & Issues
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Relevance: GS2 Polity and Governance
Context: Timelines for Governors
Why in News?
Governor’s assent to State Bills: Constitutional provisions, discretion, and Supreme Court-prescribed timelines. Introduction- The Supreme Court of India is currently hearing a Presidential reference (May 2025) concerning Articles 200 and 201 of the Constitution, which deal with the Governor’s assent to State Bills.
- The reference follows a landmark April 2025 judgment in State of Tamil Nadu vs Governor of Tamil Nadu & Anr, where the Court attempted to prescribe timelines for Governors and the President to act on Bills passed by State legislatures.
(Image Source: the hindu0
Key Questions
- Can a Governor withhold assent to a Bill at their discretion?
- Can the courts fix timelines for Governors and the President to act on Bills?
- What are the arguments from the Centre and Opposition-ruled States on this issue?
- Article 200: Powers of the Governor regarding State Bills When a Bill is presented to the Governor:
- Assent to the Bill – it becomes law.
- Withhold assent – the Bill is rejected.
- Return the Bill – for reconsideration by the legislature (except money bills), usually on ministerial advice.
- Reserve the Bill for President’s consideration – mandatory in some cases (e.g., reducing High Court powers) or discretionary in rare constitutional conflicts.
- Article 201: President’s assent to Bills reserved by Governors.
- Article 163(1): The Governor acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, except where the Constitution explicitly allows discretion.
- Article 163(2): Governor’s discretionary actions, if any, are final and cannot be questioned in court.
- The Court laid down timelines:
Action
Timeline
Governor withholds assent or reserves Bill for President
3 months
President’s decision on Bills reserved by Governor
3 months
Bills passed again by the State Legislature
Governor must assent
- Rationale:
- Article 200 uses the word “shall”, implying a mandatory duty, not discretion.
- Past judgments (Nabam Rebia, 2006; K.M. Singh, 2020) support judicial intervention where unreasonable delays undermine democracy.
- Recommendations from Sarkaria Commission (1987) and Punchhi Commission (2010) suggested a similar framework to prevent abuse of gubernatorial powers.
- A. Centre’s View: Governor has discretionary powers under Article 163, especially in reserving Bills for the President.
- Courts cannot prescribe timelines where the Constitution does not provide them.
- Disputes between State governments, Governors, and President should be resolved politically, not judicially.
- B. Opposition-ruled States’ View
- Governors have delayed Bills selectively, contrary to ministerial advice.
- Delays undermine the popular mandate and are not genuine discretion.
- Timelines are necessary to safeguard federalism.
- Sarkaria Commission (1987): Discretion only in rare cases of unconstitutionality; President should dispose of reserved Bills within 6 months.
- Punchhi Commission (2010): Governor should decide on Bills within 6 months.
- Discretion vs. Duty:
- Article 200 (“shall”) → mandatory action.
- Returning/reserving Bills → may involve discretion in rare cases.
- Federalism vs. Political Interference:
- Governor’s role is nominal like the President.
- Politicization of the post undermines elected governments.
- Judicial Role:
- Courts generally exercise restraint in prescribing timelines.
- Past precedents allow intervention in unreasonable delays.
- Governors and the President should follow the April 2025 judgment to maintain democratic and federal principles.
- The Supreme Court’s opinion in the Presidential reference is expected to clarify and reinforce this position.
- Ultimately, the Governor must act on ministerial advice unless there is a clear constitutional reason to exercise discretion.
CARE MCQ
Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the Governor’s role in assenting to State Bills:- Article 200 of the Constitution provides four options to the Governor, including giving assent, withholding assent, returning, or reserving the Bill for the President.
- The Governor can withhold assent to any Bill purely at their discretion.
- The Constitution prescribes a timeline for the Governor to act on Bills presented for assent.
- Statement 1 is correct: Article 200 of the Constitution provides that the Governor, when presented with a Bill by the State Legislature, may give assent, withhold assent, return the Bill for reconsideration, or reserve it for the consideration of the President.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: The Governor cannot withhold assent purely at their discretion in routine cases; they must act on the advice of the State Council of Ministers. Discretion exists only in rare cases of patent unconstitutionality or constitutional conflict.
- Statement 3 is correct: While the Constitution does not specify timelines, the April 2025 Supreme Court judgment prescribed a three-month period for Governors and the President to act on Bills to prevent undue delays and uphold federal and democratic principles.
- Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State? (2014)- Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s rule
- Appointing the Ministers
- Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of India
- Making the rules to conduct the business of the State Government
Isobutanol–Diesel Blending: Feasibility and Challenges
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS3 Environment and Ecology
Context: Blending of isobutanol
Why in News?
ARAI is piloting the blending of isobutanol with diesel to overcome ethanol’s limitations, improve miscibility, and support emission reduction and energy security.
Introduction
- Union Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari announced that the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is studying the feasibility of blending isobutanol with diesel.
- This follows unsuccessful attempts with ethanol–diesel blends. The pilot project is expected to take approximately 18 months.
(Image Source: the Hindu)
Why isobutanol considered over ethanol?
- Ethanol’s limitations: Low flash point, high volatility, and miscibility issues with diesel made ethanol unsuitable for blending.
- Isobutanol advantages: Higher flash point reduces fire risk; better miscibility with diesel; no additional complement needed for efficiency.
- Supply considerations: Ethanol is in surplus, mainly for petrol blending and industrial use. Diverting feedstock for diesel blending could disrupt existing supply.
Production and raw materials
- Feedstock: Sugarcane syrup, B-heavy molasses, and grains (similar to ethanol production).
- Process: Specially engineered microbes ferment sugars under sterile conditions to produce isobutanol rather than ethanol.
- Economics: Retrofitting ethanol plants is feasible. Example: a 150 klp/d plant can produce ~125 klp/d ethanol and 20 klp/d isobutanol with minor modifications.
Technical considerations
- Miscibility: Alcohol–diesel blends may separate; co-blending with biodiesel can improve stability.
- Cetane number: Isobutanol has a lower cetane number, reducing combustion quality, potentially causing engine knock and reduced power. Additives can restore cetane value.
- Ignition & engine performance: Up to 10% blending is considered safe; higher concentrations may negatively affect engines.
- Emission impact: Blends may reduce some pollutants and contribute to import substitution.
Advantages
- Better miscibility than ethanol.
- Higher flash point enhances safety.
- Utilizes domestic biomass; provides additional avenues for sugarcane/molasses utilization.
- Supports emission reduction and energy security goals.
Challenges / Limitations
- Lower cetane number requires additives or engine adjustments.
- Potential miscibility and material compatibility issues.
- Retrofitting costs and operational adjustments.
- Limited supply may conflict with ethanol programmes.
Way forward
- Controlled pilot tests (5–10% blending).
- Comprehensive engine and vehicle testing across classes.
- Development of fuel standards and lifecycle emission assessment.
- Incentives for retrofitting and microbial strain R&D.
- Coordination between sugar industry, fuel producers, automobile sector, and regulators.
Conclusion
- Isobutanol shows promise as a diesel blend due to its higher flash point and better miscibility than ethanol. Technical, economic, and supply considerations remain; therefore, the pilot project and subsequent studies are essential before large-scale adoption.
CARE MCQ
Q6. Which of the following is a reason for considering isobutanol instead of ethanol for blending with diesel?
A. Isobutanol has a lower flash point than ethanol
B. Isobutanol blends better with diesel and has a higher flash point
C. Ethanol is produced only from grains, not sugarcane
D. Isobutanol has a higher cetane number than diesel
Answer: B
Explanation
- Statement A is incorrect: Isobutanol actually has a higher flash point than ethanol, which makes it safer and less volatile for diesel blending.
- Statement B is correct: Isobutanol blends better with diesel and its higher flash point reduces fire risk, making it more suitable than ethanol for diesel blending.
- Statement C is incorrect: Ethanol can be produced from both sugarcane (syrup/molasses) and grains, so this is not a reason to prefer isobutanol.
- Statement D is incorrect: Isobutanol has a lower cetane number than diesel, not higher; this is a challenge for engine ignition and performance.
- Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
UPSC PYQ
Q. Given below are the names of four energy crops. Which one of them can be cultivated for ethanol? (2010)
- (a) Jatropha
- (b) Maize
- (c) Pongamia
- (d) Sunflower
Ans: (b)