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APPSC CARE 18th September 2025 Current Affairs

News at a Glance

Andhra Pradesh: Sanjeevani healthcare initiative in Andhra Pradesh

Source: New Indian Express

APPSC Relevance: Governance

Context: Project Sanjeevani in Andhra Pradesh

Why in News?

Andhra Pradesh launched Project Sanjeevani, a healthcare initiative integrating Ayushman Bharat, NTR Health Services, and digital health records, in partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and TCS.

Introduction

  • The Andhra Pradesh government, under Chief Minister Nara Chandrababu Naidu, has launched a new healthcare initiative named ‘Sanjeevani’.
  • Announced at the Swasth Nari-Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan programme in Visakhapatnam, the scheme seeks to integrate Ayushman Bharat, NTR Health Services, and global medical knowledge to provide doorstep healthcare.
  • Symbolically likened to the mythical Sanjeevani herb from the Ramayana, the initiative is designed to save lives and strengthen healthcare delivery in the state.

Key Features of Project Sanjeevani

1. Integration of Healthcare Systems

  • Brings together Ayushman Bharat, the state’s NTR health services, and international best practices.
  • Focus on universal health coverage, bridging public-private gaps.

2. Partnerships

  • Developed in collaboration with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS).
  • Aims to create digital health records for nearly 5 crore citizens, ensuring efficient access to treatment.

3. Healthcare Financing

  • Budgetary allocation: ₹19,264 crore for healthcare in 2024–25.
  • Universal Health Insurance Scheme: Coverage of up to ₹2.5 lakh per family.
  • NTR Vaidya Seva Trust: For poor families, treatment expenses covered up to ₹25 lakh.

4. Health Camps and Screening

  • 13,944 health camps planned across Andhra Pradesh (17 September – 2 October).
  • Free check-ups for hypertension, diabetes, oral, breast, and cervical cancers, and tuberculosis.
  • Specialist doctors to offer services.

5. Technology & MedTech Integration

  • Support from TCS and Gates Foundation for digital record-keeping.
  • Use of medical devices manufactured at Visakhapatnam’s MedTech Zone, which are already being exported globally.

(Image Source: New Indian Express)

Broader Health and Welfare Initiatives

  • Women-centric schemes:
    • Talliki Vandanam (honouring mothers).
    • Deepam Scheme: Three free LPG cylinders annually.
    • Stree Shakti: Free bus travel for women.
  • DWCRA women’s groups: Over ₹20,000 crore in savings; loan default rate just 2%, reflecting financial discipline.
  • National Nutrition Month (Sep 17 – Oct 16): Campaign promoting healthy dietary practices and awareness.

CARE MCQ

Q1.  Consider the following statements about Andhra Pradesh’s Project Sanjeevani:

  1. It aims to integrate Ayushman Bharat, NTR Health Services, and global medical knowledge to provide doorstep healthcare.
  2. The scheme is being developed in collaboration with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS).
  3. Under the initiative, health records for nearly five crore people in the state are planned to be digitised.
  4. The scheme provides universal health insurance coverage of up to ₹10 lakh per family.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(B) 2 and 4 only
(C) 1 and 3 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer 1- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: Project Sanjeevani integrates Ayushman Bharat, NTR Health Services, and global medical knowledge to provide doorstep healthcare.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The scheme is being developed in partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS).
  • Statement 3 is correct: Under the initiative, digital health records for nearly five crore people will be created to improve access and treatment.
  • Statement 4 is incorrect: The Universal Health Insurance Scheme under Sanjeevani provides coverage of ₹2.5 lakh per family, not ₹10 lakh.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Rare striped dolphins spotted off Visakhapatnam Coast

Source: New Indian Express

APPSC Relevance: Ecology

Context: Striped Dolphins in Vishakhapatnam

Why in News?

A pod of striped dolphins, uncommon in Andhra waters, was recently sighted off Visakhapatnam, highlighting marine biodiversity and data gaps along India’s east coast.

Introduction

  • A recent sighting of a pod of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) off the coast of Visakhapatnam has drawn attention to the rich but under-documented marine biodiversity of the eastern coast of India.
  • The event, captured on video by a local fisherman and later confirmed by the East Coast Conservation Team (ECCT), highlights both the diversity of marine mammals in the Bay of Bengal and the gaps in scientific data regarding their distribution.

Striped Dolphins: An Overview

  • Scientific name: Stenella coeruleoalba
  • Distribution: Widely found in tropical and temperate waters across the world’s oceans.
  • Characteristics: Recognised by their distinctive stripes running from the eye to the anus, sleek bodies, and social behaviour (often seen in pods).
  • Conservation Status (IUCN): Least Concern globally, but population estimates are uncertain for Indian waters due to lack of systematic surveys.

(Image Source: New Indian Express)

Marine Mammals in Andhra Waters

According to experts:

  • Commonly observed:
    • Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea) – often seen from the shore.
    • Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) – mostly in deeper waters, but sometimes closer to the coast.
    • Spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata).
  • Uncommon/rare sightings:
    • Striped dolphins – occasionally present but poorly documented in Andhra Pradesh.
    • This diversity reflects the ecological richness of Andhra waters, influenced by the Bay of Bengal ecosystem and fishing activity that often overlaps with dolphin habitats.

Significance of the Sighting

  • Biodiversity Documentation:
    • Highlights the presence of lesser-known species in Andhra’s marine ecosystems.
    • Reaffirms the need for baseline data on marine mammals along the east coast.
  • Citizen Science and Community Involvement:
    • The sighting was recorded by a fisherman and shared through ECCT’s fishermen reporting network.
    • Shows the importance of local community participation in biodiversity monitoring.
  • Conservation Awareness:
    • Striped dolphins are more commonly recorded in western and southern waters; their presence in Andhra waters points to under-researched distribution patterns.
    • Raises awareness about marine biodiversity hotspots that remain undocumented.

Challenges in Marine Mammal Conservation

  • Lack of Baseline Data:
    • Very limited systematic surveys of dolphins and whales along the east coast.
    • Hinders policy formulation for conservation and protection.
  • Under-reporting of Sightings:
    • Fishermen frequently see marine mammals but rarely report them to researchers.
    • Creates gaps between traditional knowledge and scientific documentation.
  • Threats:
    • Bycatch in tuna and trawl fishing.
    • Marine pollution (plastic, chemicals).
    • Habitat degradation due to coastal development and port activities.
    • Noise pollution from ships.

Conservation Efforts

  • East Coast Conservation Team (ECCT):
    • Building a fishermen’s reporting network to record sightings.
    • Conducting awareness drives on protocols for live or dead dolphin encounters.
    • Coordinating with the Forest Department and NGOs for rescue and documentation.
  • Marine Mammal Research and Conservation Network of India (MMRCNI):
    • Platform (www.marinemammals.in) that supports identification and data sharing.
    • Provides baseline references for researchers.
  • Legal Protection:
    • All cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
    • Hunting or harming them is illegal in India.

CARE MCQ

Q2. With reference to striped dolphins recently spotted off Visakhapatnam, consider the following statements:

  1. They are listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
  2. They are classified as Endangered under the IUCN Red List.
  3. They are more commonly sighted in western and southern Indian waters than in Andhra Pradesh.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 1 and 3 only

(C) 2 and 3 only

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer 2- B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: All cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are given the highest legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Hunting, capture, or harm to dolphins is strictly prohibited.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: The striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List (globally). They are not under immediate threat worldwide, though regional populations may face pressures.
  • Statement 3 is correct: According to marine researchers, striped dolphins are rarely documented in Andhra waters, but are more commonly sighted in other states’ waters, particularly in deeper offshore zones of western and southern India. Their recent sighting off Visakhapatnam is considered uncommon.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

India-ILO Partnership for Global Employment and Skills Recognition

Source: PIB

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations

Context: International Labour Organisation (ILO)

Why in News?

The Government of India signed an MoU with the ILO to develop the International Reference Classification of Occupations, enhancing youth employment and global skill recognition.

Introduction

  • The In a significant move to strengthen global workforce integration and address emerging skill gaps, the Government of India signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the International Labour Organisation (ILO) to develop the International Reference Classification of Occupations (IRCO).
  • The MoU, signed in Geneva by Shri Arindam Bagchi, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India, and Mr. Gilbert F. Houngbo, Director General, ILO, aims to facilitate youth employment and enhance global recognition of Indian skills.
  • Union Minister for Labour & Employment and Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya, virtually attended the signing ceremony.

Context and Significance

  • Countries worldwide are facing significant skill shortages due to demographic shifts, technological advancements, and digitalisation.
  • Recognizing this challenge, G20 leaders, during India’s presidency in 2023, emphasized the need for well-managed, skills-based migration pathways.
  • The development of IRCO by skill and qualification requirements has been endorsed as a tool to improve the comparability of workforce data across countries and promote mutual recognition of skills.
  • The MoU reflects a shared commitment between India and the ILO to shape the future of work amidst rapid technological and economic transformation. It is expected to open pathways for Indian youth to access global employment opportunities and position India as a reliable source of skilled talent.

India’s Domestic Efforts in Workforce Development

  • Dr. Mandaviya highlighted India’s progress toward formalising its economy and expanding employment opportunities. He referred to the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana, announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, which aims to generate over 35 million formal sector jobs over the next two years.
  • This initiative is expected to boost youth employment and widen the coverage of social protection schemes, strengthening the overall labour ecosystem.
  • In addition, India has leveraged digital innovation to enhance labour market efficiency and worker welfare.
  • Platforms like the National Career Service (NCS) Portal and the e-Shram Portal provide digital public goods that can facilitate workforce management and cross-country learning. Dr. Mandaviya proposed organising a session with the ILO to share India’s experiences with these digital initiatives.

(Image Source: PIB)

Global Implications

  • The ILO has welcomed the MoU, noting its potential to impact workforce development globally. Secretary (Labour & Employment), Ms. Vandana Gurnani, emphasized that the MoU provides a framework for feasibility studies and pilot exercises in key emerging sectors, including green, digital, and care industries.
  • This collaboration aligns with India’s vision of becoming the skill capital of the world, not only enhancing the global competitiveness of Indian graduates but also establishing India as an international hub for high-quality, future-ready education and skilling. The agreement will enable Indian workers to integrate seamlessly into international labour markets, addressing skill shortages in other countries while creating global employment pathways for India’s youth.

Conclusion

  • The partnership between India and the ILO marks a strategic step in global workforce integration, bridging domestic skills development with international employment opportunities.

CARE MCQ

Q1.  Consider the following statements regarding the India–ILO MoU on the International Reference Classification of Occupations (IRCO):

  1. The MoU aims to facilitate global employment opportunities for Indian youth and enhance mutual recognition of skills.
  2. The MoU mandates that all Indian workers must migrate abroad to fill skill shortages in other countries.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 and 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer 1- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The MoU explicitly seeks to enhance comparability of skill data and facilitate youth employment opportunities globally, promoting mutual recognition of skills.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: The MoU does not mandate migration of Indian workers; it only provides pathways and opportunities for voluntary, skills-based integration into global labour markets.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.   International Labour Organization’s Conventions 138 and 182 are related to (2018)

(a) Child Labour
(b) Adaptation of agricultural practices to global climate change
(c) Regulation of food prices and food security
(d) Gender parity at the workplace

Ans: (a)

Doha Summit and the Prospect of an “Arab-Islamic NATO”

Source: India Today

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations

Context: Arab-Islamic NATO

Why in News?

At the September 2025 Doha Summit, Pakistan proposed an “Arab-Islamic NATO” to form a joint military alliance among Muslim countries, primarily aimed at Israel, with potential strategic implications for India.

Introduction

  • The over 40 Arab and Islamic nations convened an emergency summit in Doha, Qatar, following Israel’s strike on Hamas leaders in the Qatari capital.
  • A key proposal discussed was the formation of a NATO-style military alliance for Muslim countries, with Pakistan aggressively advocating for an “Arab-Islamic task force”.
  • The summit was attended by Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, signaling Pakistan’s proactive and assertive foreign policy stance in the Islamic world.

Pakistan’s Push for an Islamic Military Alliance

  • Pakistan’s Role: Pakistan, the world’s only nuclear-armed Muslim nation with an estimated 170 warheads, has consistently sought to position itself as a leader in the Muslim world. At the Doha summit, Pakistan lobbied for a joint military force to monitor “Israeli designs”, reflecting its ambitions to assert influence over regional security issues.
  • Strategic motives:
    • Enhance its global diplomatic profile and influence within the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
    • Gain leverage to internationalise the Kashmir issue.
    • Secure support from Arab states amid economic challenges and to attract funding and technology.
  • Turkey’s Role: As a NATO member, Turkey backed Pakistan’s narrative on Israel and Kashmir, though it preferred economic sanctions over military intervention against Israel. Turkey’s participation lends credibility to the proposal, especially if the alliance adopts NATO-like principles.

Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan both attended the Doha summit on Monday. (File Image)

(Image Source: India Today)

Implications for India

  • Strategic Concerns:
    • A NATO-style alliance where an attack on one member is treated as an attack on all could embolden Pakistan in its anti-India posture.
    • Pakistan’s access to multilateral military platforms could strengthen its regional position and internationalize Kashmir-related narratives.
  • Turkey Factor:
    • Turkey has previously supported Pakistan with military hardware and personnel, notably during the May 2025 mini-war with India.
    • Its backing could amplify anti-India lobbying in international forums.
  • India-Israel Relations:
    • India maintains strong defense cooperation with Israel, including annual arms imports worth over $2 billion and collaboration in technology and energy.
    • The anti-Israel focus of the proposed Islamic NATO could indirectly create tensions, although India has maintained a balanced stance on the Palestine-Israel conflict.
  • Regional Dynamics:
    • Major Gulf players like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Egypt, while part of the summit, maintain friendly relations with India.
    • This mitigates immediate threats from the proposed alliance but requires careful diplomatic navigation.

Current Status and Outlook

  • The “Arab-Islamic NATO” proposal is nascent and primarily directed against Israel, not India.
  • Internal disagreements among member states over military intervention versus economic or political measures may delay the formation of a cohesive alliance.
  • For India, the main strategic takeaway is vigilance: Pakistan’s involvement could serve as a platform for anti-India diplomacy, while Turkey’s participation adds a layer of complexity due to its NATO ties.

Conclusion:

  • While the Doha summit’s “Islamic NATO” remains conceptual, Pakistan’s assertive diplomacy highlights its desire to expand influence within the Muslim world and counterbalance India’s growing regional stature.

CARE MCQ

Q2.   Which of the following statements about the proposed “Arab-Islamic NATO” discussed at the 2025 Doha Summit are correct?

  1. Pakistan pushed for a NATO-style military alliance primarily aimed at Israel.
  2. Turkey fully endorsed military action against Israel along with Pakistan.
  3. The alliance, if formed, could embolden Pakistan’s anti-India posture.

Options:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 2: B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: Pakistan actively advocated for an “Arab-Islamic task force” at the Doha summit, proposing a NATO-style military alliance primarily targeting Israel.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: Turkey supported Pakistan’s narrative but stopped short of endorsing direct military action, calling instead for economic pressure on Israel.
  • Statement 3 is correct: If such an alliance adopts NATO-like principles, where an attack on one member is considered an attack on all, Pakistan could use it to strengthen its anti-India diplomatic and strategic stance.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.    Consider the following countries: (2025)

I. Austria
II. Bulgaria
III. Croatia
IV. Serbia
V. Sweden
VI. North Macedonia

How many of the above are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

(a) Only three
(b) Only four
(c) Only five
(d) All the six

Ans(b)

US Military Moves in Bangladesh Raise Concerns for India and Myanmar

Source: Economic Times

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations

Context: US Moves in Bangladesh

Why in News?

US military activity in Bangladesh’s Chittagong region has raised strategic concerns for neighbouring India and Myanmar.

Introduction

  • The Recent developments in Bangladesh’s strategically located Chittagong area have drawn attention from neighbouring countries, particularly India and Myanmar.
  • The landing of a US C-130J Super Hercules tactical transport aircraft at Shah Amanat International Airport marks a continuation of increased American military activity in the region.
  • The aircraft, typically operating from Japan’s Yokota Airbase, signals a potential intensification of US engagement in South Asia.

Background and Strategic Implications

  • Chittagong’s proximity to India’s northeastern states and Myanmar makes it a key strategic point.
  • Analysts suggest that the US interest extends beyond Bangladesh, potentially influencing security dynamics in the wider Bay of Bengal region.
  • There are reports of both the US and China engaging with Myanmar’s rebel groups, highlighting the competition of extra-regional powers in the area.

(Image Source: Imphal times)

US-Bangladesh Military Cooperation

  • Since the Muhammad Yunus-led government came to power, US military presence in Bangladesh has been increasingly visible.
  • Recent initiatives include bilateral exercises such as Operation Pacific Angel-25 and Tiger Lightning-2025, both conducted in Chittagong.
  • Sources indicate that additional joint exercises are being planned, with US troops regularly rotating through the area.

Controversies and Regional Reactions

  • The US presence has occasionally sparked controversy. Last month, the body of a US Special Forces officer was discovered in a Dhaka hotel, raising questions about operational security and presence.
  • Furthermore, allegations persist regarding US involvement in anti-government protests that resulted in the ouster of Bangladesh’s Prime Minister in August 2024.

Regional Implications

  • For India and Myanmar, the enhanced US presence near their borders represents a complex strategic challenge.
  • It underscores the growing influence of extra-regional powers in South Asia, necessitating careful diplomatic and security planning to maintain regional stability.

Conclusion

  • While officially framed as joint exercises and strategic cooperation, the development has broader implications for India, Myanmar, and the Bay of Bengal security environment, highlighting the importance of monitoring regional military developments and diplomatic engagements.

CARE MCQ

Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the US military presence in Bangladesh:

  1. The recent US military activity in Chittagong is strategically significant due to its proximity to India’s northeastern states and Myanmar.
  2. The US has established a permanent military base in Bangladesh.
  3. Both India and Myanmar view the US presence as having potential security implications for the region.

Options:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2, and 3

Answer 3- B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: Chittagong is strategically located near India’s northeast and Myanmar, making US military activity there significant for regional security.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: There is no evidence of a permanent US military base in Bangladesh; current presence is limited to joint exercises and temporary deployments.
  • Statement 3 is correct: Both India and Myanmar are concerned about potential security implications arising from increased US military activity in the region.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.  Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news? 2022

A It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea.

B China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea.

C A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defence capabilities.

D Though International Court of Justice declared them as no man’s land, some South-East Asian countries claim them.

Ans: (b)

From Nepal to Sri Lanka and Bangladesh: Lessons from the Crisis of Democracy for India

Source: Indian Express

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations

Context: Lessons from the Crisis of Democracy for India

Why in News?

Youth-led protests in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka highlight the failure of electoral democracy to meet public expectations amid unemployment, corruption, and unresponsive governance.

Introduction

  • Recent popular uprisings in South Asia—Nepal (2025), Bangladesh (2024), and Sri Lanka (2022)—highlight the fragility of democracies when they fail to deliver public expectations.
  • These movements, primarily driven by youth, were sparked by rising unemployment, corruption, and the perception that democratic institutions no longer reflect the people’s will.

Sri Lanka:

  • The eight-month-long aragalaya (struggle) in 2022 targeted President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and the Rajapaksa family over corruption and economic mismanagement.
  • Protesters occupied the President’s palace, forcing him to flee, and attacked the Prime Minister’s residence. Frustration extended beyond individuals to established political parties.
  • The crisis ended with the 2024 election of Anura Kumara Dissanayake, a youthful leftist leader, reflecting the public’s demand for systemic change.

Bangladesh:

  • The 2024 July Uprising saw mass protests against Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s prolonged rule, election manipulation, autocracy, and corruption.
  • Sparked by student-led movements, the protests lasted 21 days, turning violent and resulting in hundreds of casualties.
  • Hasina eventually fled to India, and a transitional government led by Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus was tasked with reforms and early elections.

Nepal

(Image Source: Indian Express)

Nepal:

  • In 2025, protests erupted against Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli after he banned major social media platforms. Generation Z, making up 40% of Nepal’s population, mobilised online through platforms like Discord and Instagram to organise demonstrations.
  • Frustrated with the political elite, they symbolically elected former Chief Justice Sushila Karki as PM, reflecting a disconnect between electoral outcomes and public aspirations.

Democratic Lessons:

  • Classical thinkers like Plato and Aristotle warned of democracy’s vulnerability to mob rule and demagogues.
  • The South Asian crises show that elections alone cannot sustain democracy. Responsiveness, transparency, and meaningful civic participation are crucial.

Implications for India:

  • India faces growing youth unemployment, estimated at 35.9% for ages 20–24 (CMIE, July 2025), and widespread corruption across political parties.
  • Inner-party democracy is weak, and political systems often function as tightly controlled private entities.
  • Without reforms, India risks similar disaffection. Strengthening accountability, inclusive policymaking, and civic engagement is essential to safeguard democratic stability.

CARE MCQ

Q4.  Which of the following statements regarding recent youth-led uprisings in South Asia is/are correct?

  1. The Sri Lankan aragalaya (2022) forced President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to flee due to corruption and economic mismanagement.
  2. Bangladesh’s July Uprising (2024) was triggered primarily by widespread unemployment and student protests against election manipulation.
  3. In Nepal (2025), youth mobilised digitally to protest restrictions on social media and symbolically elected a former Chief Justice as PM.

Options:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 4- B

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The Sri Lankan aragalaya was directed against President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and the Rajapaksa family due to corruption and mismanagement of the economy, leading to his fleeing the country in 2022.
  • Statement 2 is incorrect: While student protests were involved, the primary triggers were autocracy, election manipulation, and corruption, not unemployment. Youth-led protests erupted mainly against systemic governance failures rather than economic grievances.
  • Statement 3 is correct: In Nepal, the youth, frustrated by social media bans and the failure of elections to reflect their will, mobilised digitally (via Discord and Instagram) and symbolically chose former Chief Justice Sushila Karki as PM.
  • Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.   Consider the following pairs: (2022)
 

Country

Important reason for being in the news recently

1. Chad – Setting up of permanent military base by China

2.Guinea – Suspension of Constitution and Government by military

3.Lebanon – Severe and prolonged economic depression

4.Tunisia – Suspension of Parliament by President’s

How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

A Only one pair

B Only two pairs

C Only three pairs

D All four pairs

Ans: C

EU Unveils Strategic Roadmap for India, Eyes Free Trade Deal and Deeper Cooperation

Source: Indian Express

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations

Context: India EU relations

Why in News?

The European Union announced a new strategic agenda to deepen cooperation with India across trade, technology, defence, security, and multilateral engagement.

Introduction

  • Procurement The European Union (EU) announced a new strategic agenda to elevate its partnership with India across trade, technology, defence, security, connectivity, and climate change.
  • The move comes amid shifting geopolitical realities and India’s growing global influence.

Key Highlights of the EU-India Strategic Roadmap:

  • Comprehensive Bilateral Agenda:
    • The EU’s “New Strategic EU-India Agenda” aims to deepen cooperation in five priority areas: trade, technology, defence and security, regional connectivity, and multilateral engagement.
    • The roadmap builds on existing partnerships and addresses gaps where cooperation can be enhanced.
  • Trade and Economic Cooperation:
    • Europe is India’s largest trading partner, and both sides aim to finalise a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) by end of 2025, potentially the largest such deal globally.
    • Focus areas include strengthening supply chains, investment in emerging technologies, and collaboration under the Trade and Technology Council (TTC).
  • Proposals include a EU-India Startup partnership and India’s participation in Horizon Europe, facilitating innovation and research collaboration.

Security and Defence Partnership:

  • Joint initiatives will target crisis management, maritime security, cyber defence, counterterrorism, and defence industrial cooperation.
  • Negotiations for a Security of Information Agreement will facilitate the exchange of classified information.
  • India and the EU plan to coordinate on Indo-Pacific security, hybrid threats, space security, and related geopolitical challenges.

European Union - Definition, Flag, History

(Image Source: Corporate Finance Institute)

Regional Connectivity and Multilateral Engagement:

  • The roadmap supports initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) and the Global Gateway, strengthening India-EU trilateral cooperation.
  • The EU emphasizes India’s role in advancing international law, multilateral values, and global governance.
  • Mobility, Civil Society, and Business Cooperation:
    • Proposals include skills mobility via the European Legal Gateway and a comprehensive mobility framework for study, work, and research.
    • Enhanced engagement with civil society, youth, think tanks, and businesses through platforms such as the EU-India Business Forum.
  • Geopolitical Considerations:
    • While relations are largely cooperative, areas of disagreement persist, notably India’s participation in Russian military exercises and purchase of Russian oil, which the EU views as obstacles to deeper ties.
    • Both sides reaffirmed commitment to a rules-based international order and collaborative solutions for global issues, including support for Ukraine’s sovereignty.

Significance for India:

  • The roadmap positions India as a strategic partner in trade, technology, and security within Europe’s broader geopolitical and economic strategies.
  • The FTA could boost India’s exports, investment inflows, and technological capabilities.
  • Cooperation in defence, cyber, and emerging technologies enhances India’s security and strategic autonomy.
  • Participation in global multilateral initiatives strengthens India’s soft power and diplomatic influence.

Conclusion:

  • The EU-India strategic agenda represents a multidimensional partnership, balancing economic, technological, and security cooperation while addressing geopolitical differences. For India, it presents an opportunity to diversify global ties, strengthen innovation ecosystems, and consolidate its role as a responsible global power.

CARE MCQ

Q5. Which of the following statements regarding the EU-India strategic roadmap (2025) is/are correct?

  1. The roadmap proposes finalising a Free Trade Agreement by the end of 2025, making the EU India’s largest trading partner.
  2. The strategic agenda includes enhanced cooperation in defence, cyber security, crisis management, and Indo-Pacific engagement.
  3. India’s participation in Russian military exercises and oil imports is seen by the EU as an obstacle to closer ties.
  4. The roadmap focuses exclusively on trade and technology, without addressing mobility, civil society, or regional connectivity.

Options:
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1 and 4 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 5-A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: The roadmap emphasises concluding an EU-India Free Trade Agreement by the end of 2025, and Europe is already India’s largest trading partner.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The agenda includes joint initiatives in defence, cyber defence, crisis management, counterterrorism, and Indo-Pacific security cooperation.
  • Statement 3 is correct: The EU has flagged India’s participation in Russian military exercises and its purchase of Russian oil as obstacles to closer ties.
  • Statement 4 is incorrect: The roadmap also covers mobility (study, work, research), civil society engagement, regional connectivity (IMEC, Global Gateway), and multilateral cooperation, not just trade and technology.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q.    With reference to ‘Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)’, consider the following statements : 2016

  1. It is an organization of European Union in working relation with NATO and WHO.
  2. It monitors chemical industry to prevent new weapons from emerging.
  3. It provides assistance and protection to States (Parties) against chemical weapons threats.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A 1 only

B 2 and 3 only

C 1 and 3 only

D 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c)

Towards a New Paradigm of Urbanism in the Himalayas

Source: The Hindustan Times

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Disaster Management

Context: Urbanism in the Himalayas

Why in News?

Unplanned urbanization in the fragile Himalayan region increases vulnerability to disasters like floods and landslides.

Introduction

  • Patient The Himalayas, a living landscape of rivers, forests, glaciers, and mountain communities, are home to over 210 million people across seven countries, including more than 50 million in India.
  • These communities have adapted over centuries to the fragile Himalayan environment, yet today the region faces unprecedented stress.

Urban Vulnerability in the Himalayas

  • Recent disasters—flash floods in Uttarkashi’s Dharali village, landslides in Mandi, and heavy rains causing floods in Jammu and Kashmir—highlight the risks of unplanned urban growth.
  • These events are not isolated but are symptomatic of a larger crisis: reckless development in ecologically sensitive terrain amplifies natural hazards.
  • Himalayan towns largely follow generic building codes designed for the plains, a critical oversight given the region’s status as one of the world’s most active seismic zones.
  • This approach neglects the terrain, hydrology, and unique cultural context of the mountains.
  • Consequently, towns are expanding without planning, concrete is spreading across springs and waterheads, and infrastructure is being built as though the land beneath were inert.

Himalayan towns still follow generic building codes designed for the plains. This is an extraordinary oversight in one of the most active seismic zones in the world. (HT Archive)

(Image Source: Hindustan Times)

The Need for a Multi-Pronged Approach

Securing the Himalayan future will not depend on building faster or taller but on building wisely—and choosing, at times, not to build at all. Addressing this challenge requires:

  • Context-sensitive Planning: Urban design must integrate topography, water systems, and local culture.
  • Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure: Construction must comply with seismic norms and slope stability measures.
  • Ecological Conservation: Springs, rivers, forests, and glaciers must be protected against encroachment.
  • Community Engagement: Local knowledge and traditional practices should guide sustainable development.

Conclusion

  • The Himalayan region calls for a new paradigm of urbanism—one that balances development with ecology, infrastructure with resilience, and growth with wisdom.

CARE MCQ

Q6. Which of the following factors contribute to the urban vulnerability of Himalayan towns?

  1. Use of building codes designed for plains
  2. Expansion over springs and waterheads
  3. Neglect of local culture and terrain
  4. High population density in urban plains

Options:
a) 1, 2, and 3 only
b) 1 and 4 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) All of the above

Answer 6- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: Himalayan towns still follow generic building codes designed for the plains, which are unsuitable for one of the most active seismic zones in the world, increasing vulnerability to earthquakes and landslides.
  • Statement 2 is correct: Construction expanding over springs, waterheads, and natural drainage paths disrupts hydrology and contributes to floods and landslides.
  • Statement 3 is correct: Planning often ignores the local terrain, culture, and mountain ecology, leading to unplanned urban growth.
  • Statement 4 is incorrect: While population density may influence urban issues in plains, the primary drivers of vulnerability in Himalayan towns are ecological fragility and unplanned construction, not high population density per se.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following: (2012)

  1. Deep gorges
  2. U-turn river courses
  3. Parallel mountain ranges
  4. Steep gradients causing landsliding

Which of the above can be said to be the evidence for Himalayas being young fold mountains? 

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1, 2 and 4 only

(c) 3 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (d)

 
APPSC CARE 19th September 2025 Current Affairs
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