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APPSC CARE 12th September 2025 Current Affairs

News at a Glance

India’s First Quantum Reference Facility Announced in Amaravati

Source: The New Indian Express

APPSC Relevance: Science & Technology

Context: Quantum Technologies, Emerging Technologies, Innovation Ecosystem

Why in News?

The Government of Andhra Pradesh has announced the establishment of India’s first Quantum Reference Facility (QRF) at Amaravati Quantum Valley (AQV) with an estimated investment of ₹40 crore.

Key Features of the Facility

  • Location & Investment: To be set up at Amaravati Quantum Valley, with an estimated cost of ₹40 crore.
  • Primary Objective: Provide testing, benchmarking, and characterisation of quantum hardware components.
  • Future Potential: Establishes the groundwork for indigenous quantum computer manufacturing in Amaravati.
  • Collaborative Partners:
  1. National Quantum Mission (NQM) and Department of Science & Technology (DST) – Policy and programmatic support.
  2. IBM Quantum India and TCS – Strategic anchors.
  3. Startups, research organisations, and universities – R&D collaboration.
  4. Prof. R. Vijay Raghavan (TIFR) – Pioneer of India’s first 6-qubit quantum computer.

Amaravati to host India's first Quantum Computing Valley - The Hindu

Image source: The Hindu

Policy Alignment: Supports India’s National Quantum Mission (2023–2031), which focuses on building intermediate-scale quantum computers, secure quantum communications, and quantum materials research.

Significance

1. Boost to Indigenous R&D and Manufacturing

  • Reduces reliance on imported quantum components.
  • Provides industry-grade testing and standardisation infrastructure, a key step toward commercial quantum hardware manufacturing.

2. Strategic Advantage

  • Positions Amaravati and Andhra Pradesh as India’s hub for deep-tech and quantum innovation.
  • Aligns with global trends where countries like the US, China, and EU are heavily investing in quantum ecosystems.

3. Public–Private–Academic Synergy

  • Collaboration between government agencies, academia, startups, and global tech leaders ensures holistic growth.
  • Encourages technology transfer and capacity building for Indian researchers and engineers.

4. Economic & Employment Impact

  • Expected to attract deep-tech startups and generate high-skilled employment in areas like quantum software, hardware design, and semiconductor fabrication.
  • Provides opportunities for export-oriented R&D services in quantum benchmarking.

5. National Mission Linkages

  • Directly supports the National Quantum Mission (NQM) objectives of achieving 50–1000 qubit quantum processors by 2031.
  • Complements other initiatives like India Semiconductor Mission, building synergy between quantum and classical chip development.

Challenges

  • High Cost & Infrastructure Needs: Quantum R&D requires cryogenics, superconductors, and highly specialised labs.
  • Talent Shortage: Limited pool of quantum physicists and engineers in India.
  • Global Competition: US, China, and Europe are far ahead in quantum computing race.
  • Scalability Risks: Transitioning from lab research to commercial-grade quantum computers will require sustained funding and industry adoption.

Way Forward

  • Establish a National Quantum Standards Authority to ensure global benchmarking compatibility.
  • Expand collaborations with global quantum labs for knowledge exchange.
  • Integrate quantum research with AI, cybersecurity, and defence technologies for strategic advantage.
  • Focus on human resource development through specialised quantum technology curricula in IITs, IISc, and state universities.

CARE MCQ

Q1. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the newly announced Quantum Reference Facility in Amaravati?

  1. It will be India’s first dedicated facility for testing and benchmarking quantum hardware.
  2. The project is being developed under the National Quantum Mission with support from DST.
  3. IBM Quantum India and TCS are strategic partners of the initiative.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer 1- D

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct – The Quantum Reference Facility in Amaravati Quantum Valley is India’s first dedicated hub for testing, benchmarking, and characterisation of quantum components. This facility will provide industry-grade validation, which is essential for moving towards commercial manufacturing of quantum computers in India.
  • Statement 2 is correct – The initiative is aligned with the National Quantum Mission (2023–2031) and is supported by the Department of Science & Technology (DST). NQM provides the overarching policy and programmatic framework to advance India’s indigenous quantum technologies.
  • Statement 3 is correct – IBM Quantum India and TCS have joined as the strategic anchors of the Amaravati Quantum Valley (AQV). Their collaboration ensures global technology expertise, corporate investment, and industry adoption, complementing India’s research institutions and startups.

Andhra Pradesh Launches Auto Mitra Scheme for Auto Drivers

Source: The New Indian Express

APPSC Relevance: Welfare Schemes

Context: Auto Mitra Scheme

Why in News?

Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu announced the launch of the Auto Mitra Scheme, aimed at providing financial assistance of ₹15,000 to auto drivers in the state.

Key Features of Auto Mitra Scheme

  • Financial Support: Auto drivers in Andhra Pradesh will receive ₹15,000 as assistance.
  • Festival Grant: The payment will be made as a special Dussehra gift to ease economic burden.
  • Target Group: Focuses on urban and semi-urban informal sector workers engaged in auto driving.
  • Governance Approach: The CM clarified that the announcement is not politically motivated, since elections are not due, but is part of the Super Six promises of the alliance government.
  • Complementary Schemes: Linked with other welfare measures like:
  1. Talliki Vandanam (₹10,000 crore for students’ education)
  2. Stree Shakti Scheme (free bus travel for women)
  3. Annadata Sukhibhav-PM Kisan (farmer support scheme)
  4. Anna Canteens (affordable meals initiative)

Significance

(Image Source: The New Indian Express)

1. Social Security for Informal Workers

  • Auto drivers represent a large section of the unorganised workforce.
  • Direct support helps in addressing income insecurity and festival-related expenses.

2. Poverty Alleviation & Welfare Focus

  • The scheme is aligned with the CM’s vision of a “Healthy, Wealthy, Happy Andhra Pradesh”.
  • It supports the broader goal of complete poverty eradication through Super Six initiatives.

3. Political & Governance Implications

  • Reinforces the credibility of the coalition government’s promise-fulfilment agenda.
  • Emphasises citizen-centric governance beyond electoral cycles.

4. Economic Multiplier Effect

  • The cash transfer is expected to boost local consumption during festivals, stimulating demand in semi-urban and rural markets.

Challenges

  • Fiscal Burden: With multiple welfare schemes, sustained financing may stress state finances.
  • Targeting & Leakages: Ensuring only genuine auto drivers receive benefits requires strong beneficiary verification.
  • One-time Nature: A single festive grant may not address the long-term economic vulnerabilities of auto drivers.

Way Forward

  • Institutionalise the Auto Mitra scheme as an annual welfare programme.
  • Link beneficiaries with skill development, health insurance, and pension schemes for sustainable security.
  • Leverage digital platforms and Aadhaar-linked DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) to ensure transparency.

CARE MCQ

Q2. With reference to the recently launched Auto Mitra Scheme in Andhra Pradesh, consider the following statements:

  1. The scheme provides ₹15,000 as financial assistance to auto drivers.
  2. The grant is intended as a special gift during the Dussehra festival.
  3. It has been announced under the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan (PM-SYM) scheme.

Options:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer 2- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct. The Andhra Pradesh government has launched the Auto Mitra Scheme to provide direct financial support of ₹15,000 to auto drivers. It is part of the government’s broader welfare agenda known as the “Super Six” promises.
  • Statement 2 is correct. The assistance is designed as a Dussehra festival gift, helping drivers meet festive expenses and boosting local consumption during the season.
  • Statement 3 is incorrect. The scheme is not part of the Union government’s PM-SYM pension programme. It is a state-specific initiative of Andhra Pradesh, framed by the coalition government to fulfil its promises.

Government to Conduct Two Key Economic Surveys on Household Finances from July 2026

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS3 Economy, Agriculture

Context: Household Finance & Farmers’ Economic Situation

Why in News?

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has announced that it will conduct two nationally representative surveys — the All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) and the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households — between July 2026 and June 2027.

Introduction

  • The government will undertake two major economic surveys in 2026–27 to provide granular insights into the financial condition of Indian households and farmers.
  • These surveys are critical for policy planning, financial regulation, and agricultural development, and will guide institutions like the RBI, Ministry of Agriculture, and NITI Aayog.

About AIDIS (All-India Debt and Investment Survey)

  • Provides critical data on household indebtedness and asset ownership across rural and urban areas.
  • Findings help in:
    • Shaping national accounts
    • Assessing inequality in asset distribution
    • Understanding credit markets
  • Used by institutions such as the RBI, MoSPI, and other government bodies for framing financial policies.

(Image Source: Asian Age)

About SAS (Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households)

First launched in 2003, it evaluates the economic condition of farmers. Covers:

  • Household income & expenditure
  • Indebtedness & credit access
  • Land & livestock ownership
  • Crop & livestock production
  • Use of technology
  • Access to government schemes & crop insurance

Findings are utilised by the Ministry of Agriculture, NITI Aayog, researchers, and financial institutions for agriculture and rural development policies.

Significance of the Surveys

  • For Economic Planning: Provides foundational data for RBI, MoSPI, and Finance Ministry.
  • For Agriculture: Helps Ministry of Agriculture and NITI Aayog design targeted farmer welfare policies.
  • For Financial Inclusion: Identifies credit gaps and regional disparities in indebtedness.
  • For Social Policy: Informs rural development and poverty alleviation strategies.

Public Consultation

  • Draft concept notes and schedules of both surveys are uploaded on the MoSPI website.
  • Inputs invited from policymakers, researchers, farmer groups, and the public to strengthen survey design.

Way Forward

Implementation from July 2026 – June 2027 with nationwide coverage. Expected to produce critical evidence for:

  • Rural financial resilience policies
  • Agricultural reforms
  • Targeted social protection schemes

CARE MCQ

Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the upcoming economic surveys to be conducted by MoSPI in 2026–27:

  1. The All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) provides household-level data that is crucial for shaping national accounts and analysing credit markets.
  2. The Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households focuses exclusively on land ownership patterns and excludes information on income, expenditure, and access to credit.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer 1- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 – Correct: AIDIS is a core survey on household finance, covering indebtedness, assets, and investments, and its results are vital for national accounts and credit policy.
  • Statement 2 – Incorrect: SAS is not limited to land ownership. It provides a comprehensive picture of farm households, including income, expenditure, indebtedness, production practices, access to technology, and government schemes.
  • Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

UPSC PYQ

Q. Consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
  2. The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
  3. The Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (a)

India and Mauritius: “Not Just Partners but a Family,” says PM Modi

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations

Context: India–Mauritius Bilateral Relations

Why in News?

During the bilateral meeting held in Varanasi on September 11, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Mauritius counterpart, Navinchandra Ramgoolam, announced new initiatives to strengthen India–Mauritius ties across economic, cultural, healthcare, and strategic domains.

Introduction

  • PM Modi emphasised that India and Mauritius share civilisational and diaspora bonds, calling

the two nations “not just partners but a family.”

  • Both leaders highlighted the importance of a free, open, and secure Indian Ocean, reflecting convergence under India’s Neighbourhood First and SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policies.
  • The visit gained significance against the backdrop of China’s growing presence in the Indian Ocean, with India seeking to reinforce its role as Mauritius’s most trusted development and security partner.

Image Source: The Times of India

Major Announcements and Agreements

  • Development & Healthcare Cooperation
  • India announced a special economic package for Mauritius, including:
  • Establishment of a 500-bed Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National Hospital
  • The first Jan Aushadhi Kendra outside India
  • A veterinary school and animal hospital
  • An AYUSH Centre of Excellence
  1. Education & Capacity Building
    • Launch of Mission Karmayogi training modules in Mauritius.
    • MoUs: IIT Madras and Indian Institute of Plantation Management with the University of Mauritius.
    • Focus: capacity building, digital governance, and innovation.
  2. Technology & Oceanographic Cooperation
    • Agreements in science, technology, power, and small development projects (Phase II).
    • Hydrography project for joint surveys, navigation charts, and EEZ mapping.
  3. Cultural & Civilisational Linkages
    • Strong emphasis on diaspora ties (Bhojpuri community linkages).
    • PM Ramgoolam participated in Ganga Aarti and visited Kashi Vishwanath Dham.

China Factor in the Indian Ocean

  • Mauritius has been a key site of strategic competition between India and China.
  • China has increased its influence through infrastructure projects, port access, and financial loans.
  • India’s new initiatives – healthcare projects, Mission Karmayogi, hydrography cooperation, and Jan Aushadhi Kendra – directly counterbalance China’s “checkbook diplomacy” by offering development with cultural and civilisational depth.
  • The recent India–Mauritius meeting reaffirmed Mauritius’s alignment with India on security issues, ensuring that the island remains within the sphere of India’s SAGAR framework, even amid Beijing’s outreach in the region.

Significance of the Visit

  • Strategic: Reinforces India’s leadership in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) amidst growing Chinese assertiveness.
  • Diplomatic: Mauritius remains a steadfast partner in India’s Neighbourhood First Policy.
  • Economic & Health: Expands India’s model of developmental diplomacy via healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
  • Soft Power: Strong civilisational bonds provide India an edge over China’s transactional

approach.

Way Forward

  • Strengthen blue economy cooperation (fisheries, marine research, renewable ocean energy).
  • Broaden digital public infrastructure linkages with Mauritius.
  • Explore trilateral partnerships (India–Mauritius–France) for IOR security.
  • Institutionalise people-to-people ties via diaspora engagement, cultural exchanges, and higher education links.

CARE MCQ

Q2 . With reference to India–Mauritius relations, consider the following statements:

  • India has announced a special economic package that includes establishing the first Jan Aushadhi Kendra outside India in Mauritius.
  • India and Mauritius will cooperate on hydrography involving joint surveys and EEZ mapping.
  • The University of Mauritius has signed MoUs with IIT Madras and the Indian Institute of Plantation Management.
  • China’s recent strategic investments in Mauritius were explicitly mentioned in the joint press

statement.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 1, 2, and 3 only
  3. 2, 3, and 4 only
  4. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 2: B

Explanation:

  • Statement 1 – Correct – India has announced a special economic package for Mauritius, which includes the establishment of the first Jan Aushadhi Kendra outside India. This move is

intended to enhance access to affordable medicines in Mauritius, while also projecting India’s

pharmaceutical diplomacy.

  • Statement 2 – Correct –Both countries agreed to work together on a hydrography project, which will involve joint surveys, preparation of navigation charts, and mapping of Mauritius’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This initiative strengthens maritime cooperation and enhances India’s role in ensuring a secure and rule-based order in the Indian Ocean.
  • Statement 3 – Correct – The University of Mauritius signed MoUs with IIT Madras and the Indian

Institute of Plantation Management (IIPM). These academic collaborations focus on research, education, capacity building, and innovation, thereby deepening India–Mauritius knowledge partnerships and extending India’s higher education influence abroad.

  • Statement 4 – Incorrect – Although the China factor is an important strategic backdrop for

India’s outreach to Mauritius, it was not explicitly referenced in the joint press statement made by the two Prime Ministers. The statements focused instead on civilisational ties, economic cooperation, and Indian Ocean security.

Therefore, 1, 2, and 3 are correct → Option B. UPSC PYQ

Q. With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’,

Consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills
  2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only

Which of the following statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: (d)

European Nations Moving to Recognise Palestine

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS 2 – International Relations

Context: Recognition of Palestine by European Nations

Why in News?

Countries like Spain, Ireland, and Norway have formally recognised the State of Palestine, with France and other nations signalling readiness to follow.

Introduction

  • The recognition is seen as an attempt to preserve the two-state solution, which is under threat

after Israel’s rejection of the framework.

  • It represents a symbolic but powerful shift in Europe’s foreign policy, signalling growing

discomfort with being passive observers of the conflict.

Why Recognition Now?

  • War in Gaza: The humanitarian catastrophe post–October 7 attacks has shocked Europe, making the status quo untenable.
  • Rejection of Two-State Solution: Israel’s official stance under PM Netanyahu has been to reject

the two-state solution, pushing Europe to act to keep it alive.

  • ICJ Proceedings: South Africa’s case accusing Israel of violating the Genocide Convention has

added legal pressure.

  • Recognition is no longer seen as a “final reward” after peace, but as a necessary step to keep

peace viable.

Why are European nations now moving to recognise Palestine? | Explained - The Hindu

Image Source: The Hindu

Ukraine Factor and International Law

  • Europe’s strong stand against Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (2022) highlighted the principle of

sovereignty and inadmissibility of land acquisition by force.

  • Critics pointed out Europe’s double standards in ignoring Israel’s occupation.
  • Recognition of Palestine is partly to close this “consistency gap” and restore Europe’s credibility

on international law.

Domestic Political Pressures

  • Public Opinion: Eurobarometer survey (2023) – 72% of Europeans support upholding international law in all conflicts.
  • Protests: Large-scale demonstrations, student encampments, and human rights campaigns demanding recognition.
  • Electoral Pressure: Ruling centre-left and green parties, reliant on youth and progressive voters, risk backlash if they remain passive.

Why Some Move Faster than Others?

  • Spain, Ireland, Norway: Tradition of supporting Palestinian cause; Norway hosted Oslo Accords (1993). Recognition signals frustration with failed negotiations.
  • Germany, Austria: Reluctant due to Holocaust legacy and strong pro-Israel commitments.
  • Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary): Recognised Palestine decades ago under Soviet influence, but now prioritise alignment with U.S. policy.

EU Coordination Challenge

  • The EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy requires unanimity, which is currently impossible.
  • Recognition is thus left to individual states.
  • However, coordinated actions by groups (Spain, Ireland, Norway) amplify political impact and encourage others to follow.

Significance of the Shift

  • Symbolic Power: Recognition will not end occupation but signals Europe’s discomfort with

dismantling of the two-state solution.

  • Pressure on Israel: Reinforces the idea that international legitimacy requires negotiation, not unilateralism.
  • Global Standing: Positions Europe as a moral voice in global diplomacy, despite divisions.

Way Forward

  • Push for EU-wide consensus even if gradual.
  • Strengthen humanitarian aid and reconstruction efforts in Gaza.
  • Align recognition with revival of peace talks under international frameworks (UN, Quartet).
  • Balance between supporting Palestine and ensuring Israel’s legitimate security concerns.

CARE MCQ

Q3. With reference to the recent recognition of Palestine by European nations, consider the following statements:

  1. Countries like Spain, Ireland, and Norway have formally recognised Palestine, while France has expressed conditional readiness.
  2. The move has been partly shaped by Europe’s response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and

the principle of inadmissibility of land acquisition by force.

  1. Recognition of Palestine requires unanimous approval under the EU’s Common Foreign and

Security Policy, which has already been achieved.

  1. Domestic political pressure, including youth protests and human rights activism, has contributed significantly to this shift.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    1. 1, 2, and 4 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 3- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 – Correct- Spain, Ireland, and Norway have formally recognised Palestine; France

has expressed readiness at a “useful moment.”

  • Statement 2 – Correct- The Ukraine war highlighted principles of sovereignty and exposed Europe’s double standards in ignoring Israel’s occupation while opposing Russia’s annexation of Ukrainian territory.
  • Statement 3 – Incorrect- The EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy requires unanimity, but such consensus has not been achieved; recognitions are being undertaken individually by member states.
  • Statement 4 – Correct- Domestic protests, civil society activism, and youth-led demonstrations have fuelled political pressure on European governments to act.

UPSC PYQ

Q. The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the context of the affairs of: (2018)

  1. China
  2. Israel
  3. Iraq
  4. Yemen Ans: b

Relief for Refugees: On the Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations

Context: India Sri Lanka Relations

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Home Affairs notified the Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025 on September 1, 2025. The order exempts certain categories of people from the requirement of holding a valid passport, travel document, or visa to enter, stay, and exit India.

Key Provisions of the Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025

  • The order exempts specified categories of Indian citizens from requirements of passport, visa, or other travel documents for entry, stay, or exit.
  • It extends this exemption to nationals of Nepal and Bhutan, consistent with India’s long- standing open-border arrangements with these countries.
  • It covers Tibetan refugees, continuing India’s policy of granting them protection and residence since the 1950s.
  • It applies to six religious minority groups — Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians — from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, aligning with earlier policy frameworks that recognised their vulnerable status.
  • It specifically includes Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, provided they had taken shelter in India on or before January 9, 2015 and had duly registered themselves with authorities.
  • By including Sri Lankan Tamils, the order provides them protection from forcible repatriation, addressing a decades-long humanitarian issue in Tamil Nadu.

Background and Significance

  • Since the Sri Lankan Civil War (ended in 2009), thousands of Tamil refugees have lived in camps across Tamil Nadu. Neither the Union nor the State government had attempted unilateral repatriation.
  • Unlike the six non-Muslim refugee groups covered under the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019, Sri Lankan Tamils were excluded.
  • This order now provides them relief, though it does not automatically resolve their “illegal migrant” tag under Indian law.

Challenges and Unanswered Questions

Citizenship Roadblock:

  • Refugees remain classified as “illegal migrants,” making them ineligible to apply for citizenship

under Section 5 (registration) or Section 6 (naturalisation) of the Citizenship Act, 1955.

Long Term Visas (LTVs):

  • Many refugees cannot access LTVs, which are essential for gainful employment, higher education, and eventual citizenship eligibility.

Legal Ambiguity:

  • Exemption from deportation does not equal legal integration. Their status remains precarious without a permanent settlement policy.

Policy Recommendations

  • Liberalising LTVs: Extend LTV benefits to deserving Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, on the lines of the identity certificates issued to Tibetan refugees.
  • Voluntary Repatriation: India and Sri Lanka should jointly facilitate structured repatriation schemes with international assistance.
  • Local Integration: Explore pathways for integration of long-staying refugees into local communities on humanitarian grounds.
  • Humane Approach: Adopt refugee policies that balance India’s security concerns with its

civilisational ethos of sheltering the oppressed.

Way Forward

The Order provides immediate humanitarian relief but does not resolve the long-term status of refugees. A combination of voluntary repatriation, local integration, and liberalised visa/citizenship pathways can provide a sustainable solution.

CARE MCQ

Q4. With reference to the Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025, consider the following statements:

  • The order exempts Sri Lankan Tamil refugees who had taken shelter in India on or before January 9, 2015.
  • Tibetan refugees are included under the exemption.
  • Refugees exempted under the order are automatically granted Indian citizenship.
  • Nationals of Nepal and Bhutan are also covered under the exemption.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  • 1, 2, and 4 only
  • 1 and 3 only
  • 2 and 3 only
  • 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 4- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 – Correct: The order applies to Sri Lankan Tamil refugees who arrived before January 9, 2015.
  • Statement 2 – Correct: Tibetan refugees are included under the exemptions.
  • Statement 3 – Incorrect: Exemption does not mean automatic citizenship; refugees remain

classified as “illegal migrants” under the Citizenship Act.

  • Statement 4 – Correct: Citizens of Nepal and Bhutan are explicitly included.

UPSC PYQ

Q4. Amnesty International is (2015)

  1. an agency of the United Nations to help refugees of civil wars
  2. a global Human Rights Movement
  3. a non-governmental voluntary organization to help very poor people
  4. an inter-governmental agency to cater to medical emergencies in war-ravaged regions Ans: (b)

A ‘Health Check’ for the New GST Health-Care Reforms

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS 2 Public Health

Context: GST 2.0 and Health-Care Sector

Why in News?

The GST Council has rolled out wide-ranging tax reforms in the health-care sector under GST 2.0, effective from September 22, 2025. These reforms aim to make health care more affordable and strengthen India’s progress toward universal health coverage.

Key Provisions of the GST Health-Care Reforms

  1. Insurance and Reinsurance
    • Zero GST on individual health and life insurance premiums.
    • Covers all forms of life insurance — term, ULIP, endowment — and health insurance plans like

family floaters and senior citizen policies.

  • Reinsurance also exempt, benefiting the entire insurance chain.
  • Aims to boost India’s low insurance penetration (3.7% of GDP vs global average 6.8%).

Image Source: Outlook India

  1. Hospital Room Charges
    • Exempt: Rooms below ₹5,000 per day.
    • Taxed: Non-ICU rooms above ₹5,000 → 5% GST without input tax credit.
    • Exempt: All critical care units (ICU, CCU, ICCU, NICU) remain fully GST-free.
    • Core medical services by doctors, hospitals, paramedics remain GST-exempt.
  2. Medicines and Medical Devices
    • Life-saving drugs: GST reduced to 0%.
    • Most medicines: Shifted to a uniform 5% GST slab.
    • Medical devices & diagnostics: Now taxed at 5% (earlier 12–18%).
    • Example: CT scan machine GST cut from 18% → 5%.
    • Expected to lower procurement costs for hospitals and reduce patient charges for diagnostic tests.
  3. Preventive and Wellness Services
    • GST reduced from 18% to 5% on:
    • Gyms, fitness centres, yoga studios, wellness services, salons, barbers.
    • Cigarettes: Remain taxed at 28% GST + cess (52–88%).
    • Sugary drinks: Shifted to new 40% sin goods slab.
    • Personal care items (shampoo, toothpaste, soap, shaving cream, etc.): GST cut from 12–18% →

5%.

Significance of the Reforms

  • Financial Relief: Eliminates GST burden on insurance premiums and reduces treatment costs.
  • Equity: Protects middle- and lower-income groups via room rent exemptions.
  • Industry Impact: Simplifies compliance, reduces procurement costs, and improves competitiveness for hospitals and labs.
  • Public Health: Encourages preventive health and discourages harmful consumption (tobacco, sugary drinks).
  • Policy Alignment: Supports Viksit Bharat 2047 vision of affordable and accessible health care.

Challenges and Concerns

  • Pass-through of Benefits: Savings may not reach consumers unless monitored
  • Revenue Loss: Lower GST collections for states; may need compensation.
  • Implementation: Ensuring uniform compliance by insurers, hospitals, and diagnostic labs.

Way Forward

  • Stronger regulatory oversight to ensure insurers and hospitals pass on GST benefits to patients.
  • Use of GST reforms to incentivise preventive health and insurance adoption.
  • Integration with Ayushman Bharat and state health schemes to maximise impact.

CARE MCQ

Q5. With reference to the recent GST 2.0 reforms in the health-care sector, consider the following statements:

  1. All individual health and life insurance premiums are now exempt from GST.
  2. Non-ICU hospital rooms above ₹5,000 per day are taxed at 5% GST without input tax credit.
  3. All critical care units, such as ICU and NICU, remain fully exempt from GST.
  4. Cigarettes and sugary drinks have been moved to the same 40% “sin goods” GST slab.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1, 2, and 3 only
  2. 2 and 4 only
  3. 1, 2, 3, and 4
  4. 1 and 3 only

Answer 5- A

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct: Under GST 2.0 reforms, all individual health and life insurance premiums are exempt from GST. This includes term insurance, ULIPs, endowment plans, and health insurance schemes such as family floaters and senior citizen policies. The move reduces costs and supports wider insurance penetration.
  • Statement 2 is correct: Non-ICU hospital rooms costing above ₹5,000 per day are taxed at 5% GST without input tax credit (ITC). This continues the policy from July 2022 and ensures that premium accommodation in hospitals attracts a limited tax while keeping core treatment costs affordable.
  • Statement 3 is correct: All critical care units — ICU, CCU, ICCU, NICU — remain fully exempt from GST irrespective of room tariff. This guarantees that life-saving and emergency care services remain tax-free.
  • Statement 4 is incorrect: Cigarettes continue to attract 28% GST plus a compensation cess, leading to an effective tax burden of 52% to 88%. In contrast, sugary drinks have been shifted to a new 40% “sin goods” slab, not the same as cigarettes.

Therefore, option A is the correct answer. UPSC PYQ

Q. In India, which of the following reviews the independent regulators in sectors like telecommunications, insurance, electricity etc.? (2019)

  1. Ad Hoc Committees set up by the Parliament.
  2. Parliamentary Department Related Standing Committees
  3. Finance Commission
  4. Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission
  5. NITI Aayog

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

  1. 1 and 2
  2. 1, 3 and 4
  3. 3, 4 and 5
  4. 2 and 5 Ans: (a)

India–Germany Submarine Partnership Advances with Project 75(I)

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Relevance: GS 3: Defence, Indigenisation of Technology

Context: Contract Negotiations for Project 75(I)

Why in News?

Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) has begun formal contract negotiations with procurement authorities for Project 75(I), a flagship programme under Atmanirbhar Bharat, aimed at building six next-generation submarines in India with German technology support.

Introduction

  • Project 75(I) is part of India’s plan to modernise the Indian Navy’s underwater fleet.
  • The collaboration involves MDL (India) and ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), Germany.
  • The programme focuses on technology transfer, indigenisation, and regional maritime security.

Image Source: The Financial Express

About MDL and TKMS

Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL):

  • India’s premier defence public sector shipyard, headquartered in Mumbai.
  • Known for building warships and submarines, including Scorpene-class submarines under Project 75 in collaboration with France.
  • Plays a central role in India’s self-reliance in naval manufacturing. ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), Germany:
  • Among the world’s leading submarine and naval system manufacturers.
  • Known for advanced diesel-electric submarines such as the Type 214 and Type 218 with proven Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) technology.
  • Has decades of expertise in stealth technology, sonar systems, and modular submarine design.

Key Features of Project 75(I)

  • Construction of six conventional submarines in India.
  • Use of Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems to enhance underwater endurance.
  • Technology transfer from TKMS to MDL, building indigenous shipbuilding capacity.
  • Focus on stealth, endurance, and strike capability for modern naval warfare.

Strategic and Industrial Significance

  • For India:
  • Strengthens indigenous capacity in submarine design and manufacturing.
  • Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India by boosting local supply chains, jobs, and skills.
  • Enhances India’s position as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
  • For Germany:
  • Reinforces its role as a trusted defence technology partner in Asia.
  • Consolidates industrial cooperation with India in high-technology defence manufacturing.
  • Regional Security:
  • Counters China’s expanding naval footprint in the IOR.
  • Boosts India’s deterrence and maritime domain awareness.

India–Germany Defence Relations

  • The partnership has deepened in the last decade, focusing on maritime security, defence technology transfer, and joint R&D.
  • 2019 Defence Cooperation Agreement set the foundation for stronger collaboration.
  • Germany supports India’s role in maintaining freedom of navigation in the Indo-Pacific.
  • Naval cooperation has expanded to include joint exercises, training exchanges, and high-level dialogues.
  • Project 75(I) represents a landmark Indo-German defence collaboration, highlighting mutual trust.

Challenges Ahead

  • Technology absorption: Effective transfer and integration of advanced German submarine technology.
  • Timelines and costs: Preventing delays and overruns in one of India’s costliest defence projects.
  • Operational training: Building Indian expertise to manage advanced AIP-based platforms.

Way Forward

  • Strengthen public–private ecosystem to build submarine components domestically.
  • Position India as a submarine manufacturing hub with export potential.
  • Create lifecycle maintenance infrastructure within India to reduce foreign dependence.

CARE MCQ

Q. With reference to Project 75(I), consider the following statements:

  1. It envisages construction of six conventional submarines in India with German technology.
  2. The submarines under this project will include Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems.
  3. MDL is India’s leading shipyard for submarine construction and has earlier built Scorpene-class submarines.
  4. TKMS of Germany is a global leader in submarine design and is known for Type 214 submarines.

Which of the above statements are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 1, 2, and 3 only
  3. 2, 3, and 4 only
  4. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 6- D

Explanation

  • Statement 1 is correct – Project 75(I) aims to construct six advanced conventional submarines in India. This will be done through collaboration with Germany under the Atmanirbhar Bharat framework.
  • Statement 2 is correct – The submarines will be equipped with Air-Independent Propulsion

(AIP) systems. This technology enables longer underwater endurance and enhances stealth.

  • Statement 3 is correct – Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) is India’s premier submarine shipyard. It has earlier constructed the Scorpene-class submarines under Project 75 with French assistance.
  • Statement 4 is correct – ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), Germany, is a global leader

in submarine design. It is especially renowned for its Type 214 and Type 218 submarines with proven AIP technology.

Therefore, option D is the correct answer. UPSC PYQ

Q. Which one of the following is the best description of INS Astradharini? (2016)

  1. Amphibious warfare ship
  2. Nuclear-powered submarine
  3. Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
  4. Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Ans: (c)
 
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