Current Affairs Reverse Engineering
Care (18-04-2024)
| News at a Glance
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| Telangana: Telangana Government’s Plan to Construct Cofferdam in Medigadda |
| Three New Archaeological Sites Discovered in Telangana |
| Economy: India’s Economy Projected to Grow At 6.5% in 2024, Says UNCTAD Report |
| Environment and Ecology: Addressing safety concerns regarding ‘chemicals and polymers of concern’ |
| Three new fish species spotted using tools in the Laccadive Sea |
| India’s ‘heat action plans’ |
| What’s Behind Heavy Rainfall in Dubai |
| Science and Technology: Indian Navy’s Testing & Evaluation Hub for Sonar System SPACE Inaugurated in Idukki, Kerala |
Telangana Government’s Plan to Construct Cofferdam in Medigadda
Source: The New Indian Express
TSPSC Syllabus Relevance: Paper-IV (Economy and Development)
Context: The Telangana government is expecting the preliminary report from the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) on the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme in two to three days.
Why in news
- The Telangana state government is considering the construction of a cofferdam above the seventh pier of the Medigadda Barrage to divert Godavari river water for the Kharif season.
Key highlights
- Pillars of the Medigadda Barrage, were damaged in October 2023.
- The National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) is expected to provide a preliminary report on the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme within the next two to three days.
- Additionally, L&T, the construction company, will be responsible for repairing the damaged barrage pillars and constructing the cofferdam at Medigadda at its own cost.
- The need for the construction of the cofferdam and the repair of the damaged pillars stems from the significant damage sustained by the Medigadda Barrage in October 2023.
- The sinking of about half a dozen pillars of the barrage has prompted the state government to seek immediate action.
- The NDSA had initially requested an expert committee to submit a report within four months, but the state government has urged for an interim report before the onset of the monsoon.
- The damaged pillars of the Medigadda Barrage have raised concerns about the safety and functionality of the structure, leading to the decision to construct a cofferdam and repair the damaged pillars to ensure the effective diversion of Godavari River water for the Kharif season.
About Kaleshwaram project
- The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project or KLIP is a multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in Kaleshwaram, Bhupalpally, Telangana.
- Currently the world’s largest multi-stage lift irrigation project, its farthest upstream influence is at the confluence of the Pranhita and Godavari rivers.
- The Pranahita River is itself a confluence of various smaller tributaries including the Wardha, Painganga, and Wainganga rivers which combine to form the seventh-largest drainage basin on the subcontinent, with an estimated annual discharge of more than 6,427,900 acre feet or 280 TMC.
- It remains untapped as its course is principally through dense forests and other ecologically sensitive zones such as wildlife sanctuaries.
- The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project is divided into 7 links and 28 packages spanning a distance of approximately 500 km through 13 districts and utilizing a canal network of more than 1,800 km
- The project aims to produce a total of 240 TMC (195 from Medigadda Barrage, 20 from Sripada Yellampalli project and 25 from groundwater), of which 169 has been allocated for Irrigation, 30 for Hyderabad municipal water, 16 for miscellaneous industrial uses and 10 for drinking water in nearby villages, with the remainder being estimated evaporation loss.
- The project aims at increasing total culturable command area (the sustainable area which can be irrigated after accounting for both upstream and downstream factors) by 1,825,000 acre
About National dam Authority and Safety law
- Water is under the state list, but the Union government has made Dam safety law under Article 246 of the Constitution.
- Article 246 empowers Parliament to legislate on matters listed in the state list under certain conditions.
- The Dam Safety Act, passed by Parliament, provides an institutional mechanism for ensuring dam safety in India.
- The Act established a National Dam Safety Authority to maintain standards related to dam safety, prevent dam-related disasters and address inter-State concerns related to dams.
- The National Dam Safety Authority will be headed by a chairman and assisted by five members having working experience in: Policy and research, technical, regulation, disaster and resilience and administration and finance.
- Special Provisions for Surveillance, Inspection, Operation and Maintenance of all large dams of the Country to Prevent Dam Failure Related Disasters.
| CARE MCQ |
| Q1. Consider the following statement with reference to the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project:
1. The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project or KLIP is a multi-purpose irrigation project on the Krishna River. 2. It is the world’s largest multi-stage lift irrigation project. 3. Environmental clearance was granted to the Kaleshwaram lift irrigation project before the project started as per National Green Tribunal. Which of the above statements is/are incorrect? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3
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| Answer 1– C
Explanation
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Three New Archaeological Sites Discovered in Telangana
Source: The Hindu
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/three-new-archaeological-sites-discovere
TSPSC Syllabus Relevance: Paper-II (History and Cultural Heritage of Telangana)
Context: Newly discovered megalithic monuments in Telangana reflect the historical importance and heritage of the state.
Why in news
- A team of archaeologists has made an astounding discovery in the forested area of the tribal-dominated Mulugu district in Telangana, by uncovering a unique Iron Age megalithic site.
Key highlights
- The team led by K.P. Rao, a history professor at the University of Hyderabad, and Ch Praveen Raju, a research scholar from Yogi Vemana University, the team uncovered a unique Iron Age megalithic site at Ooragutta near Bandala village in SS Tadvai mandal.
- The site, which boasts more than 200 megalithic monuments, features new types of monuments not previously found in other regions of India.
- According to Prof. Rao, the monuments at the site date back to around 1,000 BCE and exhibit distinctive features, setting them apart from the typical squarish or rectangular megalithic monuments commonly found in the region.
- The team believes that the discovery at Ooragutta holds significant historical and archaeological value, shedding new light on the ancient civilizations of the area.
Revelation of Unique Megalithic Monuments
- The newly discovered megalithic site at Ooragutta has astonished experts with its atypical features.
- Unlike the familiar squarish or rectangular shapes observed in the region’s megalithic monuments, the side slabs at Ooragutta are arranged in a manner that follows the shape of the cap- stone, resulting in each ‘dolmenoid cist possessing a unique shape dictated by the cap- stone.
- Rao draws parallels to similar monuments known as “Passage Chambers in Europe, suggesting that the monuments at Ooragutta may have influenced the development of the more evolved squarish and rectangular monuments seen elsewhere.
- This exceptional discovery promises to expand our understanding of ancient architectural practices and cultural evolution.
Unearthing Mesolithic Rock Art Sites
- In addition to the groundbreaking discovery at Ooragutta, the team also uncovered two new rock art sites at Damaratogu in Gundala mandal of Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
- The first site, named ‘Devariabanda Mula’, exclusively features depictions of animals without any human or domestic animal representations.
- Based on this observation, experts believe that the paintings at this site may date back to the mesolithic age, spanning a timeframe from 8000 to 3000 BCE.
- This revelation offers a rare glimpse into the artistic expressions of ancient cultures, providing invaluable insights into the lives and beliefs of prehistoric communities.
Conclusion
- The recent archaeological discoveries in Telangana have not only expanded the known historical and cultural landscape of the region but also opened new avenues for studying the rich heritage of India’s ancient civilizations.
- As researchers continue to delve into these remarkable findings, the allure of uncovering more secrets from the past only grows stronger.
| CARE MCQ |
| Q2. Which of the following statements about the recent archaeological discovery in the tribal- dominated Mulugu district in Telangana is correct?
A. The team of archaeologists uncovered a unique Iron Age megalithic site at Ooragutta near Bandala village in SS Tadvai mandal. B. The team of archaeologists uncovered Roman-era boats and coins in the Mulugu district. C. The team of archaeologists uncovered dinosaur skeleton along with its eggs in the Mulugu district. D. The team of archaeologists uncovered a pot containing copper and iron tools in the Mulugu district and surrounding areas.
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| Answer 2– A
Explanation · The team Led by K.P. Rao, a history professor at the University of Hyderabad, and Ch Praveen Raju, a research scholar from Yogi Vemana University, the team uncovered a unique Iron Age megalithic site at Ooragutta near Bandala village in SS Tadvai mandal. · The site, which boasts more than 200 megalithic monuments, features new types of monuments not previously found in other regions of India. · Monuments at the site date back to around 1,000 BCE and exhibit distinctive features, setting them apart from the typical squarish or rectangular megalithic monuments commonly found in the region. · Therefore, correct answer is option A. |
India’s Economy Projected to Grow At 6.5% In 2024, Says UNCTAD Report
Source: DD News
https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indias-economy-projected-to-grow-at-6-5-in-2024-says-unctad-report/
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 (Indian Economy and growth Estimate)
Context: UNCTAD report forecasts India’s economy to grow at 6.5% in 2024, following 6.7% growth in 2023, solidifying its global position.
Why in News
- The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) predicts India’s economy to grow by 6.5% in 2024, following a 6.7% growth in 2023, indicating a consistent upward trend.
Key Highlights
- UNCTAD emphasizes India’s position as the fastest-growing major economy globally.
- Multinational companies are expanding manufacturing operations in India to diversify their supply chains, which is expected to boost Indian exports and contribute to economic growth.
- Factors contributing to India’s growth in 2023 include robust public capital investment and expansion in the service sector.
- Various institutions, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Moody’s, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), have raised their forecasts for India’s economic growth in 2024.
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) predicts a slightly higher growth rate of 7% for the financial year 2024-25.
- Top of Form
About UNCTAD
- The UNCTAD is the primary UN entity focused on trade and development.
- Established by the UN General Assembly in 1964, it is a permanent intergovernmental body.
- UNCTAD’s mission involves aiding developing countries in accessing the benefits of globalization in a more equitable and efficient manner.
- It offers economic and trade analysis, facilitates consensus-building, and provides technical assistance to help developing nations utilize trade, investment, finance, and technology for sustainable development.
- The organization is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
- UNCTAD regularly publishes reports such as the Trade and Development Report, World Investment Report, and The Least Developed Countries Report.
- Top of Form
About GDP
- The GDP, or Gross Domestic Product, quantifies the monetary value of all “final” goods and services produced within a country during a specific time frame.
- These goods and services are those purchased by the final user, reflecting the overall economic activity within the country.
- GDP, or Gross Domestic Product, is a fundamental metric used to evaluate the economic well-being and performance of a country.
- It holds significant importance for policymakers, economists, and analysts alike, offering crucial insights into the scale, expansion, and efficiency of an economy.
GDP Calculation
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is computed using three primary methods, each emphasizing different economic activities.
- These methods are the expenditure approach, income approach, and production (value-added) approach. Here’s a brief summary of each:
- Expenditure Approach: This method determines GDP by adding up total spending on goods and services within a country over a specific period.
- It includes four key components:
- Personal Consumption Expenditure (C): Household spending on goods and services.
- Gross Private Domestic Investment (I): Investment in capital goods, residential structures, and business inventories.
- Government Consumption and Investment (G): Government spending on goods and services.
- Net Exports (X – M): The difference between exports (X) and imports (M).
Formula: GDP = C + I + G + (X – M)
- Income Approach: This approach calculates GDP by aggregating the total income generated in the economy during a specific period.
- It encompasses various income sources like wages, salaries, profits, rents, and interest.
Formula: GDP = Compensation of Employees + Rents + Interest + Profits + Taxes – Subsidies + Depreciation
- Production (Value-Added) Approach: This method computes GDP by summing up the value-added at each production stage within an economy.
- It focuses on the additional value created by each producer, preventing double-counting.
Formula: GDP = Value Added by all Industries + Taxes – Subsidies
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q3. Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: There are three primary methods for calculation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Statement-II: GDP provides full information regarding income distribution among different groups of population. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? A. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I B. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-1 C. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect D. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
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Q. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if: (UPSC Prelims 2018)
A. Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output. B. Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output. C. Poverty and unemployment increase. D. Imports grow faster than exports. Ans: C
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| Answer 3 C
Explanation
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Addressing safety concerns regarding ‘chemicals and polymers of concern’
Source: The Down to Earth
UPSC Syllabus relevance: GS 3 (Global plastic pollution and its Impact)
Context: By focusing on chemicals and polymers of concern, negotiations for a future instrument to end plastic pollution aim to safeguard ecosystems and public health
Why in News
- “Chemicals of concern” and “polymers of concern” refer to specific substances and types of plastics recognized for posing significant risks to human health and the environment.
Key Highlights
- Plastic chemicals such as additives, monomers, and polymers are known to have adverse impacts, particularly related to endocrine disruption, increasing disease burden and health costs, with marginalized communities, children, and women being most vulnerable.
- Chemicals of concern include additives like plasticizers and flame retardants known for toxicity, persistence, and potential bioaccumulation, posing risks during production, use, and disposal.
- Negotiations prioritize identifying and regulating these chemicals, promoting safer alternatives, and reducing exposure.
- Polymers of concern, such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam and specific types of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), present environmental and health risks due to low recyclability and potential release of hazardous substances.
- The proposed approach involves creating lists of prohibited and permissible chemicals subject to stringent testing requirements to safeguard ecosystems and public health, foster sustainability, and encourage innovation in plastic management practices.
About “Chemical of Concern”
- Top of Form
- In risk assessment, especially in the United States, COCs (Chemicals of Concern) refer to specific chemicals singled out for evaluation to ascertain their potential risks to human health or the environment.
- Chemicals are essential components of plastics, with over 13,000 substances associated with plastics according to a UNEP report. Out of these, more than 7,000 have been analyzed, revealing over 3,200 substances of potential concern.
- The Research Council of Norway has identified even more chemicals in plastic, totaling 16,000, with 25% classified as hazardous.
- None of the plastic chemicals have been deemed safe. The Council has developed a framework to prioritize chemicals based on safety and plans to release a comprehensive science report in January 2024.
- Chemicals in plastic fall into four categories: monomers and polymers (the main building blocks), additives (providing desired functionality), other intentionally added substances (such as catalysts), and non-intentionally added substances (like solvents or impurities).
- The IPCP identifies ten groups of chemicals of concern due to their hazardous properties. Additives are particularly worrisome as they are often not bound to the polymer and can leach into the environment and expose ecosystems and humans.
- Additives are further categorized into four groups: plasticizers (for flexibility), fillers (occupying space), flame retardants (for fire prevention), and others (including colorants, antioxidants, stabilizers, lubricants, biocides, or antistatic agents).
- There are many chemicals, such as:
- Phthalates: These chemicals, utilized as plasticizers and solvents, are commonly present in fragrances, hair products, skin lotions, and nail care items.
- They are known to disrupt the endocrine system, potentially leading to health issues such as endometriosis, early puberty in girls, reproductive organ abnormalities, reduced male fertility, and thyroid disturbances. Additionally, there are associations between phthalate exposure and obesity.
- Parabens: Serving as preservatives in numerous cosmetics, particularly methyl paraben, parabens have demonstrated endocrine disruption effects in laboratory experiments, though the extent of their impact on humans remains uncertain.
- Nanoparticles: Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, frequently found in mineral makeup and sunscreen formulations, may contain nano-sized particles, which have been linked to cellular damage, including DNA damage.
- Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde Donors: Used as preservatives, formaldehyde can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, nose, and respiratory tract and is associated with cancer risk with prolonged exposure. Despite being permitted in small amounts in cosmetics, it’s commonly found in hair straighteners and nail products.
- Coal Tar: Recognized as a carcinogen, coal tar is utilized in treatments for psoriasis and dandruff, and certain coloring dyes are derived from it.
- Triclosan: This preservative and antibacterial agent, present in products like antiperspirants, soaps, hand washes, and toothpaste, has demonstrated endocrine-disrupting effects in animal tests and is also linked to concerns about antibiotic resistance.
- Heavy Metals: Lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium are used in cosmetic and healthcare products, posing potential health risks.
About Polymers
- Polymers are substances composed of lengthy, repeated chains of molecules, with their properties determined by the types of molecules bonded and how they are bonded.
- Certain polymers exhibit flexibility and elasticity, such as rubber and polyester, while others display hardness and durability, like epoxies and glass.
- While commonly associated with synthetic materials, the term “polymer” encompasses both synthetic and natural substances.
- Plastics are synthetic polymers, but natural polymers also exist; examples include rubber and wood, which consist of simple hydrocarbon compounds like isoprene.
Types of exposure to chemicals and pollutants
- Exposure to chemicals and pollutants can occur through three primary pathways:
Inhaling (Breathing In)
- Inhalation exposes you to chemicals and pollutants as you breathe in air, with adults typically taking over 20,000 breaths a day. Infants and children may have even higher rates.
- Chemicals and pollutants inhaled can enter your lungs and bloodstream, potentially causing health issues. Some harmful substances like radon or carbon monoxide are odorless, tasteless, and invisible.
Absorption (Skin and Eye Contact)
- Contact with chemicals and pollutants through the skin and eyes can lead to exposure.
- Skin and eyes are often more sensitive to chemicals, and reactions may occur more swiftly than in other parts of the body.
Ingesting (Eating or Drinking)
- Consumption of food and water exposes you to chemicals and pollutants present in these sources.
Potential Health Effects
- Accidental or improper use of household chemical products can result in immediate health effects like skin or eye irritation, burns, or poisoning.
- Long-term health effects from chemical exposure may develop over time, typically due to prolonged exposure to certain substances.
- Longer-term health effects can include:
- Cancer
- Organ damage
- Weakening of the immune system
- Development of allergies or asthma
- Reproductive problems and birth defects
- Effects on mental, intellectual, or physical development in children.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. Consider the following Statements
1. Polymers of concern present environmental and health risks due to low recyclability and potential release of hazardous substances. 2. Phthalate, do not have any adverse impact on the endocrine system. 3. Formaldehyde can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, nose, and respiratory tract How many of the above statements are correct? A. Only one B. Only two C. All three D. None of the above
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Q. Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into environment? (UPSC Prelims 2019)
A. They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems. B. They are considered to cause skin cancer in children. C. They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields. D. They are often found to be used as food adulterants. Ans: A
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| Answer 4– B
Explanation – · Polymers of concern, such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam and specific types of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), present environmental and health risks due to low recyclability and potential release of hazardous substances. Hence statement 1 is correct. · Phthalates, utilized as plasticizers and solvents, are commonly present in fragrances, hair products, skin lotions, and nail care items. · They are known to disrupt the endocrine system, potentially leading to health issues such as endometriosis. Hence statement 2 is incorrect. · Used as preservatives, formaldehyde can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, nose, and respiratory tract and is associated with cancer risk with prolonged exposure. Despite being permitted in small amounts in cosmetics, it’s commonly found in hair straighteners and nail products. Hence statement 3 is correct. Therefore, correct answer is option B.
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Three new fish species spotted using tools in the Laccadive Sea
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS – 3 (Biodiversity Hotspots)
Context: Reports of aquatic animals using tools have been uncommon because they’re more difficult to observe and a perception that fish are ‘less intelligent’
Why in news
- Three fish species that live in the Laccadive Sea, off the southwest corner of the Indian coast, are capable of using tools.
Three New Fish Species Spotted using tools:
- The Jansen’s wrasse (Thalassoma jansenii)
- The checkerboard wrasse (Halichoeres hortulanus)
- Moon wrasse (Thalassoma lunare)
- All three species used live or dead coral structures as anvils to break the hard shells of sea urchins so they could get to the edible bits inside.
Fish need tools
- E. molaris, like most sea urchins, is covered in an armour of spines.
- It also has a hard skeleton (test) that protects its internal organs, making it difficult for fish with unspecialised mouth parts to prey on it.
- Multiple wrasse species (Jansen’s, checkerboard, moon wrasses) use objects around them as makeshift tools to break open the urchin tests and access the prey inside.
Wrasses use tools
- The three wrasses didn’t have specialised mouthparts like the archer fish.
- They employed a series of specialised behaviours to tackle the challenges of preying on the well-protected sea urchins.
- Upon finding a sea urchin, a wrasse would carefully approach it from the side and use its snout to gingerly turn the urchin over, exposing the underside with fewer and softer spines.
- The wrasse would then pick up the overturned urchin in its jaws, taking advantage of the reduced spine protection on the underside.
- With the urchin in its mouth, the wrasse would swim to a nearby hard coral and strike the urchin against it repeatedly.
These repeated strikes served two purposes:
- Dusting off the remaining prickly spines from the urchin.
- Break open the test as well.
- Once the urchin’s test was cracked open, the wrasse could access and eat the soft internal parts.
Need of rigorous observation
- Scientists have previously observed anvil use in only about 18 fish species around the world, all belonging to the same family of wrasses, Labridae.
- The three wrasses also belong to this family.
- It raises questions about why such tool use is relatively common only in the Labridae family of wrasses – is it related to brain size like primates, or lack of observations in other fish families
- It reinforces the need for more rigorous observations.
- These observations are incidental, yet documenting them carefully is critical so we can ask larger questions about habitat use by fish, the development of animal intelligence, and predator-prey interactions.
- The variations observed (fish sizes, methods, prey handling, locations) within the three wrasse species provide opportunities to investigate factors influencing tool-use expression.
Sea Urchin
- They belong to a group of marine invertebrates called Echinodermata, which means spiny-skinned (Animals in this group are known as echinoderms & include sea cucumbers, sea lilies, brittle stars and starfish etc)
- These are important herbivores on coral reefs, and in some ecosystems, they play a critical role in maintaining the balance between coral and algae.
About Laccadive Sea
- Also known as the Lakshadweep Sea, it is a body of water bordering India, the Maldives and Sri Lanka.
- To its south, the Lakshadweep Sea touches the Nine Degree Channel.
- To its west, it meets the larger Indian Ocean that it is also a part of.
- To the north, the Lakshadweep Sea meets the Arabian Sea (also part of the Indian Ocean), while to the northeast, it borders the Kerala state of India.
- Along the more southern eastern portion of the Lakshadweep Sea, it meets the Maldives islands and Sri Lanka.
- The Lakshadweep Sea is only half as deep as the average depth of the entire Indian Ocean. This warm sea has a stable water temperature throughout the year and is rich in marine life.
- Major cities: Major cities along its shores include Trivandrum and Kochi in India, Quilon and Colombo in Sri Lanka and Malé in the Maldives.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q5. Consider the following pairs:
(Fish Species) (Scientific name) 1. The Jansen’s wrasse – Thalassoma jansenii 2. The checkerboard wrasse – Halichoeres hortulanus 3. Moon wrasse – Thalassoma lunare Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1 , 2 and 3
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Q. Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 meters and has orange coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered? (UPSC Prelims 2016)
A. Andaman Islands B. Annamalai Forests C. Maikala Hills D. Tropical rain forests of northeast Ans: A
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| Answer 5 D
Explanation · Three fish species that live in the Laccadive Sea, off the southwest corner of the Indian coast, are capable of using tools. Three New Fish Species Spotted using tools: 1. The Jansen’s wrasse (Thalassoma jansenii), 2. The checkerboard wrasse (Halichoeres hortulanus) 3. Moon wrasse (Thalassoma lunare). · All three species used live or dead coral structures as anvils to break the hard shells of sea urchins so they could get to the edible bits inside. · Therefore, option D is correct answer.
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India’s ‘heat action plans’
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS – 1 (Important Geophysical Phenomena) GS – 3 Climate Change Environmental Pollution & Degradation)
Context: Definition of heatwaves as per the India Meteorological Department. Special interventions needed for vulnerable communities during a heatwave and regional variations and socio-economic differences.
Why in news
- In summer, various parts of India experience extreme heat. Parts of Northeast and Western India have recorded very hot temperatures (3.1-5 degrees Celsius above normal) even before the start of summer.
About heatwave
- According to the IMD, the definition of a heatwave depends on the physiography of regions.
- The IMD will declare a heatwave if the maximum temperature recorded at a station is 40 degrees Celsius or more in the plains, 37 degrees Celsius or more in the coast, and 30 degrees Celsius or more in the hills.
- A heatwave’s severity is determined by its departure from normal temperature.
- There is a ‘normal heatwave’ when the departure is by 4.5-6.4 degrees Celsius and a ‘severe heatwave’ if the departure is greater.
- Heatwave declaration could also be based on actual maximum temperature: a ‘heatwave’ is when this figure is greater than 45 degrees Celsius and a ‘severe heatwave’ when greater than 47 degrees Celsius.
How are we tackling heatwaves?
- With the severity and frequency of heatwaves increasing across the country, governments at various levels — State, district, and city — have prepared heat action plans (HAPs).
- The National Disaster Management Authority and IMD are reported to be working with 23 States to develop HAPs.
- There is no centralised database on HAPs, but at least 23 HAPs exist at the State and city level, with a few States, such as Odisha and Maharashtra, laying out district-level HAPs.
HAPs in India follow a general pattern
- They provide a snapshot of regions’ heat profile, including information on the number of past heatwave events, yearly trends in the summer maximum temperature, land surface temperature, and so on, followed by a vulnerability assessment which maps out regions that require immediate attention and a response plan.
What do the HAPs recommend?
- HAPs typically suggest a combination of measures such as using forecasts and early warning systems to alert the public and relevant authorities about heatwaves, educating the public through campaigns that provide information on risks associated with heatwaves, building heat shelters and cooling centres, and providing clean drinking water to avoid dehydration.
- HAPs provide directives for hospitals to be well equipped with supplies and an adequate number of trained healthcare workers to recognise and treat a large influx of patients with heat-related illnesses.
- HAPs also suggest long-term measures such as adopting urban planning strategies that promote tree planting, using heat-resistant building materials to reduce urban heat island effect, and using cool roofing technologies to reduce solar absorption, thereby decreasing indoor temperatures.
- In addition, HAPs push for effective coordination among stakeholders, including government agencies, healthcare providers, community organisations, and emergency services.
Inconsistent methods
- While most HAPs have conducted vulnerability assessments during the development of the plans, the methods adopted are inconsistent.
- It is, therefore, time to transition to a robust, full-fledged climate risk assessment that can identify the likelihood of heatwaves in different areas and estimate the exposure of people and important assets to heatwaves while factoring in inherent vulnerabilities.
- Also, hotspot mapping for prioritising and formulating targeted interventions is needed, which is now possible with easy-to-access geospatial data.
Vulnerable populations
- All HAPs prioritise the protection of vulnerable populations such as low-income communities, children, and the elderly.
- But what is missing are targeted interventions that account for the varying needs of populations based on local social and demographic factors, in addition to infrastructure elements that could exacerbate heat.
- Over 90% of India’s economy is informal and starkly visible when we step out of our homes, be it a pushcart vendor, a chaiwala, household help, or sanitation worker.
- If we acknowledge heatwaves as a public health concern, targeted strategies need to be formulated by recognising various socio-economic differences.
Resource allocation
- The implementation of HAPs can vary significantly depending on the priorities of local governments and the capacities available.
- Hence, there is a need to allocate dedicated budgets for HAPs.
- Further, it is of utmost importance to hold dialogues between the state, civil society organisations, and worker unions to co-plan a financial mechanism that can allow informal workers to be indoors during a heatwave while not losing their incomes.
Breaking down silos
- HAPs currently are stand-alone plans with limited finance.
- Pooling in resources would be possible if they are integrated with broader action plans promoting urban resilience and climate adaptation.
- Such an integration will likely have a bearing on the overall effectiveness of HAPs and their implementation and prompt improvements in data collection and monitoring systems, which are essential to help assess the effectiveness of HAPs over time.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q6. Consider the following statement with reference to Heat Waves and Heat index:
1. In plains and hilly areas, if the temperature is at least 40 degrees Celsius or more then it is considered a heat wave. 2. Heat index can only calculate temperature, not humidity. 3. Use of green color in heat index indicates heat index less than 35°C. Which of the above statements is/are incorrect? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 |
Q. What are the possible limitations of India in mitigating global warming at present and in the immediate future? (UPSC Prelims 2010)
1. Appropriate alternate technologies are not sufficiently available. 2. India cannot invest huge funds in research and development. 3. Many developed countries have already set up their polluting industries in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Ans: A
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| Answer 6 A
Explanation · Heat wave is considered if the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C or more for Plains and at least 30°C or more for Hilly regions. So, statement 1 is incorrect. · The Heat Index is a parameter that considers both temperature and humidity to calculate the apparent temperature. So, statement 2 is incorrect. · Categorization of Heat Levels: · Green: Experimental heat Index less than 35°C. · Yellow: Experimental heat Index in the range 36-45°C. · Orange: Experimental heat Index in the range 46-55°C. · Red: Experimental heat Index greater than 55°C. · So, statement 3 is correct. Therefore, option A is correct answer. |
Behind Heavy Rainfall in Dubai
Source: Indian Express
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/floods-dubai-uae-9275782/
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 1 and GS 3 (Rainfall and Cloud Seeding, Climate change and Effect cycle of Rainfall)
Context: Heavy rains are unusual in the UAE, which is an arid, Arabian Peninsula country. However, they occasionally occur in the region during cooler winter months.
Why in news
- The United Arab Emirates (UAE) recorded the heaviest rain ever – “a historic weather event” that surpassed anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.
Key highlights
- The thunderstorms had dumped more than 142 mm of rain onto the desert city of Dubai in a day.
- Usually, the city witnesses this much rain in a year and a half. Across Dubai, homes and popular shopping centres(like Dubai Mall) were flooded and vehicles were abandoned on roadways.
- The heavy rains led to disruption of air travel as flights were either diverted or delayed.
Unusual Weather Event
- An average year sees 94.7 mm of rain at Dubai International Airport – the world’s 2nd busiest airport, which recorded more than 80 million visitors in 2023.
- Heavy rains are unusual in the UAE, which is an arid, Arabian Peninsula country. However, they occasionally occur in the region during cooler winter months.
Factors Contributing to Heavy Rainfall
- Storm System: A storm system passing through the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf of Oman played a significant role.
- Cloud Seeding: There are indications that cloud seeding, a weather modification technique, might have contributed to enhanced rainfall.
- Climate Change: Experts suggest that rising global temperatures, attributed to greenhouse gas emissions, may have intensified the event.
Climate change: play a role
- It is not yet possible to exactly quantify how much of a role climate change played.
- That requires a full scientific analysis of natural and human factors, which can take several months.
- But the record rainfall is consistent with how the climate is changing.
- Warmer air can hold more moisture – about 7% extra for every degree Celsius – which can in turn increase the intensity of rain.
- A recent study suggested that annual rainfall could increase by up to about 30% across much of the UAE by the end of the century as the world continues to warm.
- “If humans continue to burn oil, gas and coal, the climate will continue to warm, rainfall will continue to get heavier, and people will continue to lose their lives in floods.
What is cloud seeding and did it play a role?
- Cloud seeding involves manipulating existing clouds to help produce more rain.
- This can be done by using aircraft to drop small particles (like silver iodide) into clouds. Water vapour can then condense more easily and turn into rain.
- The technique has been around for decades, and the UAE has used it in recent years to help address water shortages.
- In the hours that followed the floods, some social media users were quick to wrongly attribute the extreme weather solely to recent cloud seeding operations in the country.
- Earlier reports by Bloomberg suggested cloud seeding planes were deployed on Sunday and Monday, but not on Tuesday, when the flooding occurred.
- Cloud seeding is generally deployed when conditions of wind, moisture and dust are insufficient to lead to rain. In the last week, forecasters had warned of a high flooding risk across the Gulf.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q7. The storm system passing through the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf of Oman is believed to be one of the major factors contributing to the recent heavy rainfall in Dubai. Which statement is/are correct regarding the Gulf of Oman?
1. The Gulf of Oman or Sea of Oman, also known as the Gulf of Makran. 2. It forms the only entrance to the Persian Gulf from the Indian Ocean. 3. It connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz. 4. It is bordered by Pakistan and Iran in the north, by the United Arab Emirates in the west and by Oman in the south. Code A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 2, 3 and 4 C. 3 and 4 D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
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Q. With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC Prelims 2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets. 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Ans: A
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| Answer 7– D
Explanation · The Gulf of Oman or Sea of Oman, also known as the Gulf of Makran or Sea of Makran, forms the only entrance to the Persian Gulf from the Indian Ocean. So, statement 1 and 2 are correct. · It connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then empties into the Persian Gulf. So, statement 3 is correct. · Bordering Countries: It is bordered by Pakistan and Iran in the north, by the United Arab Emirates in the west and by Oman in the south. · The gulf is relatively shallow because of its origin as a fissure in the mountain spine now divided between Iran and Oman. So, statement 4 is correct. · Therefore, option D is correct answer. |
Indian Navy’s Testing & Evaluation Hub for Sonar System SPACE inaugurated in Idukki, Kerala
Source: PIB
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2018127
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 (Science and technology, Defence)
Context: SPACE, a premier testing & evaluation hub for sonar systems for Indian Navy, set up by DRDO, inaugurated in Kerala
Why in news
- In a significant development for naval technology, a state-of-the-art Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE) has been inaugurated at the Underwater Acoustic Research Facility in Kulamavu, Idukki, Kerala.
Advancing Naval Technology
- The SPACE, established by the Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory of DRDO, is designed as a premier testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems destined for the Indian Navy onboard various platforms, including ships, submarines, and helicopters.
- This facility marks a significant milestone in naval technology advancement, featuring two distinct assemblages – a platform floating on the water surface and a submersible platform capable of being lowered to depths of up to 100 meters using winch systems.
- Upon completion of operations, the submersible platform can be winched up and docked with the floating platform.
Key Functions and Capabilities
- The SPACE will primarily be utilized for the evaluation of complete sonar systems, enabling quick deployment and easy recovery of scientific packages such as sensors and transducers.
- Additionally, it will facilitate survey, sampling, and data collection of air, surface, mid-water, and reservoir floor parameters using modern scientific instrumentation.
- The facility will also cater to the needs of data processing and sample analyses in modern, well-equipped scientific laboratories, heralding a new era of Anti-Submarine Warfare research capabilities.
Significance and Future Implications
- This inauguration represents a significant step forward in bolstering the Indian Navy’s capabilities and underscores the nation’s commitment to self-reliance and indigenous development in defense technology.
- The uniqueness of this facility lies in its specially designed submersible platform, which can be lowered to considerable depths using a series of synchronously operated winches.
- The observations and data collected from this facility will not only enhance the understanding of underwater acoustic environments but also contribute to the development of advanced sonar systems for naval applications.
About Sonar System
- Sonar, short for Sound Navigation and Ranging, plays a crucial role in exploring and mapping the ocean due to the unique properties of sound waves, which travel farther in water compared to radar and light waves.
Types of Sonar
- Active Sonar : Active sonar systems involve the emission of an acoustic signal or pulse of sound into the water.
- When the emitted sound pulse encounters an object, it bounces off and returns an “echo” to the sonar transducer.
- By analyzing the strength of the received signal and the time between emission and reception, the system can determine the range and orientation of the object.
- Passive Sonar: Passive sonar systems are primarily used to detect noise from marine objects and animals without emitting their own signal.
- This makes them advantageous for military vessels that aim to remain undetected and for scientific missions focused on quietly “listening” to the ocean.
- Passive sonar can detect sound waves coming towards it and, when used in conjunction with other passive listening devices, can triangulate the source of the sound.
About DRDO
- DRDO was formed in 1958 from the amalgamation of the then already functioning Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development & Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).
- DRDO was then a small organisation with 10 establishments or laboratories.
- DRDO is a network of around 41 laboratories and 05 DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories (DYSLs).
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| Q8. What is the purpose of the Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE) inaugurated in Idukki, Kerala?
1. To develop advanced radar systems for the Indian Navy 2. To conduct research on marine biodiversity in the Indian Ocean 3. To serve as a premier testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems for the Indian Navy Code A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
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What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (UPSC Prelims 2018)
A. An Israeli radar system B. India’s indigenous anti-missile programme C. An American anti-missile system D. A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea Ans: C
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| Answer 8– C
Explanation
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