Current Affairs Reverse Engineering – CARE (30-09-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| Polity and Governance: Govt to launch revamped Vatsalya Mission portal for integrated child protection services: official |
| Art and Culture: Govt sends names of 10 geological sites to ASI for inclusion in world heritage list |
| International Relations: African countries eye world’s first joint ‘debt-for-nature’ swap |
| Polity and Governance: Can Kerala’s policy to limit antibiotics misuse lead to reduced AMR? |
| Environment and Ecology: India signs agreement to protect marine life in the high seas |
Govt to launch revamped Vatsalya Mission portal for integrated child protection services
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2 Polity and Governance
Context: Vatsalya Mission
Why in News
- The Ministry of Women and Child Development is set to launch a revamped portal under the Vatsalya Mission.
Overview
- The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) is set to enhance child protection services in India through the launch of a revamped portal under the Vatsalya Mission.
- This initiative aims to integrate various child protection services that are currently fragmented across multiple platforms.
Revamped Portal under the Vatsalya Mission
- Objective: The primary goal of the new portal is to consolidate child protection services into a single, coherent platform. This will help streamline operations and improve the accessibility of services related to child welfare.
- Integration of Existing Portals: The new portal will integrate several existing platforms, including:
- Khoya-Paaya: A service for tracking missing children.
- TrackChild: A system that monitors and helps reunite missing and found children.
- Child Protection Services: Government initiatives aimed at ensuring the safety and rights of children.
- CARINGS: A platform for adoption services.
- Benefits: This integration aims to address issues such as gaps, duplications, and ambiguities in child protection data. By creating a unified system, the MWCD hopes to facilitate faster and more coordinated decision-making in emergencies.
Challenges in the Current System
- Limitations: Anil Malik, Secretary of the MWCD, pointed out that the current system has limitations, particularly in emergency situations where children require immediate assistance.
- Need for Coordination: In urgent cases, quick and well-coordinated actions are essential. The fragmented nature of services can lead to delays in response, potentially putting children at greater risk.
Integration of Helplines
- National Child Helpline: The government has taken full control of the national child helpline, which was previously operated in partnership with non-state actors.
- Integration with Emergency Services: This helpline has been integrated with the national emergency helpline (112) and the women’s helpline. This integration creates a comprehensive support network that allows for seamless communication and data sharing among different services.
- Improved Response Time: According to Mr. Malik, this integration has significantly reduced response times, which is crucial in emergency situations where immediate help is needed.
Establishment of Specialized Child Care Institutions
- Focus on Disabilities: The MWCD is also working on establishing specialized child care institutions specifically designed for children with disabilities, referred to as divyang-exclusive child care institutions.
- Support for States: The Ministry is ready to support and sponsor States that wish to implement these institutions. This initiative is part of a broader effort to ensure that children with disabilities receive the care and support they need.
Mental Health Training for Government Officers
- Importance of Training: Recognizing the unique challenges faced by children with disabilities or mental health issues, the MWCD emphasizes the need for mental health training for government officers who work with these vulnerable populations.
- Specialized Courses: The Ministry plans to introduce specialized training courses aimed at equipping officers with the necessary skills and knowledge to provide appropriate care and protection for children facing these challenges.
- Enhanced Care: By training officials, the MWCD aims to improve the overall quality of care and support available to children, ensuring that their rights and needs are prioritized.
Conclusion
- The upcoming changes under the Vatsalya Mission reflect the Indian government’s commitment to enhancing child protection services.
- By integrating various child protection portals, streamlining response mechanisms, and focusing on specialized care for children with disabilities, the Ministry aims to create a more effective and responsive system.
- The emphasis on mental health training for government officials further indicates a comprehensive approach to addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by children in need of protection and care.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q1. Which of the following portals will be integrated into the revamped portal under the Vatsalya Mission?
Select the correct answer using the code below: A) 1, 2, and 3 only B) 1, 2, and 4 only C) 2, 3, and 4 only D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
Q. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (2017)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only Ans: (a) |
| Answer 1– A
Explanation –
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Govt sends names of 10 geological sites to ASI for inclusion in world heritage list
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS1- Art and Culture:
Context: World heritage list
Why in News
The recent discussion surrounding the inclusion of geological sites in India’s list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites highlights the significance of geological heritage and the need for its protection and recognition.
Geological Sites in Scrutiny:
- The Indian government has submitted names of 10 geological sites to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) for consideration as World Heritage Sites.
- These sites are under review, indicating a move toward greater recognition of India’s geological heritage.
Geo-Heritage Sites:
- India is home to about 100 geo-heritage sites, with 32 recognized as National Geological Monuments.
- These sites are significant due to their geological formations and historical importance.
- However, unlike archaeological sites, there is currently no specific legislation to protect these geo-heritage sites.
Geo Heritage Sites and Geo-Relics Bill, 2022:
- The Geo Heritage Sites and Geo-Relics Bill, 2022 is in progress and aims to establish legal protections for India’s geological heritage.
- This legislation is critical for safeguarding these sites from neglect and exploitation.
Importance of Geological Heritage
- Global Context:
- There are around 1,200 World Heritage Sites worldwide, with 42 located in India. Notably, none of these are designated as geological sites, highlighting a gap in recognition that India aims to address.
- Significant Geological Sites in India:
- The statement emphasized notable geo-heritage sites in India, such as:
- Lunar Crater in Maharashtra
- Bhedaghat in Madhya Pradesh
- Gandikota Gorge in Andhra Pradesh
- These sites are recognized more for their tourism appeal than their geological significance, suggesting a need for increased awareness and education regarding their importance.
- The statement emphasized notable geo-heritage sites in India, such as:
Global Designations and Support
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS):
- India has several geological sites recognized by the IUGS, particularly in Sikkim, which adds to the country’s geological significance on the global stage.
UNESCO Global Geoparks:
- The UNESCO Global Geopark designation acknowledges sites that demonstrate significant geological heritage and promote cultural connections to the land. These geoparks serve as hubs for economic growth and pride for local communities.
- Since the International Geopark Programme (IGGP) was adopted in 2015, there are currently 213 UNESCO Global Geoparks across 48 countries. The aim is to promote sustainable development and community engagement through geotourism and education.
Significance
- The emphasis on geological sites signifies a shift towards recognizing the importance of geo-heritage in India.
- The government’s efforts, through proposed legislation and collaborations with organizations like UNESCO, aim to enhance the visibility and protection of these sites, promoting both environmental sustainability and cultural heritage.
- The initiative seeks to foster a deeper appreciation for India’s unique geological formations, benefitting local communities through tourism and education while also positioning India more prominently in the global geo-heritage landscape.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q2. Consider the following statements regarding geological heritage sites in India:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 2 only d) 1, 2, and 3 |
Q. Which one of the following statements is correct? (2021)
(a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river. (b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal river. (c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada river. (d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari river. Ans: (a) |
| Answer 2– C
Explanation –
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African countries eye world’s first joint ‘debt-for-nature’ swap
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS2– International Relations
Context: World’s first joint ‘debt-for-nature’ swap
Why in News
- At least five African countries are collaborating on a pioneering joint “debt-for-nature” swap to raise at least $2 billion aimed at protecting a coral-rich area of the Indian Ocean.
Debt-for-Nature Swaps:
- Debt-for-nature swaps are financial mechanisms designed to help countries—especially developing ones—conserve their natural resources.
- In these deals, a portion of a country’s foreign debt is forgiven or converted into a lower-interest loan, with the stipulation that the savings are used for environmental protection initiatives.
- This approach enables nations to address pressing conservation needs while alleviating their debt burdens.
Current Initiatives in Africa
- Joint Initiative Among African Nations
At least five African countries are collaborating on a pioneering joint “debt-for-nature” swap to raise at least $2 billion aimed at protecting a coral-rich area of the Indian Ocean. - This initiative stands out because it involves multiple countries working together to conserve a shared ecosystem, setting a precedent for similar collaborative efforts globally.
Potential Participants
- While the exact five countries in the joint initiative have not been disclosed, the broader “Great Blue Wall” conservation plan includes countries such as Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Comoros.
- This plan seeks to protect and restore 2 million hectares of marine ecosystems by 2030, benefiting around 70 million people who depend on these coastal resources.
Importance of Debt-for-Nature Swaps
- Conservation Financing
Thomas Sberna from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) emphasizes the urgency of such financial deals in accelerating conservation efforts. - With many countries heavily indebted and facing severe climate impacts, innovative financing strategies like debt-for-nature swaps are crucial to increase the marine-protected areas from 1-2% to 30% within a decade.
Key Negotiation Aspects
Key issues for negotiation include:
- Determining the amount of debt to be swapped.
- Establishing mechanisms for monitoring and decision-making regarding conservation funding.
- Creating a specialist fund worth at least $2 billion, composed of $500 million in concessional funding and $1.5 billion from bond swaps.
Engagement with Multilateral Development Banks
- Discussions are underway with regional multilateral development banks to provide credit guarantees and insurance policies, crucial for reducing interest rates on new “blue” bonds.
- This collaborative financing could make the debt-for-nature swap more attractive and feasible for participating nations.
Potential Competition
- The success of this African initiative may depend on similar efforts in the Caribbean, where countries are also exploring debt-for-nature swaps for their coral reefs.
- The actions taken by these Caribbean nations could set a timeline that influences the pace of the African group’s negotiations.
Conclusion
- The push for a joint debt-for-nature swap among African nations represents a significant step in global conservation efforts, showcasing how innovative financial strategies can address both debt relief and environmental protection.
- As discussions progress, the outcomes of these negotiations could set a new benchmark for international cooperation in biodiversity conservation, especially in marine ecosystems.
- The commitment to such initiatives reflects a growing recognition of the importance of protecting natural resources for sustainable development and the livelihoods of coastal communities.
| CARE MCQ | |
Q3. Which of the following are potential benefits of debt-for-nature swaps for participating countries?
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. Which one of the following statements best describes the ‘Polar Code’? (2022)
A. It is the international code of safety for ships operating in polar waters. B. It is the agreement of the countries around the North Pole regarding the demarcation of their territories in the polar region. C. It is a set of norms to be followed by the countries whose scientists undertake research studies in the North Pole and South Pole. D. It is a trade and security agreement of the member countries of the Arctic Council. Ans: (a) |
| Answer 3 C
Explanation
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Can Kerala’s policy to limit antibiotics misuse lead to reduced AMR?
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2- Polity and Governance
Context: Operation Amrith
Why in News
- The recent launch of Operation Amrith in Kerala marks a significant step in addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through stricter regulations on antibiotic sales.
Overview of Operation Amrith
- The primary aim of Operation Amrith is to eliminate the over-the-counter (OTC) sale of antibiotics without prescriptions by the end of 2024.
- This initiative is part of a broader strategy to combat AMR, which poses a significant public health threat globally.
- Background:
- Kerala became the first Indian state to enforce a complete ban on the OTC sale of antibiotics, adhering to the 2011 H1 rule issued by the Indian government.
- This rule prohibits the sale of all antibiotics without a prescription, in contrast to the 2013 modification that allowed first-line antibiotics to be sold OTC.
- Impact:
- Following the implementation of Operation Amrith, Kerala has reported a decline of ₹1,000 crore in antibiotic sales through hospitals and medical stores over the past year.
- This indicates a reduction in irrational antibiotic use among the population.
Challenges and Concerns
- Limited National Implementation:
- While Kerala has enforced the 2011 rule, other states in India have not adopted even the modified 2013 rule. This lack of uniformity poses challenges in addressing AMR across the country, as resistance knows no geographical boundaries.
- Healthcare Access:
- In states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, despite a reasonable patient-doctor ratio, access to medical professionals remains inconsistent, especially in remote areas. This complicates the effective implementation of antibiotic regulations.
- Imported Antibiotic Residues:
- Kerala relies heavily on neighboring states for food products such as broiler chicken, eggs, and vegetables. Many of these states lack AMR regulations, leading to the import of products that may carry antibiotic residues and drug-resistant bacteria. This situation undermines Kerala’s local efforts to control AMR.
Recommendations for Sustainable Solutions
- Modified H1 Rule: Experts suggest that Kerala should consider adopting the modified 2013 rule, which allows the OTC sale of first-line antibiotics while monitoring the use of second and third-line antibiotics. This approach would provide a balance between antibiotic stewardship and healthcare access.
- Self-Sufficiency vs. Collaboration: To ensure lasting impacts on AMR, Kerala faces two options:
- Self-Sufficiency: Reduce reliance on neighboring states for poultry, eggs, and vegetables by boosting local production.
- Collaboration: Work to persuade neighboring states to implement AMR action plans and regulations.
- Stepwise Implementation: It is recommended that states adopt a stepwise, adaptable model for enforcing antibiotic regulations. Starting with the modified rule allows for gradual progress towards a more comprehensive ban on OTC antibiotic sales.
Conclusion
- Kerala’s proactive measures against AMR through Operation Amrith showcase the state’s commitment to improving public health. However, for these efforts to have a significant and sustainable impact, a coordinated approach involving neighboring states is essential.
- By collaborating and possibly adopting the modified H1 rule, Kerala can inspire other states to implement similar policies, ultimately contributing to a national framework for combating AMR and ensuring the responsible use of antibiotics.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a critical public health issue that arises when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the effects of medications that once effectively treated them.
- AMR occurs when microbes develop the ability to withstand the effects of drugs that once inhibited or killed them. This resistance can lead to ineffective treatments, prolonged illness, and increased risk of disease spread.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q4. Consider the following statements regarding Operation Amrit:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? (2019)
Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 Ans: (b) |
| Answer 4 B
Explanation
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India signs agreement to protect marine life in the high seas
Source: Down To Earth
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3- Environment and Ecology
Context: BBNJ Agreement and Its Significance for India
Why in news
- India has taken a big step to protect ocean life by signing an important international agreement called the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, or the “Treaty of the High Seas”
Key Highlights
- The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, also known as the “Treaty of the High Seas,” represents a critical step in international efforts to protect marine biodiversity.
- Signed by India’s External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar on September 25, 2024, during the United Nations General Assembly, this agreement is particularly significant given the ecological and economic challenges faced by oceans globally.
Key Objectives of the BBNJ Agreement
- Protection of Marine Life:
- The BBNJ Agreement aims to safeguard marine biodiversity in areas of the ocean that lie beyond national jurisdictions—specifically, waters starting 370 kilometers from any country’s coastline, which constitute two-thirds of the world’s oceans.
- Sustainable Resource Use:
- It promotes sustainable practices by ensuring that no country can unilaterally claim or exploit resources from these areas. The agreement emphasizes fair sharing of benefits derived from marine resources.
- Inclusive Approach:
- The agreement encourages the integration of traditional ecological knowledge with modern scientific methods, thus fostering a more holistic approach to ocean conservation.
- Environmental Impact Assessments:
- Countries are mandated to conduct environmental impact assessments before undertaking activities that could affect marine ecosystems, thereby minimizing harm to marine biodiversity.
- Support for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
- The BBNJ Agreement aligns with SDG 14, which focuses on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
- Prohibition of Harmful Activities:
- The treaty bans destructive practices, such as overfishing and pollution, in high seas regions.
Importance for India
- Marine Biodiversity:
- India is home to over 2,492 marine fish species, with 91 endemic species. However, many of these are threatened due to various anthropogenic factors, including overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction.
- Marine Protected Areas:
- The BBNJ framework allows India to establish marine protected areas in high seas, enhancing its capacity for marine conservation and biodiversity protection.
- Collaboration and Technology Sharing:
- The agreement facilitates cooperation and the sharing of technology among nations, which can strengthen India’s conservation strategies and research efforts.
- Strengthening Presence Beyond Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
- The BBNJ Agreement enhances India’s strategic presence in international waters, allowing it to play a more active role in global marine conservation efforts.
- Global Cooperation:
- With 91 countries signing the agreement, it reflects a growing international consensus on the importance of protecting marine ecosystems. India’s participation bolsters its commitment to global conservation efforts.
Challenges Facing India’s Marine Biodiversity
Despite the opportunities presented by the BBNJ Agreement, India faces significant challenges regarding its marine biodiversity:
- Overfishing: Unsustainable fishing practices threaten fish populations and ecosystems.
- Pollution: Contaminants from industrial and agricultural runoff severely impact marine habitats.
- Habitat Destruction: Coastal development and dredging activities degrade essential marine environments.
- Climate Change: Rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification pose existential threats to marine life.
Conclusion
- The BBNJ Agreement represents a pivotal moment for international marine conservation, and India’s commitment to this treaty reflects its recognition of the need for collaborative global action to protect the oceans.
- By adhering to the principles laid out in this agreement, India aims to enhance its marine conservation efforts, address the pressing threats to its marine biodiversity, and contribute to the sustainable use of ocean resources for future generations.
- The agreement’s implementation will require continued engagement, investment in sustainable practices, and commitment to international cooperation to achieve meaningful outcomes in protecting marine life.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements: (2016):
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only Ans: (d) |
| Answer 5 B
Explanation
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