Current Affairs Reverse Engineering – CARE (06-09-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| Science and Technology: India, South Africa ink pact on submarine rescue operations |
| First global ‘legally binding’ pact on use of AI |
| International Relations: India, Singapore sign MoUs related to digital technology, semiconductors |
| Oil-rich UAE completes Arab world’s first nuclear plant |
| Economy: EPFO pensioners to get payments from any bank or branch |
| Policy: India’s first fashion forecasting initiative ‘VisioNxt’ |
India, South Africa ink pact on submarine rescue operations
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 Science and Technology
Context: Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV)
Why in News
- The navies of India and South Africa signed an implementation agreement to enhance submarine rescue support cooperation that ensures the safety of the South African Navy’s submarine crew in times of distress or accident.
Background
- On September 4, 2024, the navies of India and South Africa signed an important implementation agreement to enhance submarine rescue cooperation.
- This agreement ensures that the Indian Navy will assist South Africa in submarine emergencies, particularly by deploying its Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) when needed.
- The DSRV is a specialized vessel used to rescue submarine crews in distress, capable of operating at great depths. The signing ceremony was led by Indian Navy Chief Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi and Vice Admiral Monde Lobese, Chief of the South African Navy, symbolizing a strengthening of the maritime relationship between the two nations.
Key Highlights of the Agreement
- Submarine Rescue Support: The Indian Navy’s DSRV will be deployed to assist South Africa during submarine emergencies, ensuring the safety of South African Navy crews in times of
Indian DSRV Capabilities:
- The Indian Navy procured two DSRVs from the UK in 2018, which are stationed in Mumbai and Visakhapatnam.
- These systems can operate at a maximum depth of 650 meters and rescue 14 people at a time.
- They are equipped with a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) and a Side Scan Sonar for deep-sea operations.
- Transport and Flexibility: The DSRV system is designed for easy transportation by road, sea, or air, making it versatile for rapid deployment during emergencies. It can be transported by INS Sabarmati or heavy-lift aircraft like the IL-76 and C-17.
Previous Incidents and Context:
- In September 2023, South Africa experienced a tragic accident when three South African Navy personnel were killed during an incident involving the submarine SAS Manthatisi off the coast of Cape Town. This submarine is one of the three HDW submarines built in Germany, making South Africa one of the few African nations with operational submarines.
- India’s DSRV had earlier participated in an international rescue operation when Indonesia’s KRI Nanggala submarine went missing in April 2021. Although the mission was cut short after the Indonesian Navy discovered the wreckage, it showcased India’s readiness to assist other nations in such crises.
Broader Implications:
- This agreement is part of India’s broader strategy of defense diplomacy. India has already signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Singapore for submarine rescue cooperation
- and has extended its submarine rescue services to other littoral nations in the Indian Ocean Region. The Indian Navy’s DSRV capabilities further enhance India’s role as a regional maritime security provider.
- By supporting South Africa, India is strengthening defense ties and increasing collaboration between the two nations in maritime safety. This cooperation not only enhances operational readiness but also reflects the shared commitment to maintaining submarine crew safety in challenging underwater conditions.
Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV)
A Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) is a specialized submarine designed to rescue the crew of a disabled submarine that is stranded underwater. These vehicles are capable of diving to significant depths and are equipped with features that enable them to dock with the hatch of a disabled submarine, facilitating the safe transfer of the crew.
Key Features and Functions of DSRV:
- Submarine Rescue Capability:
- DSRVs are designed to dive to extreme depths (often over 500 meters) and perform rescue operations in case of submarine accidents or mishaps. They can latch onto the escape hatches of the disabled submarine.
- Transportability:
- DSRVs are usually small and lightweight, making them transportable via air, sea, or road. This ensures they can be deployed quickly to the location of the distressed submarine.
- Crew Capacity:
- DSRVs are typically manned by a small crew but can accommodate a larger number of rescued personnel. Some models can rescue 20 or more submariners in a single operation.
- Autonomous Operation:
- Many DSRVs can operate autonomously or be remotely controlled. They have sophisticated navigation systems, sonar, and cameras to locate the disabled submarine.
- Life Support Systems:
- These vehicles are equipped with life-support systems that ensure the survival of rescued submariners during the rescue operation, providing oxygen and regulating pressure within the rescue chamber.
- Advanced Docking Systems:
- DSRVs have advanced docking mechanisms that allow them to attach securely to the submarine’s escape hatches even in rough underwater conditions.
Examples of DSRV Usage:
- Indian Navy: In 2018, India inducted its first DSRV system as part of its Submarine Rescue Capability to assist in emergency situations. These vehicles can dive to depths of up to 650 meters and are equipped with a side scan sonar and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).
- US Navy: The US Navy operates DSRVs as part of its Submarine Rescue Program, capable of operating at depths of over 1,500 feet (450 meters).
Importance of DSRV:
- DSRVs play a critical role in ensuring the safety of submariners during underwater operations. They offer a crucial lifeline in emergencies where conventional rescue methods may not work, especially in deep-sea environments
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV):
Which of the above statements is/are correct? A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media ? 2022
A. A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space; B. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. C. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. D. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface. Ans: C |
| Answer 1 – A
Explanation
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India, Singapore sign MoUs related to digital technology, semiconductors
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations
Context: India and Singapore signed four Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
Why in News
- India and Singapore signed four Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in the fields of digital technologies, semiconductors, health cooperation and skill development.
Overview
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Singapore has resulted in the signing of four key Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) aimed at enhancing cooperation between the two nations in several important areas.
Digital Technologies:
- Parties Involved: India’s Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and Singapore’s Ministry of Digital Development and Information.
- Focus: This MoU covers a range of digital technologies, including Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), cyber-security, 5G, super-computing, quantum computing, and artificial intelligence (AI).
- Goals: It aims to foster collaboration in these tech areas and also involves upskilling and reskilling workers to keep pace with advancements in the digital domain.
Semiconductors:
- Parties Involved: India’s Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and Singapore’s Ministry of Trade and Industry.
- Focus: This agreement, known as the India-Singapore Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership, will focus on developing semiconductor clusters and cultivating talent in semiconductor design and manufacturing.
- Goals: It aims to facilitate investments by Singaporean companies in India, which are key players in the global semiconductor supply chain.
Health and Medicine:
- Parties Involved: India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Singapore’s Ministry of Health.
- Focus: This MoU promotes cooperation in research and innovation in health and medicine.
- Goals: It seeks to strengthen joint efforts in healthcare and pharmaceuticals and enhance human resource development in these fields. It also supports the promotion of Indian healthcare professionals in Singapore.
Skills Development and Education:
- Parties Involved: India’s Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and Singapore’s Ministry of Education.
- Focus: This agreement aims to bolster cooperation in technical and vocational education and training.
- Goals: It complements ongoing initiatives and seeks to further develop skills and educational programs, enhancing the workforce in both countries.
- During his visit, Prime Minister Modi received a ceremonial welcome at Singapore’s Parliament House and had discussions with his counterpart, Prime Minister Lawrence Wong.
- The two leaders and their delegations engaged in talks that culminated in these significant agreements. Modi also signed the visitors’ book at the Parliament House and participated in various engagements in Singapore.
- These MoUs represent a deepening of the strategic partnership between India and Singapore, underscoring their commitment to collaborate on technological, industrial, healthcare, and educational advancements
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q2. Which of the following statements correctly describes the agreements signed between India and Singapore?
A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 2, and 3 only D) 1, 3, and 4 only |
Q. Consider the following statements 2022
Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 2 and 4 only B. 3 and 5 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 1 and 2 only Ans: C |
| Answer 2– A
Explanation –
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EPFO pensioners to get payments from any bank or branch
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS3- Economy
Context: Centralised Pension Payment System (CPPS)
Why in News
- The Union Labour Ministry has cleared a proposal for Centralised Pension Payment System (CPPS) for about 78 lakh pensioners under the Employees’ Pension Scheme, 1995.
Overview
- The Union Labour Ministry’s approval of the Centralised Pension Payment System (CPPS) represents a significant advancement in the way pensions are managed and distributed under the Employees’ Pension Scheme, 1995.
Objective:
- The CPPS aims to streamline the pension disbursement process for approximately 78 lakh (7.8 million) pensioners covered under the Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS), 1995.
Key Features:
- Universal Access: Pensioners will be able to receive their pensions from any bank branch across India. This eliminates the need for transferring Pension Payment Orders (PPOs) when moving between locations or changing banks.
- Flexibility: The system ensures that pensions are credited directly to the pensioners’ accounts without the need for physical transfer or branch visits, even if the pensioner relocates.
Benefits:
- Enhanced Convenience: Pensioners who relocate to different regions or prefer to switch banks will no longer face administrative hurdles. They can access their pensions from any branch of any bank, providing greater flexibility and convenience.
- Relief for Relocating Pensioners: Particularly beneficial for pensioners who move back to their hometowns after retirement, as it simplifies the pension process and avoids the need for transferring documents between offices.
- Immediate Crediting: The system will enable pensions to be credited immediately upon release, reducing delays and ensuring timely payments.
Implementation and Future Developments:
- Launch Date: The CPPS will be implemented starting January 1, 2025, as part of EPFO’s IT modernization project called Centralised IT Enabled System (CITES 2.01).
- Aadhaar Integration: In the next phase, the CPPS will transition to an Aadhaar-based payment system, further simplifying verification processes and potentially improving security.
- Cost Reduction: The EPFO anticipates significant reductions in costs associated with pension disbursement due to the efficiency of the new system.
Significance:
- Modernization: The approval of CPPS marks a milestone in the modernization efforts of the EPFO, aiming to improve service delivery and operational efficiency.
- Addressing Challenges: By addressing long-standing challenges related to pension disbursement, CPPS enhances the overall experience for pensioners, aligning with the broader goals of digital and administrative reform in the pension sector.
Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS):
- It is a social security scheme that was launched in 1995. The scheme, provided by EPFO, makes provisions for pensions for the employees in the organized sector after the retirement at the age of 58 years.
- Employees who are members of EPF automatically become members of EPS.
- Both employer and employee contribute 12% of employee’s monthly salary (basic wages plus dearness allowance) to the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) scheme.
- EPF scheme is mandatory for employees who draw a basic wage of Rs. 15,000 per month.
- Of the employer’s share of 12 %, 8.33 % is diverted towards the EPS. Central Govt. also contributes 1.16% of employees’ monthly salary.
Conclusion
- The introduction of the Centralised Pension Payment System is a major reform in the pension administration under the Employees’ Pension Scheme.
- It promises to make pension disbursement more accessible, efficient, and user-friendly for millions of pensioners across India.
- By eliminating the need for manual transfers and facilitating immediate pension credits, CPPS will significantly enhance the convenience and reliability of pension payments.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q3. The Centralised Pension Payment System (CPPS), approved by the Union Labour Ministry, represents a significant advancement in the management of pensions under the Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS), 1995. Which of the following statements regarding the CPPS is/are correct?
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A) 1 and 2 only |
Q. With reference to casual workers employed in India, consider the following statements: (2021)
Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only Ans: (d) |
| Answer 3 B
Explanation
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The significance of the first global ‘legally binding’ pact on use of AI
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2 International Relations GS3- Science and Technology
Context: Council of Europe’s new convention on artificial intelligence (AI)
Why in News
- The Council of Europe’s new convention on artificial intelligence (AI) is a significant milestone in global efforts to regulate this transformative technology.
Key Aspects of the Treaty:
- Human Rights Focus: The convention emphasizes protecting human rights in the development and use of AI. This includes ensuring that AI systems do not lead to harmful or discriminatory outcomes and that they respect privacy and equality.
- Scope of Application: The treaty applies to both public and private-sector AI systems and covers their entire lifecycle—design, development, use, and decommissioning. It aims to set a standard for how AI should be handled globally, not just within individual countries.
- Accountability and Recourse: Signatories are required to be accountable for any negative impacts their AI systems may have. This includes providing legal recourse for victims of AI-related rights violations.
- Risk-Based Approach: The treaty adopts a risk-based approach, meaning that the level of regulation and oversight will be proportional to the risks associated with the specific AI system.
- Protection of Democratic Processes: It stipulates that AI systems must not undermine democratic institutions or processes, such as judicial independence and fair access to public debates.
Exemptions and Limitations:
- Exemptions: Certain areas, like national security and specific R&D activities, are exempt from the treaty’s provisions.
- Lack of Punitive Measures: While the treaty is legally binding, it lacks specific punitive sanctions such as fines or penalties. Enforcement is largely through monitoring, which might not be as effective in ensuring compliance.
Context and Reactions:
- Global Context: This treaty comes amid a flurry of international efforts to regulate AI, including the G7 pact on AI, Europe’s AI Act, and the Bletchley Declaration. These initiatives reflect growing global concern about AI’s potential risks and the need for cohesive regulation.
- Signatories: The United States, European Union, and the United Kingdom are expected to be among the first to sign the treaty, which underscores its importance to key global players in AI development.
- Concerns: Some experts worry that the treaty’s lack of punitive measures might limit its effectiveness. Compliance through monitoring alone might not be a strong enough deterrent for non-compliance.
Conclusion:
- The Council of Europe’s Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence represents a significant step towards creating a unified international standard for AI.
- By prioritizing human rights and democratic principles, it aims to ensure that AI advancements do not come at the expense of fundamental rights.
- However, the effectiveness of the treaty will depend on how well its provisions are enforced and whether it can address the evolving challenges posed by AI technology.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q4. Consider the following statements about the Council of Europe’s new convention on artificial intelligence (AI):
Which of the statements given above are correct? A) 1, 3, 4, and 5 only B) 1, 2, 3, and 4 only C) 1, 3, and 5 only D) 2 and 5 only |
Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only Ans: (b) |
| Answer 4 A
Explanation
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Oil-rich UAE completes Arab world’s first nuclear plant
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2- International Relations, GS 3- Nuclear technology
Context: Arab world’s first nuclear power plant.
Why in news
- The United Arab Emirates has successfully completed the Arab world’s first nuclear power plant, the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant.
Overview of the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant
- The Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant, completed by the United Arab Emirates (UAE), represents a significant milestone in the Arab world’s energy sector.
Location and Capacity
- Location: The Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant is situated in Al Dhafra, within the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, about 53 km west-southwest of the city of Ruwais. This location is strategically chosen to support the UAE’s energy needs while minimizing environmental impact.
- Capacity: The plant comprises four reactors, which are designed to supply 25% of the UAE’s electricity needs. This output is approximately equivalent to New Zealand’s annual electricity consumption. The electricity generated will be used to power various sectors, including major industries such as oil production, steel manufacturing, and aluminum production.
Energy and Environmental Goals
- Energy Security: The Barakah plant is a critical part of the UAE’s strategy to diversify its energy sources. By incorporating nuclear energy, the UAE aims to enhance its energy security and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, which aligns with its broader goals of sustainability.
- Net Zero Emissions: Emirati President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan has highlighted the completion of the Barakah plant as a significant step toward achieving net zero emissions. This underscores the UAE’s commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning towards cleaner energy sources.
- Renewable Energy Goals: The plant is also integral to the UAE’s goal of meeting half of its electricity needs with renewable energy by 2050. While nuclear energy is not classified as renewable, it complements the UAE’s renewable energy efforts by providing a stable and low-carbon energy source.
Strategic and Economic Impact
- Diversification of Energy Sources: The completion of the Barakah plant reflects the UAE’s strategic move to diversify its energy portfolio. By integrating nuclear power, the UAE reduces its dependence on traditional fossil fuels and enhances its energy resilience.
- Economic Benefits: The plant is expected to play a significant role in powering key industries that are crucial to the UAE’s economy. This includes sectors like oil production, steel, and aluminum manufacturing, which are vital for the country’s economic growth.
Future Prospects
- The Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant represents not just a technological achievement but also a strategic move in the UAE’s broader energy and environmental policy.
- It aligns with the nation’s long-term goals of energy security, sustainability, and economic diversification.
- The successful implementation of this project could serve as a model for other countries in the region considering nuclear energy as part of their energy mix.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ | ||||||||||
Q5. Match the following nuclear power plants with their respective countries:
Select the correct match from the options below: A) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 B) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 C) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 D) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 |
Q. The known forces of nature can be divided into four classes, viz., gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force and strong nuclear force. With reference to them, which one of the following statements is not correct? 2013
Ans: A |
| Answer 5 A
Explanation
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India’s first fashion forecasting initiative ‘VisioNxt’
Source: PIB
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2052272
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2- Polity and Governance
Context: VisioNxt Fashion Forecasting Initiative’
Why in news
- Union Minister of Textiles, Shri Giriraj Singh launched the ‘VisioNxt Fashion Forecasting Initiative’ of National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT).
Overview of the VisioNxt Fashion Forecasting Initiative
- The VisioNxt Fashion Forecasting Initiative, launched by the Union Minister of Textiles, Shri Giriraj Singh, represents a significant advancement in India’s fashion industry. Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of the initiative and its implications:
Background and Launch
- Initiative Launch: The VisioNxt Fashion Forecasting Initiative was officially launched by Shri Giriraj Singh with support from the Union Minister of State for Textiles and External Affairs, Shri Pabitra Margherita, and Textiles Secretary, Smt. Rachna Shah.
- Leadership and Vision: The initiative is launched under the guidance of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi. It aligns with the shift in India’s focus towards prioritizing indigenous design and manufacturing since 2014.
Objectives and Features
- AI and EI Integration: VisioNxt combines Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) to offer trend insights. This innovative approach aims to enhance the global competitiveness of Indian fashion and design.
- Trend Insights and Forecasting: The initiative provides detailed trend forecasting and insights specifically tailored to the Indian fashion and retail market. It aims to understand and project Indian consumers’ mindsets and aspirations.
- Geo-Specific Trends: VisioNxt focuses on identifying, mapping, and analyzing geo-specific fashion trends, reflecting India’s cultural diversity and socio-economic nuances.
Key Components
- Web Portal and Fashion Trend Book: The initiative includes a bilingual web portal (www.visionxt.in) and the India-specific Fashion Trend Book ‘Paridhi 24×25.’ These resources are available in Hindi and English and provide valuable insights and forecasts to various stakeholders in the fashion industry.
- DeepVision Model: A unique prediction model known as “DeepVision” has been developed to decode and interpret fashion trends in India. This model uses convolutional neural network architecture to analyze patterns and generate comprehensive trend reports with design and color directions.
- Dataset and Machine Learning: The initiative features an extensive dataset of over 70,000 primary apparel images and 280,000+ secondary images. This dataset supports the identification of patterns in apparel attributes such as style, color, and regional accents.
Impact and Advantages
- Reducing Dependence on Global Agencies: By establishing its own trend forecasting system, India reduces its reliance on international forecasting agencies. This move allows for more tailored and relevant insights specific to Indian fashion consumers.
- Empowering Domestic Stakeholders: The initiative supports weavers, manufacturers, retailers, homegrown designers, and fashion brands by providing them with tools and insights to design and produce consumer-focused collections.
- Enhancing Global Visibility: VisioNxt positions India prominently in the global fashion forecasting landscape, increasing the visibility of Indian fashion vocabulary and identity.
Strategic Significance
- Aligning with National Goals: The initiative reflects India’s broader strategic goals of integrating technology with traditional industries and enhancing the nation’s global standing in fashion.
- Innovative Approach: Combining AI and EI, along with the development of a deep learning model for trend forecasting, marks a pioneering step for India in the fashion industry, showcasing the country’s capability in leveraging technology for industry advancement.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q5. Consider the following statements about the VisioNxt Fashion Forecasting Initiative launched by the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT):
Which of the statements given above are correct? A) 1 only B) 2 only C) None D) Both |
Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?(2021)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Ans: (d) |
| Answer 6 D
Explanation
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