Current Affairs Reverse Engineering CARE (19-11-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| International Relations: Chennai-Vladivostok eastern maritime corridor operational |
| G20 leaders flag global conflicts, cooperation at Rio summit |
| Environment and Ecology: With 45 years to go, how sustainable is India’s road to net-zero? |
| Why countries struggle to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies |
| Science and Technology: SpaceX’s Falcon-9 deploys India’s GSAT-N2 satellite into orbit |
| Polity and Governance: K. Sanjay Murthy to be next Comptroller and Auditor General of India |
Chennai-Vladivostok eastern maritime corridor operational
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2 International Relations:
Context: Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor
Why in News
- India is enhancing global maritime connectivity through the operational Chennai-Vladivostok corridor, the IMEEC partnership, and its Maritime Vision 2047 to become a top maritime nation.
Overview
- The Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor, operational since late 2023, represents a significant advancement in India’s maritime connectivity with Russia’s Far East region.
- The corridor cuts down cargo transport time from 40 days to 24 days and reduces distance by up to 40%. This streamlined route facilitates the exchange of oil, food, and machinery between the two nations, promoting economic and strategic ties.
- Ports in Paradip, Vizag, and the Bay of Bengal enhance the corridor’s operational efficiency.
India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC)
The IMEEC, announced during the 2023 G20 Summit, aims to create a multi-modal trade route connecting:
- India
- Middle East nations (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Israel)
- Europe (Italy, France, and Greece)
This 4,800 km corridor incorporates sea and rail transport, fostering economic integration between Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.
Collaboration with Greece
India and Greece have pledged to work together to operationalize this corridor despite challenges posed by geopolitical tensions in West Asia.
Maritime Vision 2047: India’s Maritime Ambitions
Minister Sarbananda Sonowal outlined an ambitious goal for India to become the world’s top maritime nation by 2047. Key targets include:
- Port Operations: Achieving a port handling capacity of 10,000 million metric tonnes annually.
- Shipbuilding and Ship Recycling: Advancing India’s shipbuilding legacy and adopting sustainable practices with clean fuel technologies like ammonia, hydrogen, and electric-powered ships.
- Cargo Handling: Doubling container handling capacity in five years.
- Legislative Reforms: Modernizing maritime laws, including the Major Port Authority Act and the Recycling of Ships Act, with two upcoming bills:
- Coastal Shipping Bill: Boosts coastal shipping and integrates inland waterways.
- Merchant Shipping Bill: Streamlines shipbuilding and recycling sectors.
Investments and Infrastructure Projects
India’s maritime transformation includes investments of ₹80 lakh crore. Notable projects:
- Vizhinjam International Seaport: Enhancing connectivity in Kerala.
- Mega Ports:
- Vadhavan, Maharashtra
- Galathea Bay, Nicobar Islands
- National Maritime Heritage Complex: Constructed at Lothal to revive India’s shipbuilding history.
Sustainable Shipping Goals
- India is focusing on the environmental, social, and economic pillars of sustainability in maritime operations.
- Future ships are being designed to minimize pollution and optimize efficiency.
- The emphasis is on clean fuel adoption and advanced technology to meet international sustainability benchmarks.
Global Collaboration and Thought Leadership
- At the inaugural Sagarmanthan: The Great Oceans Dialogue, over 1,700 participants from 60 countries discussed maritime advancements. Greece’s Minister of Maritime Affairs emphasized international transport systems’ role in achieving sustainability.
Improved Port Efficiency
- India’s ports have improved turnaround times significantly, reducing from 40 hours to 22 hours, outperforming nations like the U.S. and Singapore, according to the World Bank’s logistics performance index.
Conclusion
- Through initiatives like the Chennai-Vladivostok Corridor, IMEEC, and maritime policy reforms, India is positioning itself as a leader in global maritime trade, fostering economic growth, sustainability, and international cooperation.
- These efforts reflect a strategic vision to modernize infrastructure, boost connectivity, and cement India’s place as a top maritime nation by 2047.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q1. Which of the following legislations aim to modernize India’s maritime sector?
1. Major Port Authority Act 2. Inland Vessel Act 3. Coastal Shipping Bill 4. Recycling of Ships Act Select the correct answer using the code given below: |
Q. In India, the ports are categorized as major and nonmajor ports. Which one of the following is a nonmajor port? (2009)
(a) Kochi (Cochin) Ans: (b)
|
| Answer – 1 – D
Explanation – · All the mentioned legislations aim to modernize India’s maritime sector by addressing various aspects of port operations, inland waterways, shipbuilding, and recycling: o Major Port Authority Act: Modernizes the governance of major ports in India by increasing their autonomy and efficiency. o Inland Vessel Act: Regulates the safety, security, and development of inland waterways. o Coastal Shipping Bill: Promotes coastal shipping and integration with inland waterways (soon to be enacted). o Recycling of Ships Act: Enhances India’s position as a global hub for ship recycling, ensuring sustainability and compliance with international standards. · Therefore, option D is the correct answer. |
G20 leaders flag global conflicts, cooperation at Rio summit
Source: Reuters
UPSC Relevance: GS2 International Relations:
Context: G20 Summit in Rio
Why in News
The G20 Summit in Rio focused on global conflicts, climate finance, poverty, and taxation, amid shifting global power dynamics and leadership transitions.
Overview
- The recent G20 Summit held at Rio de Janeiro’s Modern Art Museum brought together world leaders from the Group of 20 major economies to address a complex agenda of global challenges, including conflicts in Gaza and Ukraine, climate change, poverty, and taxation.
Key Themes and Discussions
- Conflicts in Gaza and Ukraine
- Gaza Conflict:
The leaders expressed deep concern over the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip, highlighting the urgent need for increased aid, civilian protection, and a comprehensive ceasefire. The mention of Lebanon reflects the broader regional implications of the conflict. - Ukraine Conflict:
The statement focused on the “human suffering” caused by the war in Ukraine and its economic repercussions. Despite calls by European diplomats to revisit earlier agreements, the consensus remained narrow and avoided deeper political discussions, partly due to Russia’s absence, represented only by Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov.
- Climate Change and COP29 Goals
- Leaders acknowledged the pressing need to reach a new financial goal for climate funding at the COP29 summit in Azerbaijan. However, the G20 failed to propose concrete solutions for bridging the climate finance impasse.
- Marathon negotiations over the weekend underscored divisions among nations, particularly over climate policy and responsibilities of developed versus developing economies.
- Global Poverty and Hunger
- Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva launched a Global Alliance to Combat Poverty and Hunger, supported by over 80 countries, multilateral banks, and philanthropies. Lula criticized the political roots of poverty and hunger, emphasizing the wastefulness of a world producing six billion tons of food annually while millions starve.
- Brazil expanded the G20’s agenda beyond traditional priorities to focus on extreme poverty, hunger, and sustainable development.
- Fair Taxation of the Wealthy
- Discussions included initiatives to ensure fair taxation of the super-rich, a topic often avoided by Western powers. Brazil’s leadership aimed to highlight global wealth disparities and encourage policy changes.
- A Shifting Global Order
- Leaders acknowledged a “major change in global structures,” with developing economies like Brazil, South Africa, and China asserting more influence.
- Chinese President Xi Jinping announced measures to support developing nations in the Global South, such as scientific cooperation, reduced trade barriers, and expanded infrastructure under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- In contrast, U.S. President Joe Biden’s presence was overshadowed by his lame-duck status, as the world anticipates shifts in U.S. foreign policy under incoming President Donald Trump.
Challenges and Outcomes
- Multilateral Cooperation
- While a joint statement was finalized after intense negotiations, significant challenges remain in achieving consensus on global conflicts, climate change, and economic policies.
- The rise of nationalist and unilateral policies, such as those expected under Trump, could undermine the cooperative tone of the summit.
- Climate Finance Impasse
- Despite acknowledging the need for a financial agreement at COP29, the G20 offered no clear resolution, leaving the issue unresolved ahead of the UN climate summit’s conclusion.
- New Leadership Dynamics
- Brazil’s agenda emphasized inclusivity and development, representing a departure from traditional Western-dominated discussions. The baton will pass to South Africa in 2025, potentially continuing this trend.
- China’s Growing Influence
- China’s initiatives for the Global South showcased its growing role as an alternative leader for developing nations, particularly in Africa and Latin America.
- The BRI’s expansion, including a deep-water port in Peru, underscores China’s long-term strategy to enhance global connectivity and economic ties.
- Uncertainty from U.S. Leadership Transition
- The U.S. policy shift under Trump could impact trade, international security, and climate commitments, creating uncertainty for ongoing multilateral initiatives.
Conclusion
- The Rio G20 Summit reflected a world in transition, with emerging economies asserting greater influence and a shifting balance of power between developed and developing nations.
- While consensus was reached on key issues like poverty and the humanitarian crises, significant gaps remain in tackling global challenges such as climate finance and international security.
- Brazil’s presidency highlighted the need for inclusivity and sustainable development, setting a precedent for future G20 agendas under South Africa and beyond.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q2 Consider the following statements regarding the G20 Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in November 2024:
1. The summit addressed global conflicts, including the Ukraine war and the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. 2. Brazil, as the host, launched a global alliance to combat poverty and hunger with support from over 80 countries. 3. The leaders agreed on a specific financial target for climate finance to be finalized at COP29 in Azerbaijan. 4. The summit emphasized cooperation on fair taxation of the world’s wealthiest. Which of the above statements are correct? |
Q. Consider the following statements about G-20: (2023)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Ans: C |
| Answer 2– B
Explanation – · Statement 1: Correct The G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro addressed significant global conflicts, including the Ukraine war and the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. The leaders expressed “deep concern” about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and emphasized the economic and human suffering caused by conflicts. · Statement 2: Correct Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva launched a global alliance to combat poverty and hunger, backed by over 80 countries, multilateral banks, and philanthropies. This initiative was a key feature of Brazil’s G20 agenda. · Statement 3: Incorrect While the leaders acknowledged the need to finalize a new financial goal for climate finance by the end of COP29 in Azerbaijan, they did not specify a financial target or propose a concrete solution. The issue remains unresolved. · Statement 4: Correct The summit introduced discussions on the fair taxation of the world’s wealthiest individuals and emphasized the need for cooperation on this matter, aligning with Brazil’s broader agenda of addressing inequality. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
With 45 years to go, how sustainable is India’s road to net-zero?
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS3 Environment and Ecology
Context: Indian goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
Why in News
- India faces challenges in addressing climate change while balancing its development needs, with a focus on the goal of achieving C
The Global Climate Challenge and COP29
- COP29 and Climate Action: The article highlights that global climate change discussions often take place at events like COP29 (Conference of the Parties), where nations agree on actions to tackle climate change. However, the actual impact of such summits might be less significant compared to other political events like the U.S. presidential election, as political decisions in powerful countries can heavily influence global climate action. This points to a key issue: how global cooperation on climate change can be hindered by the divergence of national interests.
- National vs. Global Interests: Developed nations, due to their wealth and resources, may not feel an immediate need to take drastic action on climate change. In contrast, developing countries like India, with large populations and resource constraints, must balance their aspirations for economic development with the pressing need for climate action.
India’s Net-Zero Target by 2070
- India’s Commitment to Net-Zero Emissions: India has committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, a goal set in previous COP discussions. This commitment is long-term and aims to balance India’s developmental needs with the need to reduce emissions. India has already implemented some policies, and others are in the works. However, the challenges are immense, especially financial constraints and the limited availability of land and water resources that are crucial for sustainable development.
- Challenges for India: India’s path to net-zero emissions is complicated by several factors. For instance, adopting the same lifestyle standards as developed nations could lead to resource depletion, food shortages, and environmental degradation, as the country lacks the infrastructure and resources to support such high levels of consumption.
Global Carbon Budget and Equity Issues
- Carbon Budget and Temperature Limits: The article emphasizes the importance of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that the remaining carbon budget—the total amount of CO2 that can be emitted to stay within this limit—is very small. This means that global emissions must decrease drastically to meet this target.
- Equity Concerns: Developed nations, which are historically responsible for the majority of global emissions, are expected to take the lead in reducing their emissions and reach net-zero by 2050. This would allow developing countries more time to grow and develop. However, these expectations have not been met, as developed countries have not provided the necessary financial support to help developing nations. This is especially critical for small island countries that are disproportionately affected by climate change despite contributing the least to global emissions.
India’s Energy Demand and Future Challenges
- Rising Consumption and Energy Needs: India’s energy demand is expected to rise dramatically by 2070 due to its growing population and industrialization. The country would need to massively expand its renewable energy infrastructure to meet this demand, with solar and wind energy capacity needing to increase many times over.
- Land and Resource Constraints: Meeting this demand with renewable energy will require large amounts of land, which could conflict with other goals, such as preserving biodiversity and ensuring food security. The trade-offs between energy production, land use, and other developmental needs like forest cover and agriculture make this transition highly challenging for India.
Economic Growth, Carbon Emissions, and Sustainability
- Environmental Kuznets Curve: The article critiques the idea of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, which suggests that economic growth can eventually decouple from environmental harm. While this has been theorized, even the wealthiest countries have not fully achieved this decoupling. Instead, much of the emissions have been outsourced to poorer countries. India, therefore, should not aspire to follow the same consumption patterns as developed nations, as this would lead to unsustainable growth.
- Sufficiency Consumption Corridors: To avoid this, India needs to adopt a “sufficiency consumption corridor.” This means that while it should work to meet the basic needs of its population, it should avoid excessive consumption that could lead to environmental degradation. The idea is to balance development with sustainability, focusing on improving quality of life while keeping consumption within ecological limits.
Demand-Side and Supply-Side Measures
- Demand-Side Measures: These measures focus on reducing the demand for energy by using more efficient and sustainable technologies. For instance, better building materials that reduce the need for air conditioning, promoting public transport over private cars, and encouraging sustainable dietary choices are examples of demand-side actions. These measures aim to lower the overall consumption of energy and resources.
- Supply-Side Measures: On the supply side, India needs to decentralize energy production. This includes increasing the use of rooftop solar panels and solar pumps in agriculture. Additionally, India should expand its nuclear power capacity, which can provide a stable, low-carbon energy source to complement intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
Urgency for Climate Action
- Shrinking Timeframe for Action: The article concludes by stressing that the window of opportunity for addressing climate change is rapidly closing. While external factors like political changes (e.g., U.S. elections) may be out of India’s control, the country must act decisively on the areas it can influence. Delaying or missing climate targets is no longer an option, as the consequences of inaction could be catastrophic.
Conclusion:
- India faces a difficult challenge in balancing its development goals with the need for climate action. To achieve net-zero emissions while ensuring energy security, economic growth, and social well-being, India must adopt a sustainable development model that emphasizes efficiency, decarbonization, and responsible consumption.
- This model will require both demand-side and supply-side measures, along with the cooperation and support of the global community, especially developed nations, to help finance and implement these goals.
- The urgency of the situation calls for immediate and decisive actions to avoid the worst effects of climate change.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q3. Which of the following statements best describes the key challenge India faces in achieving its net-zero emissions target by 2070?
A) India’s primary challenge lies in the global carbon budget, which necessitates drastic cuts in emissions by all nations. |
Q. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (2016)
(a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East (b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change (c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals Ans: (b)
|
| Answer 3– B
Explanation – · India’s path to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 is complex due to multiple challenges, including its resource constraints (land, water) and the need to balance economic development with climate action. The country’s aspirations for economic growth and improved living standards must be aligned with sustainable practices, which makes the transition to net-zero emissions particularly difficult. · Additionally, significant financial resources are needed to scale up renewable energy, and competing land uses (for food security, biodiversity, etc.) add to the challenge. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
Why countries struggle to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS3 Environment and Ecology
Context: Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Impact on Climate Change
Why in News
- Fossil fuel subsidies are government-financed benefits that make fossil fuels cheaper, hindering climate action by encouraging continued use and contributing to environmental damage.
What is a Subsidy?
A subsidy refers to financial support provided by governments to businesses or industries, aimed at encouraging certain activities or making essential goods and services more affordable. These subsidies can take various forms:
- Direct financial benefits: Such as grants, tax reductions, or price controls.
- Indirect subsidies: For example, underpricing environmental costs like pollution or neglecting to collect full taxes from producers.
Fossil fuel subsidies, in this context, are financial benefits that make fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) cheaper for consumers and producers. These subsidies are controversial because they promote the continued use of fossil fuels, which are the leading cause of climate change.
How Are Fossil Fuels Subsidized?
Governments use several methods to subsidize fossil fuels:
- Price controls: Countries like Saudi Arabia and Indonesia set fuel prices below market levels, effectively subsidizing the cost to consumers. The government compensates producers or bears the losses from this price cap.
- Tax breaks: In some countries, fossil fuel companies are given tax deductions or exemptions to reduce their financial burden, encouraging continued extraction and consumption.
- Underpricing of environmental costs: Governments sometimes fail to make fossil fuel companies pay for the damage they cause to the environment, such as air and water pollution, or the costs of climate change. These external costs are borne by society, thus implicitly subsidizing fossil fuel use.
Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies:
The scale of fossil fuel subsidies is massive. Estimates of the total value of these subsidies vary:
- The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) estimates subsidies to be around $1.5 trillion annually (as of 2022), considering only direct financial support.
- The IMF (International Monetary Fund), which includes the hidden environmental costs (such as pollution and climate change), puts the number at $7 trillion, a far higher figure.
These subsidies significantly lower the cost of fossil fuels for consumers. For instance, in countries like Iran, Libya, and Venezuela, fuel prices are very low (about 10 cents per gallon) due to heavy subsidies. In contrast, in nations like Hong Kong and the Netherlands, high taxes push fuel prices above $7 per gallon.
Why Are Fossil Fuel Subsidies Hard to Phase Out?
Despite the negative impact of these subsidies on the environment, phasing them out is very challenging due to several reasons:
- Economic Impact: Subsidies keep fossil fuel prices low. If these subsidies are reduced or removed, the price of fossil fuels increases, which leads to higher costs across many sectors of the economy. This inflationary effect is deeply felt by consumers and businesses alike, especially in countries heavily reliant on fossil fuels.
- Political Resistance: Fossil fuel subsidies are often politically popular, particularly among low-income populations and industries that depend on cheap energy. Reducing subsidies can lead to social unrest, as people see their energy costs rise. This was evident in the 2021-2022 energy crisis in Europe after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Governments were forced to increase subsidies to cushion the impact of rising energy prices on citizens, reversing progress toward subsidy reduction.
- Regressive Impact: Subsidy cuts often hit lower-income households the hardest because they spend a larger share of their income on energy. This makes subsidy reform a politically sensitive issue, especially in democracies where elected leaders aim to avoid policies that might cause public backlash.
International Commitments and Challenges
Global leaders recognize that fossil fuel subsidies are detrimental to climate goals because they encourage the use of fossil fuels by making them artificially cheap. Several international forums have called for phasing out these subsidies:
- G20 Declaration (2009): Leaders of the world’s major economies vowed to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies over time.
- APEC (2010) and the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform group also aimed to build consensus around subsidy reforms.
However, despite these commitments, progress has been slow. A study of 157 countries showed that between 2003 and 2015, governments made little or no progress in reducing fossil fuel subsidies. In fact, subsidies have continued to increase in recent years, with the IMF reporting a nearly doubling of subsidies in 2021 and 2022.
The Role of Subsidy Reform in Climate Action
There is a growing recognition that fossil fuel subsidies delay the transition to a clean energy future. By lowering the cost of fossil fuels, these subsidies:
- Promote excessive consumption of fossil fuels.
- Increase greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change.
- Undermine clean energy alternatives, making it harder for renewables to compete.
Economists argue that by reducing or eliminating subsidies, governments can encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies. For instance, increasing the price of fossil fuels could reduce demand, leading to lower emissions. However, this needs to be done carefully to avoid social and economic fallout.
Opportunities for Reform
- Price Spikes as Opportunities: High energy prices, such as those caused by geopolitical events (like the Ukraine crisis), can provide an opportunity for reform. When prices rise temporarily, governments could lock in higher prices for carbon and local pollution, thus incentivizing the shift to cleaner energy without significantly increasing energy costs in the long run.
- Targeted Support: Instead of blanket subsidies, governments could design targeted support mechanisms to protect vulnerable populations while still reducing fossil fuel consumption. This approach can make subsidy reforms more politically palatable and less regressive.
Conclusion
- Fossil fuel subsidies present a major obstacle to global climate goals. While they are difficult to eliminate due to political, economic, and social reasons, their reduction is crucial for addressing climate change.
- Global commitments have so far led to limited progress, and overcoming the challenges requires a carefully managed, long-term approach that balances environmental, social, and economic considerations.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. Consider the following statements regarding fossil fuel subsidies:
1. Fossil fuel subsidies are primarily designed to support the renewable energy sector and reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. 2. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) includes the environmental damage costs from fossil fuel extraction and use as implicit subsidies. 3. Many governments have successfully phased out fossil fuel subsidies, achieving significant progress in combating climate change. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A) Only One |
Q. With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements: (2020)
1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government. 2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas. 3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only Ans: (b)
|
| Answer 4- A
Explanation · Statement 1 is Incorrect: Fossil fuel subsidies are primarily intended to reduce the cost of fossil fuels for consumers and producers, making them cheaper than they would be otherwise. They do not directly support the renewable energy sector or reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, fossil fuel subsidies often hinder efforts to transition to renewable energy by making fossil fuels artificially inexpensive. · Statement 2 is correct: The IMF includes environmental damages, such as global warming, local air pollution, and other externalities (e.g., traffic congestion and road damage), as implicit subsidies because fossil fuel companies do not bear the costs associated with these damages. These costs are not reflected in the price of fossil fuels but are instead borne by society, effectively subsidizing the fossil fuel industry. · Statement 3 is Incorrect: Despite commitments by global leaders, significant progress in phasing out fossil fuel subsidies has been limited. According to studies, subsidies have even increased in recent years, particularly after global crises like the Russia-Ukraine war, when governments provided additional subsidies to ease the burden on citizens due to rising energy prices. Thus, governments have faced considerable challenges in reducing fossil fuel subsidies effectively. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |
SpaceX’s Falcon-9 deploys India’s GSAT-N2 satellite into orbit
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS3- Science and Technology
Context: GSAT-N2 (GSAT-20) communication satellite
Why in News
- India’s GSAT-N2 (GSAT-20) communication satellite was successfully launched by SpaceX’s Falcon-9 rocket
Overview
- The Ayushman Vay Vandana Scheme, launched under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) on October 29, 2024, aims to provide free healthcare benefits to senior citizens aged 70 years and above.
- This initiative has been a significant step towards providing financial protection and access to quality healthcare for elderly citizens, especially in light of the rising healthcare costs.
Launch Details:
- The GSAT-N2 satellite was successfully launched aboard SpaceX’s Falcon-9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida at 12:01 AM IST.
- The Falcon-9 rocket placed GSAT-N2 into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). The GTO is an orbit used for satellites destined for geostationary orbits, where satellites maintain a fixed position relative to the Earth’s surface. After this, the satellite will use its onboard propulsion system to move into its final geostationary orbit.
Satellite Overview:
- GSAT-N2 is a Ka-band high-throughput communication satellite developed by NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), which is the commercial arm of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
- This satellite is designed to enhance broadband services and provide in-flight connectivity across India, including remote areas such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep.
- The satellite is equipped with Ka-Ka band HTS (High Throughput Satellite) capacity, which allows for high-speed internet and data services.
Technical Features:
- The GSAT-N2 is equipped with 32 spot beams, which are small, high-efficiency beams that focus energy on specific areas. These beams provide pan-India coverage:
- 8 narrow spot beams cover the northeastern region of India.
- 24 wide spot beams cover the rest of the country.
- The satellite’s HTS communication payload provides a throughput of approximately 48 Gbps, ensuring high-capacity data transmission across India.
- The satellite’s payload includes three parabolic 2.5-meter deployable reflectors and multiple feeds, enabling the generation of these 32 spot beams. This setup significantly increases capacity through the reuse of frequency in different beams.
- The satellite has advanced sensors to monitor its attitude (orientation), including:
- Sun Sensor
- Earth Sensor
- Inertial Reference Unit (IRU)
- Star Sensor
- The satellite has a lifespan of 14 years, meaning it will provide communication services for over a decade.
Significance:
- NSIL’s Role: The GSAT-N2 satellite is the second demand-driven satellite from NSIL, under India’s space sector reforms announced in June 2020. Under these reforms, NSIL is tasked with building, launching, and operating satellites based on demand from users.
- The first such mission was GSAT-24, launched in June 2022, which was successfully utilized by TataPlay to provide satellite capacity for their services.
- The satellite is strategically important for India’s communication infrastructure, providing not just connectivity in urban areas but also ensuring broadband access in remote and underserved regions.
SpaceX’s Role:
- This launch marks India’s first collaboration with SpaceX, showcasing the growing partnerships between private companies and space agencies worldwide.
- This launch was the 19th flight of SpaceX’s Falcon-9 first-stage booster, which has previously launched several missions, including:
- SES-22
- ispace’s HAKUTO-R Mission 1
- Amazonas-6
- CRS-27
- Bandwagon-1
- 13 Starlink missions
Economic and Strategic Impact:
- Enhanced Communication Capabilities: With the high throughput capacity (48 Gbps), GSAT-N2 will support various communication services, including high-speed internet, data transmission, and mobile connectivity in underserved areas. This will significantly boost broadband services in India and support sectors like education, healthcare, and business.
- Increased Collaborations: The successful launch with SpaceX opens the door for more international collaborations, which could result in cost-effective, reliable space missions for India’s future satellite launches.
- Demand-driven Approach: The shift to a demand-driven approach in satellite operations ensures that India’s space assets are aligned with commercial needs, further boosting the growth of the Indian space industry.
Conclusion:
- The launch of GSAT-N2 by SpaceX’s Falcon-9 rocket marks a new chapter in India’s space journey.
- By boosting satellite communication capabilities, enhancing broadband services, and supporting key sectors, the GSAT-N2 satellite will contribute significantly to India’s development goals, particularly in the fields of communication, technology, and infrastructure.
- It also reflects India’s growing role in the global space economy, reinforced by its collaboration with private players like SpaceX.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the appointment of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India:
Which of the above statements are correct? A) 1 and 2 only
|
Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 3 only Ans: (a) |
| Answer 5- C
Explanation · The Comptroller and Auditor General of India is appointed by the President of India. – Correct, the President appoints the CAG as per the provisions of Article 148 of the Constitution of India. · The CAG is appointed for a fixed term of five years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier. – Correct, the CAG serves for a term of 5 years or till the age of 65, whichever comes first. · The CAG is eligible for reappointment after completing a term. – Correct, the CAG can be reappointed after completing their term. · The incumbent CAG is Girish Chandra Murmu, who was appointed in 2020. – Incorrect, Girish Chandra Murmu’s term was about to end in November 2024. His replacement, K. Sanjay Murthy, was appointed in November 2024, before the completion of his tenure. · Therefore, option C is the correct answer. |
Sanjay Murthy to be next Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2- Polity and Governance, Appointments
Context: Appointment of K. Sanjay Murthy as Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India
Why in News
- Sanjay Murthy, a 1989-batch IAS officer, was appointed as the new Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India by President Droupadi Murmu on November 18, 2024, succeeding Girish Chandra Murmu.
Overview
- On November 18, 2024, President Droupadi Murmu appointed Sanjay Murthy, a 1989-batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, as the new Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.
- This appointment came just two days before the completion of the tenure of the incumbent CAG, Girish Chandra Murmu, whose term is set to end on November 20, 2024.
Role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG):
- The CAG of India is a constitutional post under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution.
- The primary responsibility of the CAG is to audit government expenditure and revenue collection and provide an independent and objective assessment of how public funds are being utilized by various departments and institutions.
- The CAG is also responsible for auditing the accounts of all the Union and State Governments, including public sector organizations and institutions.
Key Details about K. Sanjay Murthy’s Appointment:
- Current Position: Before his appointment as CAG, K. Sanjay Murthy was serving as the Secretary of the Department of Higher Education. His tenure as Secretary was scheduled to end on December 31, 2024. This role involved overseeing policies and programs related to higher education in India.
- Constitutional Authority: The President of India exercises the authority to appoint the CAG under Article 148(1) of the Constitution, which gives the President the power to appoint the CAG.
- Tenure of K. Sanjay Murthy: As the new CAG, K. Sanjay Murthy will assume charge on the day he takes office. Typically, the tenure of a CAG is six years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier.
- Predecessor: Girish Chandra Murmu, the outgoing CAG, assumed office in August 2020. He completed his tenure on November 20, 2024, marking a period of about four years. The CAG plays a crucial role in maintaining transparency and accountability in government finances and expenditures.
The Appointment Process:
- The CAG is appointed by the President of India, who acts on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
- This position is distinct and independent from the executive branch of government, ensuring that the auditing process is unbiased and free from interference.
Implications and Significance of the Appointment:
The appointment of the CAG is significant for the following reasons:
- Public Accountability: The CAG’s role is essential in promoting transparency in the use of public funds. It is responsible for ensuring that the government’s finances are managed responsibly and that taxpayers’ money is used effectively.
- Audit of Public Resources: The CAG audits the accounts of all government ministries, departments, and public sector units, including major organizations like the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and state governments. The CAG also audits financial statements related to government policies, programs, and projects.
- Importance in Governance: The CAG’s reports are submitted to the President of India and are presented to the Parliament. The audit findings play a key role in shaping policy reforms and legislative oversight. The CAG’s reports are discussed in parliamentary committees, where public servants and political representatives are held accountable for their decisions.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q6. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the Ayushman Vay Vandana Scheme?
Select the correct answer using the codes below: A) 1, 2, and 4 only |
Q. In India, other than ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for intended purpose, what is the importance of the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)? (2012)
1. CAG exercises exchequer control on behalf of the Parliament when the President of India declares national emergency/financial emergency 2. CAG reports on the execution of projects or programmes by the ministries are discussed by the Public Accounts Committee. 3. Information from CAG reports can be used by investigating agencies to press charges against those who have violated the law while managing public finances. 4. While dealing with the audit and accounting of government companies, CAG has certain judicial powers for prosecuting those who violate the law. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1, 3 and 4 only Ans: C
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| Answer 6- A
Explanation · Statement 1: Correct. The Ayushman Vay Vandana Scheme provides free healthcare benefits to senior citizens aged 70 and above under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY). · Statement 2: Correct. More than 10 lakh senior citizens have enrolled for the scheme within three weeks of its rollout, as stated in the Ministry’s release. · Statement 3: Incorrect. The scheme was launched on October 29, 2024, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, not the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare. · Statement 4: Correct. Treatments worth over ₹9 crore have been authorized, benefiting more than 4,800 senior citizens, including 1,400 women, as per the Ministry’s release. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |