Current Affairs Reverse Engineering- CARE (29-10-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| Science and Technology: PM Modi, Spain PM Sanchez inaugurate India’s first private military aircraft plant in Vadodara |
| Economy: U.S., France, Armenia emerge as India’s top three defence export customers |
| Environment and Ecology: 2025 emissions set to surpass 1990 levels by over 50% despite current climate pledges, UNFCCC warns |
| Mongolia designates October 25 as ‘Khulan Conservation Day’ to conserve the Mongolian Wild Ass |
| Polity and Governance: The under-representation of women in the judiciary |
| International Relations: India’s first Biomanufacturing Institute “BRIC-National Agri-Food Bio-Manufacturing Institute |
PM Modi, Spain PM Sanchez inaugurate India’s first private military aircraft plant in Vadodara
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS 3- Science and Technology
Context: India’s first private facility to build military planes.
Why in News
- Prime Minister of India and Spain inaugurated the Tata Aircraft Complex in Vadodara, India’s first private facility to build military planes.
Currency Swap Agreement
- The inauguration of the Tata Aircraft Complex in Vadodara, Gujarat, on October 28, 2024, marks a milestone in India’s defense manufacturing.
- As the country’s first private facility for military aircraft production, it aligns with India’s ‘Make in India, Make for the World’ initiative, enhancing self-reliance and boosting the nation’s global standing in defense manufacturing.
- This new facility will produce Airbus C295 aircraft, a medium tactical transport aircraft with versatile applications across military and civilian sectors.
Key Features of the Tata Aircraft Complex and C295 Production
- Airbus C295 Aircraft: The C295, originally developed by the Spanish company CASA (now under Airbus Defence and Space), is a multi-role transport aircraft. Its applications include:
- Military Transport: Effective for tactical operations and troop transport.
- Medical Evacuations and Disaster Response: Configured for quick deployment in emergencies.
- Maritime Patrol: Suitable for coastal and maritime surveillance.
- Production in India: Out of the 56 ordered C295 aircraft, 40 will be manufactured domestically by Tata Advanced Systems Ltd., while the first 16 will be supplied directly from Spain.
- This exemplifies a robust push toward domestic production and reduces dependence on imports for critical defense equipment.
Indigenous Manufacturing and Strategic Growth
- The Tata Aircraft Complex reflects India’s shift towards indigenous defense production.
- With India historically dependent on imports for its defense needs, this facility underscores the shift to self-reliance through local manufacturing, particularly in defense—a strategic sector for national security and economic development.
- By building 40 aircraft locally, the project also showcases technology transfer and knowledge-sharing, critical to building expertise within the Indian defense sector.
Economic Impact and Employment Generation
- Skilling and Job Creation: This facility is expected to create thousands of direct and indirect jobs, contributing to workforce development in advanced manufacturing skills.
- MSME Sector Boost: The C295 program involves the production of 18,000 components within India, providing substantial opportunities for the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) across the country. This integration supports a broader supply chain network, bolstering the MSME sector’s role in defense production.
Expansion of India’s Aviation Sector
India’s aviation sector has seen significant growth, with increased air connectivity to smaller cities and a substantial increase in demand for aircraft. This growth is supported by:
- Domestic Production: The C295 facility is part of a long-term vision to support India’s aviation needs. The infrastructure developed here could later support the production of civil aircraft, aiming to meet the demands of the burgeoning domestic aviation market.
- Export Potential: Following the model of other industrial facilities in Vadodara, this complex is expected to contribute to exports in the future, enhancing India’s role as a global supplier in aviation.
Self-Reliance in Defense and Strategic Autonomy
India’s defense manufacturing landscape is undergoing a transformation, aiming to establish autonomy in defense production. Historically, India was heavily reliant on imports, but recent years have seen a deliberate pivot towards domestic production and partnerships. This move helps:
- Reduce Import Dependency: A focus on indigenous manufacturing enhances India’s security and economic resilience by minimizing reliance on foreign defense suppliers.
- Strengthen Defense Ecosystem: Such partnerships foster a thriving defense ecosystem, catalyzing the development of allied sectors, including aerospace, electronics, and materials engineering.
Significance
- Defense and Security: Understanding how domestic manufacturing strengthens national security and strategic autonomy.
- Economics and Employment: Analyzing the impact of defense manufacturing on employment, MSMEs, and skill development.
- Technology Transfer: Examining the importance of technology partnerships in enhancing local expertise and reducing import dependency.
- India’s Global Role: Exploring India’s growing capacity as a defense exporter and a global player in aviation and defense manufacturing.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q1. With reference to the Tata Aircraft Complex inaugurated in Vadodara, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. The Tata Aircraft Complex is India’s first private facility dedicated to manufacturing military aircraft. 2. The Airbus C295 aircraft produced at this facility can be used for both military and civilian applications, including medical evacuation and maritime patrol. 3. Under the C295 program, all aircraft will be manufactured and delivered from India. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 |
Q. What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news? (2016)
a). Electric plane tested by NASA b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan c) Space observatory launched by China d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO Ans: A |
| Answer 1– B
Explanation – · Statement 1 is correct. The Tata Aircraft Complex in Vadodara is indeed India’s first private facility dedicated to manufacturing military aircraft, marking a significant shift in the defense manufacturing sector. · Statement 2 is correct. The Airbus C295 aircraft has multi-role applications, including military transport, medical evacuation, and maritime patrol duties. · Statement 3 is incorrect. Out of the 56 C295 aircraft ordered, only 40 will be manufactured in India by Tata Advanced Systems Ltd., while the first 16 aircraft will be delivered directly from Airbus’s facility in Spain. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
U.S., France, Armenia emerge as India’s top three defence export customers
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Relevance: GS3- Economy
Context: Indian military exports
Why in News
- The U.S., France and Armenia have emerged as the top three customers for Indian military exports.
Overview
- India’s defense export landscape has significantly expanded in recent years, aligning with its aim to achieve self-reliance in defense manufacturing.
- Currently, the U.S., France, and Armenia are the largest importers of Indian military equipment. Below is a detailed overview of the key developments, export dynamics, and production milestones in India’s defense sector.
Key Export Markets and Equipment
- U.S.: India’s exports to the United States primarily include aircraft and helicopter parts produced for major global defense companies like Lockheed Martin and Boeing.
- These exports highlight the capability of Indian firms to supply high-quality components to leading defense manufacturers.
- France: India’s exports to France focus largely on electronic systems and specialized software, reflecting India’s growing strength in defense electronics and software integration, which are essential for modern warfare and control systems.
- Armenia: India’s exports to Armenia include significant weaponry and artillery, such as:
- ATAGS (Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System): A 155 mm artillery gun system designed to enhance long-range precision targeting.
- Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher: A high-mobility weapon system designed for quick deployment and area saturation.
- Swathi Weapon Locating Radar: A radar system for locating and tracking hostile artillery and rocket systems, enhancing battlefield awareness.
These diverse exports underscore India’s ability to meet different countries’ needs with a variety of platforms, from components to advanced weaponry systems.
Defense Production in India
India’s Defense Ministry has been strongly promoting defense exports as well as domestic production, aiming to build a self-sustained defense manufacturing ecosystem to meet both internal and global demands. Key developments include:
- Growth in Production Value: India’s defense production has seen a nearly three-fold increase in recent years, with production values rising from ₹46,429 crores in 2014-15 to ₹1,27,265 crores in the latest fiscal year. This growth reflects the impact of policies like ‘Make in India’ and various production-linked incentive (PLI) schemes.
- Public and Private Sector Contribution: The defense production ecosystem consists of:
- Public Sector Units (PSUs): There are 16 defense public sector units, contributing heavily to large-scale production in defense.
- Private Sector: The private sector, including 430 firms with licenses and around 16,000 MSMEs, contributes 21% of total defense production value, with increasing involvement in high-technology segments like aerospace, electronics, and tactical equipment manufacturing.
Major Defense Platforms Produced in India
India has developed a wide range of defense platforms, highlighting its manufacturing capabilities and technological advances:
- Aircraft and Naval Platforms: These include the LCA Tejas fighter jet, India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, submarines, and a variety of warships.
- Artillery Systems: The Dhanush Artillery Gun System and the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) represent significant strides in domestic artillery production, aimed at replacing imported systems.
- Armored Vehicles and Tanks: The MBT Arjun main battle tank is an indigenous solution for armored warfare.
- Missiles and Tactical Systems: India’s Akash Missile System is a surface-to-air missile designed for air defense, while 3D tactical control radars and software-defined radios demonstrate India’s focus on electronic warfare and communication systems.
- Weapon-Locating and Surveillance Radars: Systems like the Swathi Weapon Locating Radar support the detection of hostile artillery, and other high-mobility vehicles and radars support battlefield awareness and tactical response.
Policy Push for Indigenous Manufacturing and Exports
- Export Strategy: India’s defense exports span over 100 countries, with a special focus on enhancing relationships with major defense markets like the U.S. and France. The Defense Ministry’s strategies include simplifying export procedures and creating partnerships with defense majors globally.
- Strategic Agreements and Special Status: Recently, Germany accorded India special status for military purchase approvals, facilitating faster transactions. This status supports India’s goal of becoming a global defense supplier and strengthens international partnerships.
- Growth of MSMEs and Private Sector: By involving MSMEs in the defense supply chain, India’s defense ecosystem encourages innovation and ensures that smaller firms participate in high-value production.
Significance
- India’s progress in defense exports and manufacturing aligns with its goals for self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) and reinforces its position in the global defense market.
- The growth in defense production and exports not only enhances India’s economic capabilities but also strengthens national security by reducing dependency on foreign imports for critical defense needs.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q2. With reference to India’s recent defense export achievements, consider the following statements:
1. The U.S., France, and Germany are currently the top three importers of Indian military equipment. 2. India’s private sector contributes over 20% to the total value of the country’s defense production. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Q. Consider the following statements: The effect of devaluation of a currency is that it necessarily 2021
Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 and 3 only Ans: a
|
| Answer 2 – B
Explanation – · Statement 1 is Incorrect. While the U.S. and France are among the top importers of Indian military equipment, Germany is not. Instead, Armenia is the third largest importer of Indian military exports in the last financial year, joining the U.S. and France as the top three importers. · Statement 2 is Correct. The private sector’s contribution to India’s defense production value is approximately 21%. This includes licensed private firms and MSMEs, highlighting the growing role of private enterprises in India’s defense sector. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
2025 emissions set to surpass 1990 levels by over 50% despite current climate pledges, UNFCCC warns
Source: Down To Earth
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3 Environment and Ecology
Context: Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Why in News
- The latest UNFCCC report highlights the progress and challenges countries face in meeting climate targets as per their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.
Current Emission Trends and Projections
- Projected Emissions: If countries implement their current climate plans, global greenhouse gas emissions could reach 53 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO₂ equivalent by 2025, which is 54% higher than 1990 levels and comparable to 2019 levels. By 2030, emissions could be reduced slightly by 2.8% from 2025 levels, reaching approximately 51.5 Gt CO₂e.
- Comparative Analysis: These projections indicate a 50% increase in emissions from 1990, showing only a 2.6% reduction from 2019 emissions. Despite the downward trend, the reductions are minor and suggest insufficient progress in achieving climate goals.
- Exclusions in Data: The estimates for 2025 and 2030 exclude emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF), which are significant sectors in the global emissions profile.
The Paris Agreement and Climate Targets
- Global Temperature Goals: The Paris Agreement, signed in 2016, aims to limit global temperature rise to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational target of 1.5°C. This requires countries to reduce emissions significantly.
- NDCs and Updates: Countries are required to update their NDCs every five years to outline plans for emission reductions. The latest analysis involved 168 updated NDCs from 195 signatories.
- Required Reductions: To limit warming and prevent severe climate impacts, countries must achieve a 43% reduction in emissions by 2030.
Long-term Projections and Temperature Rise
- Temperature Projections: If all NDCs are fully implemented, global temperatures could still increase by 2.1°C to 2.8°C by 2100, exceeding the 1.5°C limit. This highlights the need for more ambitious NDCs and additional policies.
- Integration into National Policies: Less than half of the countries have incorporated NDC targets into national laws or regulatory frameworks, which is crucial for effective implementation.
Long-term Commitments and Reductions by 2050
- Long-Term Goals (LT-LEDS): Only 50% of countries have set long-term goals extending to 2050 and beyond. If these long-term targets are achieved along with NDCs, global emissions could be reduced by 63% by 2050 compared to 2019, lowering annual per capita emissions to 2.4 t CO₂e.
- Requirement for 1.5°C: Achieving the 1.5°C target would require even more substantial reductions, with per capita emissions needing to fall to 1.3 t CO₂e, about two to three times lower than current projections.
Ocean and Blue Carbon Initiatives
- Role of Oceans: Oceans are a significant component of climate action, absorbing heat and greenhouse gases. Rising sea surface temperatures and sea levels due to increased absorption impact ecosystems and human settlements.
- Ocean-Based Strategies: About 21% of countries have included ocean or blue carbon initiatives in their NDCs, with 71% of these countries outlining specific ocean-based mitigation measures. Blue carbon strategies, such as conserving mangroves and seagrasses, are crucial for absorbing CO₂ and enhancing resilience against climate impacts.
Adaptation Efforts
- Adaptation in NDCs: Around 81% of countries provided adaptation information in their NDCs. A smaller subset—13%—identified adaptation as a primary component, while another 9% plan future adaptation communications.
- Importance of Adaptation: Adaptation strategies are crucial for addressing climate impacts, especially for vulnerable regions and sectors, and include measures like infrastructure upgrades, ecosystem restoration, and community resilience programs.
- Carbon Markets and Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
- Role of Carbon Markets: Carbon markets are mechanisms to help countries meet their NDC targets by trading carbon credits, where each credit represents a tonne of CO₂ reduced or removed. These credits come from activities like transitioning to renewable energy and forest conservation.
- Increase in Article 6 Participation: Participation in Article 6 provisions has increased, with 78% of signatories planning to use carbon trading to support NDC implementation, up from 76% and 77% in 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Financial Resources and Support
- Funding Needs: A significant majority—91% of countries—have included financial requirements in their NDCs, with 69% needing international support and 24% relying on domestic financing.
- Conditional Targets: Many countries include conditional targets in their NDCs that depend on external support. 82% of countries with updated NDCs mentioned both conditional and unconditional targets, a 15% increase from previous NDCs.
- Quantitative Financial Estimates: Only 46% of countries have provided quantitative financial estimates in their NDCs, often as total requirements over the NDC period.
Upcoming COP29 and Strengthening Commitments
- Next Steps at COP29: The upcoming COP29 meeting in Baku, Azerbaijan, will focus on enhancing global emissions trading rules under Article 6 and promoting accountability in implementing NDCs.
- Third Round of NDCs: Countries are expected to submit their third round of NDCs by early 2025, which will outline climate actions until 2035. The UNFCCC has urged countries to include economy-wide, ambitious targets that cover all greenhouse gases.
India’s Climate Commitments and Recommendations
- India’s NDC Achievement: India is on track to meet its NDC commitments. However, experts suggest that more ambitious sector-specific targets could position India as a leader in climate action, given its status as both a major emitter and a nation with low per capita emissions.
- Focus on Implementation and Adaptation: India could benefit from specifying implementation pathways, identifying funding sources for mitigation and adaptation, and addressing critical sectors for climate resilience.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the latest United Nations climate report on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):
1. The report suggests that if all current NDCs are implemented, global temperatures could still rise between 2.1°C and 2.8°C by 2100. 2. The Paris Agreement requires countries to update their NDCs every seven years to align with global climate targets. 3. The report emphasizes that achieving a 43% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 is necessary to prevent severe climate impacts. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2, and 3
|
Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: b |
| Answer 3– B
Explanation – · Statement 1 is correct: The report indicates that if all current NDCs are implemented, global temperatures could still rise between 2.1°C and 2.8°C by 2100. · Statement 2 is incorrect: The Paris Agreement requires countries to update their NDCs every five years, not seven. · Statement 3 is correct: The report highlights that a 43% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 is necessary to avoid severe climate impacts.
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Mongolia designates October 25 as ‘Khulan Conservation Day’ to conserve the Mongolian Wild Ass
Source: Down-to-earth
UPSC Relevance: GS3- Environment and Ecology
Context: Khulan Conservation Day
Why in News
- Mongolia’s Ministry of Environment and Climate Change has officially designated October 25 as Khulan Conservation Day
Overview
- On October 25, Mongolia officially designated this date as Khulan Conservation Day, an initiative spearheaded by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in Mongolia.
- This annual observance aims to raise awareness about the Khulan, also known as the Mongolian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus hemionus), highlighting its critical role as a keystone species in the Gobi-Steppe ecosystem.
Mongolian Wild Ass
- The Mongolian Wild Ass, also known as the Khulan (Equus hemionus hemionus), is a distinctive and resilient member of the Equidae family, primarily found in the vast expanses of the Gobi Desert and the Eurasian Steppe.
- Characterized by its slender build, short mane, and a distinctive dorsal stripe, the Khulan has adapted to survive in harsh climates, often facing extreme temperatures and scarce resources.
- As a keystone species, it plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of its habitat, contributing to the biodiversity of the Gobi-Steppe ecosystem.
- Unfortunately, the Khulan is currently classified as vulnerable, facing threats from habitat loss, climate change, and hunting. Conservation efforts, such as the designation of Khulan
- With Mongolia hosting over 80% of the global Khulan population, the survival of this species is vital not only for ecological integrity but also for the cultural heritage of the region.
Importance of the Khulan
The Khulan is a member of the Equidae family, which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras. These animals are known for their significant ecological contributions:
- Ecological Role: As a keystone species, the Khulan helps maintain the ecological integrity and biodiversity of its habitat. Their grazing patterns contribute to the health of the steppe ecosystem, influencing plant communities and the overall balance of the ecosystem.
- Migration Patterns: Khulan are known for their extensive migratory behavior, covering large areas of the Eurasian Steppe and the Gobi Desert in search of food and water. According to Sarah King, co-chair of the International Union for Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission Equid Specialist Group, the Khulan’s movements are among the largest documented for terrestrial mammals.
Cousins of the Khulan in India
India is home to two close relatives of the Khulan:
- Kiang (Equus kiang): Also known as the Tibetan Wild Ass, found primarily in the Tibetan Plateau.
- Ghudkhur (Equus hemionus khur): Known as the Indian Wild Ass, primarily inhabiting the Rann of Kutch.
Current Threats to Khulan
- Despite the Khulan’s adaptability to harsh climates, recent environmental events have raised concerns about their survival.
- A particularly devastating event was the dzud that struck Mongolia between November 2023 and April 2024.
Understanding the Dzud
A dzud is defined as an extreme weather event characterized by:
- Severe Cold: Temperatures plummeting to -30°C or lower.
- Snow and Ice: Heavy snowfall and strong winds leading to significant snow accumulation. The 2023-2024 dzud recorded the highest snowfall in 49 years, covering 90% of Mongolia’s territory.
Impact on Livestock
The World Health Organization reported that the dzud caused:
- Livestock Losses: An estimated 9 million heads of livestock perished during this event. This loss accounted for 12.3% of Mongolia’s national herd. The provinces most affected included Sukhbaatar, Khentii, Arkhangai, Tuv, and Dornogovi.
Implications for Khulan
The WCS Mongolia has noted that while the impact of the dzud on wildlife, including the Khulan, is still being assessed, there are concerning parallels:
- Resource Scarcity: Similar to livestock, Khulan may face challenges related to limited food availability and access due to prolonged snowstorms.
- Health Risks: The harsh conditions can lead to starvation, reduced reproductive success, and increased susceptibility to diseases and predation.
- Vulnerability: The Khulan’s reliance on grazing makes it particularly vulnerable during extreme weather events. While these animals have adapted to Mongolia’s climate, the severity of the dzud may exceed their capacity to cope.
Conservation Efforts and Future Outlook
Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the survival of the Khulan and their habitat:
- Awareness Campaigns: Celebrating Khulan Conservation Day serves as a platform to promote awareness and encourage conservation actions.
- Monitoring Programs: Continued monitoring of the Khulan population and its habitat is essential to assess the impact of natural disasters and to implement necessary conservation strategies.
- Sustainable Practices: Encouraging sustainable land use and resource management can help mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. Which of the following statements:
Statement 1: Khulan Conservation Day is celebrated in Mongolia every year on October 25 to raise awareness about the Mongolian Wild Ass. A) Both statements are correct. |
Q. Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’? (2012) (a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops (b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field (c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together (d) None of the aboveAns: (c)
|
| Answer 4 – A
Explanation · Statement 1 is Correct. Mongolia’s Ministry of Environment and Climate Change officially designated October 25 as Khulan Conservation Day following an initiative by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). The day aims to spotlight the Khulan as a keystone species in the Gobi-Steppe ecosystem and raise awareness about its conservation needs. · Statement 2 is correct. The Khulan, or Mongolian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus hemionus), faces various threats, including habitat loss due to human activities, climate change, and hunting pressures. These factors contribute to its status as a vulnerable or endangered species, depending on the specific assessment or classification used. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |
The under-representation of women in the judiciary
Source: The Hindu
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2- Polity and Governance
Context: absence of women in the judicial system
Why in News
- The absence of women in the judicial system almost always revolves around entry-level measures that are aimed at ensuring that more women enter the profession as lawyers/ judges.
Overview
- The under-representation of women in the judiciary is a multifaceted issue that not only reflects the barriers to entry but also highlights the challenges of retention and career advancement.
- While there have been positive strides in increasing the number of women entering the lower levels of the judiciary, the representation diminishes significantly at higher levels, revealing systemic issues that require urgent attention.
Entry and Retention Challenges
- Current Representation:
- As of 2024, women constitute 36.3% of the district judiciary, which is a positive sign. However, this representation drops to just 13.4% in High Courts and 9.3% in the Supreme Court. Additionally, some states have either no women judges or very few, indicating a stark disparity in representation across the country.
- Bar Representation:
- Women represent only about 15.31% of all enrolled advocates, and they are underrepresented in leadership roles such as senior advocates and Bar Council representatives. This scarcity at the foundational level contributes to a narrow pipeline for women aspiring to rise within the judiciary.
- Vicious Cycle:
- The low representation creates a cycle where women who do manage to enter the judiciary find it difficult to ascend to higher positions. This perpetuates a lack of female role models and mentors, further discouraging new entrants.
Barriers to Advancement
- Judicial Service Rules:
- Many states impose strict criteria for elevation to the Bench, requiring a minimum period of continuous practice. For women, who often juggle family responsibilities without adequate maternity benefits or stipends, meeting these requirements becomes a significant hurdle.
- Hostile Work Environment:
- The existing judicial environment often fails to support the specific needs of women, making career growth challenging. Women face biases that can impede their advancement and are frequently overlooked for administrative roles, as evidenced by the lack of women in High Court Building Committees.
- Infrastructural Shortcomings:
- Basic infrastructural needs for women, such as dedicated washrooms and hygienic facilities, are often neglected. Surveys have shown that many courts lack adequate sanitation, which can create uncomfortable and even unsafe working conditions for female judges, lawyers, and staff.
The Public-Private Divide
- The issue of under-representation is rooted in a larger societal context, as articulated by political theorist Carole Pateman.
- Her theory suggests that as women enter traditionally male-dominated spaces, existing laws and regulations fail to adapt to their needs.
- This public-private divide implies that the structures within the public sphere—such as courts—are not designed to accommodate the realities of women transitioning from private to public roles.
Addressing Gender Bias
- Female Gaze in Policy Implementation:
- To effectively address the challenges faced by women in the judiciary, it is essential to apply a feminist lens to policy-making and judicial administration. This involves recognizing the unique needs and experiences of women and actively working to incorporate these perspectives into the design of judicial environments and policies.
- Inclusive Policies:
- The implementation of policies should consider the specific challenges women face, such as balancing family responsibilities and work. Providing family-friendly amenities, such as crèches and flexible transfer policies, can significantly improve retention rates and career advancement opportunities for women.
- Awareness and Training:
- Gender sensitization training is crucial for all members of the judiciary, including judges, lawyers, and court staff. This can help mitigate unconscious biases and foster a more inclusive work environment.
Conclusion
- The under-representation of women in the judiciary reflects broader societal issues that hinder gender equality.
- Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort to not only increase the number of women entering the profession but also to create a supportive and inclusive environment that enables them to thrive.
- By recognizing and prioritizing women’s needs through thoughtful policy-making and infrastructural improvements, the judiciary can better fulfill its promise of justice and equality for all.
- Empowering women in the judiciary not only benefits the legal profession but also enhances the integrity and credibility of the justice system as a whole.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the need for a female gaze in policy-making for the judiciary:
Statement 1: Employing a female gaze means recognizing the unique challenges faced by women in the judicial system. A) Both statements are correct.
|
Q. With reference to Indian judiciary, consider the following statements: (2021)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a). 1 only b). 2 only c). Both 1 and 2 d). Neither 1 nor 2 Ans: C
|
| Answer 5-B
Explanation · Statement is 1 correct. The concept of a female gaze in policy-making involves understanding and addressing the specific needs, experiences, and challenges that women face within the judicial system. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating women’s perspectives to create inclusive and supportive environments in traditionally male-dominated spaces. · Statement 2 is incorrect. The female gaze is particularly relevant in male-dominated environments, such as the judiciary, where traditional policies may inadvertently perpetuate gender bias. Implementing a female gaze can help identify and mitigate barriers that women face, leading to more equitable policy outcomes. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
India’s first Biomanufacturing Institute “BRIC-National Agri-Food Bio-Manufacturing Institute
Source: PIB
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2068961
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS2-International Relations
Context: BRIC-National Agri-Food Bio-Manufacturing Institute (BRIC-NABI).
Why in news
- Union Minister of State for Science and Technology, recently inaugurated the BRIC-National Agri-Food Bio-Manufacturing Institute (BRIC-NABI).
Overview
- BRIC-National Agri-Food Bio-Manufacturing Institute (BRIC-NABI) is India’s first biomanufacturing institute dedicated to transforming the country’s agri-food sector through biotechnology.
- Formed through the strategic merger of the National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) and the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), BRIC-NABI aims to enhance agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and economic growth through scientific innovation.
Key Highlights
- Boosting Agricultural Innovation: The institute will work on developing high-yield, disease-resistant crops, biofertilizers, and biopesticides, which are anticipated to increase agricultural efficiency and farmer income.
- Promoting Biotechnology in Agriculture: By focusing on synthetic production and eco-friendly technologies, BRIC-NABI supports the transition from traditional manufacturing methods to biotechnology-driven production.
- Achieving Sustainability Goals: BRIC-NABI’s initiatives align with India’s focus on sustainable development, promoting practices that are both environmentally and economically beneficial.
Introduction of BioE3 Policy
The inauguration event introduced the BioE3 policy, which stands for Biotechnology in the service of the Economy, Employment, and the Environment. This policy focuses on using biotechnology to:
- Boost India’s economic output by creating jobs, particularly in sectors like agriculture and food processing.
- Promote eco-friendly, sustainable practices in agriculture that could reduce environmental impact and increase productivity.
This policy reflects the government’s intention to foster a high-impact science sector that can drive transformative changes in agriculture and reinforce India’s role in global scientific advancements.
BRIC-NABI’s Mission and Objectives
BRIC-NABI’s mission is to bridge research and commercialization by offering pilot-scale production and delivering advanced agri-tech solutions. Some of the core objectives are:
- Encouraging Research and Development (R&D): BRIC-NABI will facilitate research in areas such as crop resilience, biofertilizers, and biopesticides. These innovations aim to enhance farm productivity and contribute to sustainable practices.
- Increasing Farmer Incomes: By developing high-yield crops and eco-friendly solutions, the institute aims to help farmers achieve better yields and reduce reliance on costly chemical inputs, thereby supporting the government’s goal of doubling farmer incomes.
- Enhancing Environmental Sustainability: The institute’s focus on bioprocessing technologies emphasizes environmentally friendly practices, which align with India’s goals to reduce carbon footprint and promote green technology.
BioNest Incubation Centre
A significant aspect of BRIC-NABI is the BioNest Incubation Centre. Designed to serve as a collaborative hub, this center is a public-private initiative to:
- Support Startups in Agriculture and Food Processing: By providing resources and mentorship, BioNest will help startups bridge the gap between research and marketable products, especially in agriculture, food processing, and bioprocessing sectors.
- Empower Youth, Women, and Farmers: Through BioNest, BRIC-NABI seeks to empower marginalized groups by offering them support for starting businesses and encouraging their participation in agricultural entrepreneurship.
- Drive Inclusive Economic Growth: By aligning with the “Make in India” vision, BioNest aims to foster local innovation, reduce dependence on imports, and boost India’s position as a self-reliant, innovation-driven economy.
Private Sector Participation
- Union minister highlighted the importance of private sector involvement, stating that investments in incubators like BioNest can unlock the potential for sustainable employment and economic growth.
- Private sector partnerships will help BRIC-NABI move innovations quickly from lab to market, thus benefiting India’s workforce and enhancing the competitiveness of its agri-food sector.
Upcoming Biomanufacturing Workshop 1.0
- To further its mission, BRIC-NABI is hosting the Biomanufacturing Workshop 1.0 in December 2024.
- This workshop will cover advanced applications of biomanufacturing across agriculture, food, pharmaceuticals, and energy.
- Aimed at researchers and industry professionals, the workshop will showcase innovative biomanufacturing techniques that utilize biological systems for sustainable production, supporting the BioE3 policy and India’s broader goals of eco-friendly industrial growth.
Tackling Brain Drain and Strengthening Local Talent
- Addressing the issue of brain drain among Indian scientists, Dr. Jitendra Singh encouraged young Indian researchers to pursue careers in India, highlighting the country’s competitive resources and scientific ecosystem.
- He emphasized that developing indigenous talent is critical for bolstering India’s scientific influence globally and ensuring the sustainability of its innovation-led economy.
Conclusion:
- The establishment of BRIC-NABI represents a transformative step for India’s agricultural and scientific sectors.
- By focusing on biotechnology and sustainable practices, this new institute positions India to lead in global agricultural innovation while addressing domestic needs for food security, environmental sustainability, and economic resilience. Initiatives like the BioE3 policy and BioNest Incubation Centre reflect India’s commitment to an inclusive, science-powered economy
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
Q.6 Consider the following statements regarding the BRIC-National Agri-Food Bio-Manufacturing Institute (BRIC-NABI):
Which of the statements given above are correct? A. Only One B. Only two C. Only Three D. All Four |
The term ‘Digital Single Market Strategy’ seen in the news refers to (2017)
(a) ASEAN Ans: C
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| Answer 6 – C
Explanation · Statement 1 is correct as BRIC-NABI is India’s first biomanufacturing institute focused on the agri-food sector. · Statement 2 is correct since the BioE3 policy emphasizes the role of biotechnology in economic, employment, and environmental goals. · Statement 3 is correct because BioNest Incubation Centre supports youth, women, and farmers by nurturing startups. · Statement 4 is incorrect as BRIC-NABI was formed through the merger of NABI (National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute) and CIAB (Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing), not a “National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology” or “Indian Bioengineering Center.” · Therefore, option C is the correct answer. |