II.      Telangana Movement

1. Mobilisational phase (1971 -1990)

Theme 2:     Jai Andhra Movement

Theme 3:     Six Point Formula 1973, and its Provisions; Article 371-D, 1975- Officers (Jayabharat Reddy) Committee Report

Theme 4:     G.O. 610

Theme 5:     J. M. Girglani Commission

·        Mulki: Local/Native

·        Gair Mulki: Non-local/Non-Native

·        Bahmanis: Medieval origins of the Mulki problem

Significant Developments

·        1868: First Salarjung, employment provisions for Mulkis

·        1884-86: 6th Nizam Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, strengthened Mulki provisions

·        1908-10: Maharaja Kishan Prasad, enhancements to Mulki Regulations

·        1919: 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan, issued Mulki rules farman

·        1949: Reissued by Military Governor Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri

Legal and Constitutional Protection

·        1950: Indian Constitution, Article 35(b) protects Mulki rules

·        1955: Hyderabad General Recruitment Rules under Article 309

·        1956: State Reorganization Act, Section 119 protects Mulki rules

·        1957: Public Employment Act, basis for Andhra Pradesh Public Employment Act

·        1959: Andhra Pradesh Public Employment Act enforcement, Sections 2, 3, 5

Related Legal Actions

·        1959 Kothagudem Case: Legal challenges due to employment of Andhra employees at Kothagudem Thermal Power Station

Key Legal Events and Dates

·        High Court Judgment (January 3, 1969): Justice Kuppu Swamy, Mulki rules inapplicable to A.P. State Electricity Board.

·        High Court Judgment (February 3, 1969): Justice Chinnappa Reddy, Section 3 against Fundamental Rights, G.O.36 dismissed.

·        Supreme Court Stay (February 17, 1969): Stay on High Court’s February 3rd judgment.

·        High Court Division Bench Verdict (February 20, 1969): Judges Jagan Mohan Reddy and Avula Samba Shiva Rao, uphold constitutionality of Mulki regulations.

·        Supreme Court Full Bench Judgment (March 28, 1969): Chief Justice M. Hidayatullah, Mulki regulations unconstitutional, overrules G.O.36.

Legal Implications

·        G.O.36: Initially upheld, later overruled by Supreme Court.

·        Public Employment Act-1957: Focus of legal disputes regarding Section 3.

Government and Judicial Response

·        Government Inaction: Pending Supreme Court decision on G.O.36.

·        Supreme Court’s Final Ruling: Declared Mulki rules unconstitutional, prohibited the repatriation of Andhra employees.

Impact

·        Telangana Movement: Escalated tensions and violence following Supreme Court’s final decision.

·        December 9, 1970: High Court upholds constitutionality of Mulki rules (Justice Gopal Rao Ekbote).

·        February 14, 1972: High Court invalidates Mulki rules post-formation of Andhra Pradesh (Justice Obul Reddy).

Supreme Court Rulings

·        October 3, 1972: Supreme Court reinstates the constitutionality of Mulki rules, confirming eligibility criteria for government jobs based on 15-year residency in Telangana.

·        Chief Justice: S.M. Sikri

Government and Judicial Actions

·        Public Employment Act: Key focus of disputes, Sections 2 and 3.

·        1972 Petition: Definition of “Mulki” challenged in High Court.

·        1973 High Court Rulings: Clarification on the application of Mulki rules to initial appointments and exclusions for promotions.

Political and Social Reactions

·        “Jai Andhra” Movement: Launched in response to the Supreme Court’s ruling, advocating for a separate Andhra State.

·        TN GO Response: Satisfaction with the delayed Supreme Court judgment.

·        Announcement: November 27, 1972, by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

·        Purpose: To reconcile differences between Andhra and Telangana regions.

Components of the Formula

1.      Mulki Regulations: Application to non-gazetted jobs and certain other positions in Telangana.

2.      Guarantee Duration: Rules effective in Telangana until December 1980; in Hyderabad until December 1977.

3.      Gazetted Jobs: First or second-level jobs regionalized to aid government job promotions.

4.      Educational Facilities: Protection and expansion of opportunities for Telangana students in twin cities.

5.      Joint Police Force: Maintenance in Hyderabad and Secunderabad.

Public Reactions

·        Dr. Chenna Reddy: Described the formula as an “abuse of Telangana protections.”

·        Gouthu Latchanna: Critiqued the formula as insufficient and punitive.

·        Rama Krishna Rao (APNGO President): Compared the formula to a “wasp comb,” indicating it created more problems than it solved.

Outcome

·        Effectiveness: Failed to satisfy regional demands, did not lead to implementation.

·        Legacy: Contributed to ongoing statehood movements.

·        Kasu Brahmananda Reddy: Former Chief Minister, resigned due to Telangana pressures.

·        P.V. Narasimha Rao: Became Chief Minister, supported Mulki rules, championed legal challenges.

·        Indira Gandhi: Assured justice for Telangana, influenced political appointments.

Legal Developments

·        High Court Ruling (1972): Declared Mulki rules unconstitutional.

·        Supreme Court Ruling (1972): Upheld the constitutionality of Mulki rules.

Government Actions

·        Land Transactions Ordinance (1972): Halted all land transactions in Andhra Pradesh.

·        Land Ceiling Bill (1972): Regulated land ownership, causing unrest among investors.

Movement and Protests

·        Jai Andhra Movement: Initiated by Andhra residents against Mulki rules.

·        Community Protests: Involvement of students, employees, and landlords against new policies.

Praja Parishad (October 18, 1972)

·        Leadership: Sardar Gouthu Latchanna, Nadimpalli Narsimha Rao, Tummala Choudary, Jagarlapudi Chandramouli.

·        Resolution: Advocated for the separation of the Andhra region, citing unsustainable conditions.

Political Developments

·        Debate in Lok Sabha (November 21, 1972): Discussion on Andhra Pradesh’s situation, debate over special protections for Telangana.

·        Bandhs and Strikes: Andhra region bandh on December 5, 1972; 108-day strike by non-gazetted employees starting December 7, 1972.

·        Opposition Meeting (December 10, 1972): Demand for a separate Andhra State, unveiling of the Andhra State flag by Gouthu Latchanna in Vijayawada.

Resignations and Andhra Sena Formation

·        Resignations: Nine ministers from Andhra, starting with Batthini Subba Rao on December 13, 1972.

·        Andhra Sena: Formed on December 17, 1972, led by Madala Janaki Ram.

Public Meetings and Government Response

·        Public Meetings: Separate Andhra State demand by Kakani Venkataratnam and N.G. Ranga on December 22, 1972.

·        Five-Point Formula: Approved by Parliament on December 23, 1972; announced by Indira Gandhi with no state division or Mulki extension.

Clashes and President’s Rule

·        Clashes: CRPF firing in Vijayawada on December 24, 1972; eight deaths.

·        President’s Rule: Imposed on January 18, 1973; “Jai Andhra” movement persisted.

·        Date: October 18, 1972

·        Key Figures: Sardar Gouthu Latchanna (President), Nadimpalli Narsimha Rao (Vice-President), Tummala Choudary (Secretary), Jagarlapudi Chandramouli (Treasurer)

·        Objective: Advocated for the separation of Andhra, highlighting the unsustainability of the existing state structure of Andhra Pradesh.

Public Protests and Clashes

·        Date: December 24, 1972

·        Location: Vijayawada

·        Incident: A procession by united state supporters, backed by the CPI and P.V. Narasimha Rao, was obstructed by separate state activists led by Kakani Venkataratnam. Clashes ensued, and CRPF forces intervened, resulting in eight fatalities.

·        Aftermath: Kakani Venkataratnam passed away from a heart attack the following day, attributed to the stress from the violence.

Leadership and Strategic Changes

·        Post-Venkataratnam Leadership: B.V. Subba Reddy and Vasantha Nageshwar Rao took over leadership roles.

·        Notable Leaders: Continued involvement of Sardar Gouthu Latchanna and N.G. Ranga.

Emergence of Separate Telangana Congress Forum

·        Founder: Marri Chenna Reddy

·        Date: December 27, 1972

·        Event: Meeting of the Joint Action Committee of Andhra-Venkateshwara University students in Nellore, led by B.J. Augustine advocating for armed struggle.

·        Participation: Future prominent leaders like Venkaiah Naidu, Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, and Chandra Babu Naidu.

Tirupati Sabha and Non-Cooperative Movement

·        Date: December 31, 1972

·        Resolution: Conduct a non-cooperative movement and withhold taxes as part of the protest.

·        Subsequent Violence: On January 2, 1973, police fired on protestors, killing three young men.

·        Political Pressure: Fifteen MPs from Coastal and Rayalaseema regions demanded a separate Andhra state by January 26, 1973.

Implementation of President’s Rule

·        Date: January 18, 1973

·        Context: P.V. Narasimha Rao resigned as Chief Minister following directives from Indira Gandhi, leading to the imposition of President’s rule in Andhra Pradesh.

·        Date: April 1973

·        Key Figures: Gouthu Latchanna, Annabattula Nageshwar Rao, Thenneti Vishwanatham

·        Support from Film Stars: Krishna, Vijay Nirmala, N.T. Rama Rao (NTR), Akkineni Nageshwar Rao (ANR), Krishnam Raju

·        Notable Events: On February 17, 1973, NTR and ANR appealed for the division of Andhra and Telangana. Vijay Nirmala and Krishna participated in a hunger strike in Madras in support of the movement.

Jana Sangh Party’s Involvement

·        Initial Stance: Supported a united Andhra Pradesh during the 1969 movement.

·        Shift in Stance: By 1972-73, the Jana Sangh Party, led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, supported the separation of Andhra and Telangana.

·        Key Committees: Vajpayee led the Andhra Sangharshana Samithi in Andhra and Telangana Sangharshana Samithi in Telangana, advocating for the division.

Vijayawada Sabha

·        Date: February 1, 1973

·        Organizers: Advocates Association

·        Chairperson: Hari Ananth Padmanabha Sastri

·        Key Speaker: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

·        Key Message: Criticized the CPI and argued for the division of Andhra and Telangana, stating that language alone cannot unify people or solve their issues.

Andhra Sangharshana Samithi Conference

·        Date: February 2, 1973

·        Location: Guntur

·        Key Speaker: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

·        Key Message: Warned against using police force to suppress the movement. In Hyderabad, Vajpayee emphasized that if Andhra and Telangana choose to separate amicably, no force could prevent it.

Paga Pulla Reddy’s Shift in Stance

·        Key Figure: Paga Pulla Reddy, legislative member from Gadwal

·        Initial Stance: Supported a united Andhra Pradesh during the 1969 movement.

·        Change: By February 1973, Paga Pulla Reddy began advocating for a separate Telangana.

·        Key Event: The Supreme Court upheld the Mulki rules on October 3, 1973, reigniting the separate state movements in both Andhra and Telangana.

Announcement Date: September 28, 1973

·        Creators: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Home Minister K.C. Pant

·        Purpose: Resolve Separate Telangana and Separate Andhra Movements issues

Key Components of the Formula

1.      Development Focus: State Planning Board, regional development, specific funding

2.      Uniform Privileges: Central University in Hyderabad, educational facilities enhancement

3.      Employment Priority: Local job prioritization, fair recruitment practices

4.      Administrative Tribunal: Service issue resolution, state government compliance

5.      Constitutional Amendments: Legal enforcement of the formula

6.      Obsolete Rules: Abolition of Mulki rules, Telangana Local Committee

Implementation and Impact

·        Approval: Andhra Congress Working Committee, October 1, 1973

·        Constitutional Amendment: 52nd Amendment, effective July 1, 1974

·        Institutional Change: Dissolution of Telangana Regional Committee, January 1

Political Developments

·        Leadership Stability: Jalagam Vengal Rao, 1973 legislative leader

·        Election Outcomes: Congress defeat, Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy’s 1978 victory

Challenges and Criticisms

·        Residency Rule Change: From 15 years to 4 years, adverse effects on Telangana

·        Ineffectiveness: Development Plan Boards abolished in 1985

·        Representation Issues: Lack of Telangana representation in employment and education

Further Implications

·        Political Unrest: Youth dissatisfaction, turn towards extremism

·        Policy Violations: Illegal appointments, non-adherence to Six Point Plan safeguards

·        Ratification Date: May 3, 1974

·        Effective Date: July 1, 1974

·        Purpose: Formalize the Six Point Plan to ensure special privileges for Telangana and equalize opportunities across Telangana and Andhra.

·        Key Changes: Modified Article 371(1), introduced Articles 371(D) and 371(E), changes to 7th Schedule, 1st List, and 63rd item.

Key Provisions Following the Amendment

·        Executive Tribunal: Established for employment services and grievances.

·        Central University: Creation to enhance educational opportunities.

Article 371-D and Presidential Orders

·        Ratification: 32nd Constitutional Amendment in May 1974.

·        Presidential Orders: GSR – 524 (E) issued on October 18, 1975; G.O. No: 674 on October 20, 1975, outlining recruitment policies.

Framework for Local Employment Based on Presidential Orders

1.      Zonal Classification: District, zonal, and multi-zonal cadres with specific local recruitment criteria.

2.      Local Candidate Prioritization: Residency requirement reduced to four years.

3.      Reserved Posts:

o   80% at district-level,

o   70% at non-gazetted zonal-level,

o   60% at gazetted zonal-level.

4.      Transfer Policies: Flexibility within and between zones; Hyderabad as ‘free zone’ for police recruitment.

Challenges and Controversies in Implementation

·        Regional Disparities: Misuse of ‘free zone’ status, inappropriate job cadre conversions, illegal transfers and appointments.

·        Policy Violations: Non-adherence to rules on open competition and local reservations, fraudulent job attainments by non-locals.

Adverse Impacts of the Six-Point Formula on Telangana

1.      Abolition of Mulki Rules: Reduced residency requirement impacted local status.

2.      Dissolution of Telangana Regional Committee: Eliminated dedicated land protection for Telangana.

3.      Elimination of Separate Budget Provisions: Removed distinct budgetary allocations for Telangana.

Violations of Presidential Orders

·        Recruitment Biases: Non-locals filling positions meant for locals, reclassification of job cadres, misuse in open competition.

·        Widespread Misuses: Misinterpretation of Hyderabad’s ‘free zone’ status affecting multiple government sectors, exacerbating regional disparities.

·        Year: 1984

·        Led by: Jai Bharath Reddy

·        Committee Members: Kamalnathan, Umapathi Rao

·        Purpose: Investigate violations of the Six-Point Formula and Presidential Orders concerning job appointments in Telangana.

Committee’s Findings

·        Report Length: 36 pages

·        Period Analyzed: October 18, 1975, to June 30, 1981

·        Key Finding: 58,962 non-local individuals secured jobs in Telangana, contravening Presidential Orders.

·        Distribution by Zone:

o   Zone 5:

§  Khammam: 10,353 (24.6%)

§  Adilabad: 5,099 (11.5%)

§  Karimnagar: 4,638 (10.2%)

§  Warangal: 3,141 (11.6%)

§  Hyderabad: 22,722 (22.3%)

o   Zone 6:

§  Nizamabad: 4,286 (17.5%)

§  Nalgonda: 3,707 (14.3%)

§  Ranga Reddy: 2,103 (14.5%)

§  Mahbubnagar: 1,489 (5.8%)

§  Medak: 1,424 (8.0%)

Community Response and Further Investigation

·        Action Taken: Telangana NGOs initiated protests due to non-action on the report findings.

·        Sundaresan Committee:

o   Leader: V. Sundaresan (IAS)

o   Findings Submission: December 1985

o   Main Finding: Underrepresentation of Telangana natives in significant roles

o   Details:

§  I.A.S: 8%

§  I.P.S: 11%

§  I.F.S: 15%

§  High Court Judges: 25%

§  District Collectors: Only one from Telangana among 23

Implications and Significance

·        Highlight: Persistent underrepresentation and non-local dominance in employment and significant public service roles within Telangana.

·        Continued Impact: Ongoing disputes and dissatisfaction in Telangana regarding regional equity and fair employment practices.

·        Reason: Poor implementation of G.O. 610 led to rising frustration among Telangana employees.

·        Appointment Date: June 25, 2001

·        Appointed by: Chandra Babu Naidu Government

·        Head: J.M. Girglani (one-member commission)

·        Objective: Assess the enforcement of G.O. 610

·        G.O. Number: G.O. 270

Timeline of Reports

·        Preliminary Report: Submitted on October 6, 2001

·        State Assembly Discussions: December 29, 2001

·        House Committee Formation: February 2002 (led by Revuri Prakash Rao)

·        Final Report Submission: September 30, 2004 (to Y.S. Rajashekhar Reddy Government)

·        Report Disclosure: 2005 (in Assembly)

Committees and Reviews

·        Initial Review: Led by Uttam Kumar Committee

·        Cabinet Ministers Committee: Headed by M. Satyanarayana (no reports submitted)

·        New Oversight Committee: Formed in December 2006, led by Minister for Rural Development D. Srinivas (report unenforced)

Challenges and Outcomes

·        Continuous Non-Implementation: Despite multiple committees and reports, enforcement of G.O. 610 remained minimal.

·        Employee Dissatisfaction: Persistent frustration among Telangana employees regarding non-local appointments.

Violation Instances

• 126 Violations Identified
• 18 Violation Types
• 35 Remedial Measures Proposed

Local Reservation Violations

• Disruption of Reservation Structure
• Conversion of District Posts to Zonal Posts
• Reduction of Local Reservations

Unauthorized Reclassifications

• Upgrading Non-Gazetted to Gazetted Posts
• Loss of 10% Reservation Quota
• No Central Government Permission

Exemptions and Expansion

• Exempted Offices Increased: From 51 (1975) to 200+ (2004)
• 14th Paragraph of Presidential Orders: Loophole for state-level offices

Transfer Violations

• One-Sided Transfers: Andhra to Telangana
• Misuse of Public Benefit Exceptions

Misclassification in Hyderabad

• Hyderabad as a Free Zone
• Permanent Settlements via Deputation

Fraudulent Certifications

• Bogus Residency Certificates
• Non-locals Securing Teaching Positions

Underrepresentation of Telangana

• 16% Overall State Employment
• Less than 10% Representation in Key Areas
• 40% Population but Poor Representation

Enforcement and Oversight

• Correction of Violations
• Review of Appointments
• Cessation of Questionable Postings and Promotions

Monitoring Mechanisms

• Monitoring Authority
• Educational Campaign for Employees
• Dedicated Website for Presidential Orders Information

Legislative Oversight

• Legislative Committee for Local Reservation Adherence
• Cabinet Subcommittee for Implementation Coordination

Record Accuracy

• Service Register Compliance
• Accurate Hometown, District, and Locality Recording

Active Protests

·        Employee Unions Mobilization

·        Picketing, Pen-down, Tool-down Agitations

·        Strike Notices Issued During Lunch Breaks

Formation of Independent Unions

·        Telangana Non-Gazetted Officers Union (TNGO) Independence

·        Increased Coordination Among Employee Unions

·        Key Leaders: Devi Prasad, Srinivas Goud

Joint Action Committee

·        Non-Cooperation and Pen-down Strikes: February 17, 2011 – March 4, 2011

·        Impact on State Government Operations

·        Demands: Removal of 14(F) Presidential Order, Implementation of G.O. 610, and Girglani Report Recommendations

Direct Political Engagement

·        42-Day Strike for Separate Telangana

·        Protests in Delhi

·        Culmination in Telangana State Formation: June 2, 2014

II.      Telangana Movement

2. Mobilisational phase (1971 -1990)

Theme 2: Impact and Expansion of the Naxalite Movement

Theme 3: First Rythu Coolie Sangham Maha Sabha

Theme 4: Jaya Bharat Reddy Committee Report

·        Driven – philosophy of “land to the tiller” and agricultural revolution.

·        Naxalbari Village, Darjeeling: Tribals armed against oppressive landlords (Jotedars).

Inspiration and Historical Context

·        Inspired – Communist Revolution in China.

·        Preceded by Telangana Struggle (1946-1951) against – Nizam’s regime – Andhra Pradesh.

Goals and Strategies

·        Overthrow feudalism and imperialism through armed struggle.

·        Strategy: Start revolution – villages, encircle cities, and seize state power.

·        Disenchanted CPI & CPM members formed – Marxist-Leninist-Maoist parties.

The Naxalbari Uprising (1967)

·        March 3, 1967: Peasants occupied a Jotedar’s field, beginning – uprising.

·        May 25, 1967: Police retaliation – Prasad Jote village, leading – 9 deaths (7 women, 2 children).

·        Declared – Charu Majumdar as the start of a peasant liberation war.

Expansion and Spread

·        Spread to Srikakulam (AP), Mushahari (Bihar), Lakhimpur-Kheri (UP).

·        Inspired All India Communist Revolutionaries Coordination Committee leading to the formation of CPI (ML) on April 22, 1969.

National Impact and Response

·        Nationwide Support: Students, youth, and intellectuals supported the cause.

·        Movement spread across nearly all Indian states, symbolizing the struggle of the marginalized for land, livelihood, and liberation.

Cultural Legacy

·        Strategy to capture state power through armed struggle, not pursued by earlier peasant movements.

·        Martyrdom culture with many activists dying in state retaliation.

·        Majority of land owned by a few landlords; peasants owned minimal land.

·        Landlords dominated political and social life, exploiting the caste system.

Exploitation by Landlords

·        Bonded labor: Peasants had to provide free labor (known as Kambarys among tribals in Srikakulam).

·        Govt land occupation: Landlords seized govt land, sold it at high prices, and evicted tenants.

·        Judicial power: Landlords settled local disputes for fees, engaged -atrocities, including rape & untouchability practices.

Tribal Peasant Struggle in Srikakulam

·        Land usurpation: Moneylenders and landlords took over tribal lands, forcing bonded labor.

·        Objectives of tribal struggle:

1.      Redistribution of wasteland.

2.      Punishment for exploitative landlords.

3.      Independent self-governing area for tribals.

4.      Governance by tribally elected representatives.

Key Figures

·        Charu Majumdar: Revolutionary leader who declared peasant liberation war after the Naxalbari killings.

·        Date: October 31, 1969

·        Location: Srikakulam

·        Significance: Tribal farmers met to discuss the Naxalbari movement.

·        Key Activists: Panchadi Krishna Murthy, Choudhary Tejeshwar Rao maintained contact with Charu Majumdar.

Guthikonda Bilam Meeting (1969)

·        Organized – Charu Majumdar

·        Significance: Formation of the Andhra Pradesh State Committee of CPI (ML).

·        Attendees: Warangal and Srikakulam leaders.

Impact and Expansion of the Movement

·        Spread to Telangana: Local communities, students, and activists in Telangana, led by figures like Kondapalli Seetharamaiah and K.G. Krishna Murthy, adopted communist ideologies.

·        Khammam and Warangal Activism: Tarimella Nagi Reddy and others led revolutionary efforts, – significant influence – educational institutions like Kakatiya Medical College.

Role of Students in the Naxalite Movement

Key Educational Institutions:

·        Regional Engineering College (REC), Kakatiya Medical College, Osmania University: Hotbeds of student activism.

·        1966 Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Movement: Advocated for “Visakhapatnam Steel – Andhra right,” – Kondapalli Seetharamaiah as a key figure.

Influence of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah:

·        Major role in student leadership during the 1966 movement.

·        Though he planned to attend the 1969 Guthikonda Bilam Meeting, his son, Chandra Shekhar Reddy, represented him due to his illness.

·        Formed by: Kondapalli Seetharamaiah & Chandra Pulla Reddy.

·        Significance: A student-led movement highlighting organizational splits.

Radical Student Union (R.S.U) (1974)

·        Formed after split from P.D.S.U.

·        Aimed – expanding revolutionary ideals across India.

·        First state-level meeting: 1978.

“Move to Villages” – R.S.U Program

·        Objective: Engage students with village communities, organizing unions and spreading revolutionary literature.

·        Outcomes: Culminated in a 1978 meeting in Guntur, with active participation from Karimnagar and Adilabad.

·        Literary Impact: Naradasu Lakshman Rao authored “Gramalaku tharalandi-Na Anubhavalu” (Move to Villages-My experiences), documenting the experiences of the program.

·        Land Ownership: Historically controlled – few landlords, leading – socio-economic disparities.

·        Naxalbari Movement: Advocated – “land to the tiller” & challenged oppressive practices – bonded labor and untouchability.

·        Demands: Debt relief, abolition of bonded labor, and an end to exploitative practices.

Widespread Activism and Demands:

·        Opposition to Suppression: Agricultural laborers and peasants demanded higher wages, ceased customary gifts to landlords, and occupied unused lands.

·        Rythu Coolie Sangham: Articulated demands like land reclamation and an end to exploitative practices.

·        Movement Spread: From Sircilla and Jagityal to the entire north Telangana region.

Sircilla-Jagityal Struggles:

·        Landlord Exploitation: Landlords – Telangana exploited peasants through forced labor and sexual violence.

·        Separate Telangana Agitation (1969): 370 students died, fueled by job losses – non-enforcement of Mulki rules.

·        Sircilla-Jagityal Jaithra Yathra: Symbolized growing peasant resistance.

Peasant Resistance and Direct Actions:

·        Strikes: Example – Madhunuru agricultural laborers’ strike in 1978 for higher wages.

·        Reclamation of Rights: Villagers collectively harvested teak from landlord-controlled forests.

·        Abolition of Exploitative Practices: Bonded labor was abolished, and landlords lost power in affected areas.

·        April 1978: Peasant Union activists assassinated landlord Patel Narayana Rao, marking the first killing by party activists.

·        June 1978: Villagers cut teak trees on 200 acres of land owned by landlord Rajeshwar Rao, initiating the Jagityal Jaitra Yatra.

Lakshettipet Incident:

·        Tendu Leaf Fight: Agricultural laborers fought for higher labor rates and fair prices during the Tendu leaf plucking season.

Manthani Incident:

·        Laborers’ Strike: Laborers in Manthani Taluk struck against contractors and forest officials who withheld payments for Tendu leaves.

Jagityal Jaitra Yatra (September 8, 1978):

·        Organized by: CPI (ML), advocating for land rights and feudalism abolition.

·        Participation: 35,000 poor farmers and laborers from 150 villages, with student participation.

Chinnametpalli Incident (September 14, 1978):

·        Farmers’ Meeting: Held to protest landlord atrocities. The landlord opened fire, injuring 19 farmers.

Korutla Bandh (September 18, 1978):

• Organized by: CPI (ML) Radical Student’s Union in protest against the Metpally firing.

Lothunoor Incident (September 26, 1978):

• March Against Jagga Rao: Farmers protested, and police gunfire resulted in the death of a farmer named Pochalu.

Key Mahasabhas

Paidipally Mahasabha (October 1, 1978):

• Location: Warangal.
• Significance: Inspired by the Jagityal Jaitra Yatra, focused on land rights and opposition to feudalism.

Lakshettipeta Mahasabha (October 19, 1978):

·        Leader: Kalyanam Venkateshwar Rao.

·        Focus: Educating farmers about their rights and the movement.

Indravelli Incident (Adilabad, April 20, 1981):

• Tribal Laborers’ Union Meeting: Demanded fair land practices, but police intervention led to clashes and deaths.
• Casualties: Officially 13 deaths, though reports suggest over 60.
• Memorial Stupa: Built – Chief Minister Tanguturi Anjaiah – later removed by NTR in 1987, rebuilt by Marri Chenna Reddy in 1989.

Social Boycott as a Tool in the Naxalite Movement

• Naradasu Lakshman Rao Struggle: Social boycott tactic reversed against landlords to weaken their control.
• Chinnampalli Incident (Sept 15, 1978): Landlord Jagan Mohan Rao fired on farmers, escalating tensions.

Violence and Community Action:

• Kodurupaka Village: Rape of women’s leader, lack of police action led to community justice through village meetings.
• Land Strikes: Strikes and boycotts organized against landlords like Jagan Mohan Rao for exploiting peasants.

Escalation and Govt Response:

• Disturbed Areas (Oct 20, 1978): Sircilla and Jagityal declared disturbed areas due to growing violence and movement expansion.

Regional Incidents:

• Jagityal & Sircilla: Violent confrontations between peasants, landlords, and police led to govt intervention.
• Indravelli Incident (April 20, 1981): Police fired on tribals, leading to many deaths, drawing national attention.

Movement Expansion:

• Karimnagar to Warangal: Spread across districts, initially led by students and youth, reaching rural communities.

Legacy:

·        Ongoing Impact: Social boycott reshaped social, political dynamics, leaving a lasting influence on local governance.

• Exploitation by Local Traders: Tribals were often trapped in debt and forced to exchange lands for basic goods.

Tribal Rebellions and Laws:

1. Rampa Rebellion (1879): Early tribal resistance against exploitation.
2. Protection of Agency Areas Land Transfer Act (1937): Prevented alienation of tribal lands.
3. Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Act (1959): Strengthened protections for tribal land in Andhra Pradesh.
4. 1 of 70 Act (1970): Banned non-tribals from acquiring tribal lands.

Haimendorf’s Contribution:

• Christoph Von Furer Haimendorf: Appointed by the Nizam, studied tribal communities like the Gonds and advocated for tribal rights.
• Documented his work in his book, “Tribal Hyderabad.”

Komaram Bheem’s Legacy:

• Komaram Bheem: Led the Gond rebellion against land acquisitions, advocating for “Jal, Jungle, Jameen” (Water, Forest, Land).
• Died in 1940 but remains a symbol of tribal activism in Telangana.

Koneru Ranga Rao Committee (1988):

• Recommendations: Address unresolved tribal land disputes under 1 of 70 law and expedite resolutions. Studied by experts like Biyyala Janardhan Rao.

Jal-Jungle-Jameen:

• Slogan symbolized tribal resistance to losing control over land, water, and forests.
• The movement spread across Adilabad and North Telangana under leaders like Komaram Bheem.

Significant Struggles:

• Sirkakulam Struggle (1969): Tribals fought against land alienation.
• Adilabad (1978): Tribals attacked moneylenders to reclaim mortgaged valuables.

Social Boycott and Violence:

• Reversed Boycott: Originally used by landlords, later adopted by tribals to challenge landlord authority.
• Chinnampalli Incident (Sept 15, 1978): Landlord Jagan Mohan Rao fired on protesting farmers.

Kodurupaka Village:

• Rape of Women’s Leader: Demonstrated the violence tribals faced; justice was sought through village meetings.

·       Representatives – Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Assam, and Manipur attended, – national solidarity.

·       Sociologist AK Roy emphasized – Indravelli massacre’s impact on national awareness and struggles in Andhra Pradesh.

1. Land redistribution: Land to the tiller.
2. Nationalize key industries without compensation to capitalists.
3. Abolish absentee landlordism.
4. Fair crop prices for farmers.
5. Abolish excessive taxes on agriculture.
6. Cancel peasant debts.
7. Reduce high interest rates.
8. Timely, affordable fertilizers for farmers.
9. Expand agricultural facilities for laborers.
10. Equitable rent distribution: Two-thirds to tenants, one-third to landlords.
11. Protect tenant farmers from eviction, allocate temple lands to village laborers.
12. Abolish Vetti (bonded labor).
13. Grant title deeds to the poor for occupied lands.
14. Title deeds for forest lands to tribals.
15. Stop illegal collections by forest officials.
16. Legally increase labor wages to match price rises.

·       Objective: Investigate adherence –32nd Constitutional Amendment, Article 371(D), and Presidential Orders for Telangana’s recruitment and transfers (1975-1984).

• Rule Violations: Recruitment and transfers violated 32nd Amendment and 371(D).
• Non-local Appointments: 59,000 non-locals working in Telangana, especially in Hyderabad and Khammam.
• Improper Transfers: Employees from Zones 1-4 appointed in Zones 5 and 6 (Telangana) against rules.
• Employee Census: Detailed count of local and non-local employees as of 30 June 1981.
• Follow-up: Led – formation – Sundareshan Committee & issuance of GO 610, – faced implementation issues.

II.      Telangana Movement

3. Mobilisational phase (1971 -1990)

Theme 2:     Notion of Telugu Jathi and suppression of Telangana identity

Theme 3:     Reemergence of Telangana Identity and the Role of Political Movements (1987-2001)

Theme 4:     Expansion of New Economic Policies in Hyderabad and Telangana Regions, RealEstate, Contracts, Finance Companies

Theme 5:     Film, Media and Entertainment Industry, Corporate Education and Hospitals etc;

Theme 6:     Dominant Culture and its implications for Telangana self-respect, Dialect, Language and Culture.

• After – 1969 Telangana movement, – central govt focused – improving industries and basic infrastructure in Hyderabad and the Telangana region.

Jai Andhra Movement (1972):

• Triggered by – Supreme Court’s ruling (3rd October 1972), Andhra capitalists initiated – Jai Andhra Movement, resulting – removal of Telangana safeguards.
• Capitalists – Andhra -secure investing – Hyderabad – removal of land acquisition restrictions -Telangana.

Andhra Capitalist Gains:

• Andhra capitalists profited – investments –Hyderabad and surplus from agriculture in their region.
• Andhra farmers-discontent – Congress rule – alternative political power, leading – political realignments.

Appointment of Jalagam Vengal Rao (1973):

• On 10th Dec 1973, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi appointed Jalagam Vengal Rao (originally from Krishna district) – Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
• Vengal Rao’s policies focused- fostering Telugu unity & expanding Andhra influence – Hyderabad and Telangana.

World Telugu Conferences (Prapancha Telugu Maha Sabhas) – 1975:

• Organized – Vengal Rao’s govt from April 12-18, 1975, promoting – concept – Telugu race unity.
• Poets and writers from Telangana – ignored, except Kaloji and Pembarthi artists. The song “Maa Telugu Thalli Ki Mallepudanda” became popular.
• Telugu Thalli statue – installed at the State Secretariat and the Telugu Velugu Museum opened in Hyderabad.

Economic and Cultural Policies:

• Vengal Rao’s govt promoted Andhra industrial investment in Hyderabad, providing subsidies & loans to Andhra businessmen.
• These policies encouraged Andhra migration – Telangana, significantly boosting their economic and political influence.

Political Unification and Opposition to Congress:

• Congress suffered from splits in 1969 and 1978, and frequent Chief Minister changes led to increasing public dissatisfaction.
• In October 1980, T. Anjaiah from Medak district, Telangana, became Chief Minister, but was later insulted by Rajiv Gandhi during a Hyderabad visit.

Rise of N.T. Rama Rao:

·        N.T. Rama Rao (NTR), a veteran actor, sought –Rajya Sabha seat from Congress but was denied – Indira Gandhi.

·        The insult – Anjaiah became a golden opportunity for NTR, motivating him to oppose Congress and eventually form the Telugu Desam Party (TDP).

2.      Support: Nadendla Bhaskar Rao, dissatisfied – position in Congress, politically guided NTR, helping him despite NTR’s lack of political experience.

3.      Reasons for Popularity: Discontent – Congress’s neglect – 1975 Presidential Orders and water resources-Telangana people to support TDP.

4.      Chaitanya Ratham: NTR used – Chevrolet van – campaigning, named Chaitanya Ratham, traveling – Andhra Pradesh to promote – party’s agenda.

5.      Naxalite Influence: NTR support from Adivasis & tribals – associating with the Naxalite movement, – “Naxalites are patriots” & adopting – agenda.

1983 Elections

1.      Election Alliance: Jan 1983, TDP allied – Sanjay Vichar Manch, contesting 289 out of 294 seats in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections.

2.      TDP Victory: TDP won 198 seats (202 including allies), – first non-Congress govt in Andhra Pradesh. NTR contested from Tirupati and Gudivada and won both.

3.      Congress Defeat: Congress, – ruled since Andhra Pradesh’s formation, won only 60 seats.

4.      NTR as Chief Minister: NTR took office-Chief Minister on 9th January 1983, setting – record by achieving – within 9 months – founding the party.

Measures Taken by NTR to Suppress Telangana Existence

1.      Cultural Attacks: NTR, born in Nimmakuru (Krishna district), – Andhra culture through Telugu Desam, Telugu Thalli, Telugu University, and statues of Andhra figures -Tankbund, undermining Telangana’s culture.

2.      Telugu Unity: NTR’s rhetoric emphasized Telugu self-respect, but Telangana – cultural marginalization.

Political Sector:

1.      NTR introduced – style of “person worship” & unilateral decision-making, leaving Telangana leaders powerless.

2.      Popular Schemes: NTR focused – immediate needs – populist schemes -attract voters, sidelining long-term development strategies.

3.      Family Rule: Despite opposing dynastic politics, NTR appointed- son Jaya Krishna and son-in-law – key positions, promoting family rule within the party.

·       Patels and Patwaris, with Niradi, maintained ponds/tanks in Telangana.

·       The abolition left no one to manage tanks/ponds.

·       Justified as an end to village landlordism, but no alternative system for land surveys and records was introduced.

·       Land distribution and reforms were ignored.

Abolition of Telangana Regional Board

·        Telangana Regional Board, formed – Six-Point Formula, – dissolved by N.T.R after becoming Chief Minister.

·        This board -established – Presidential orders for Telangana’s development – highlight injustices.

·        Its abolition closed a critical platform – raising concerns about Telangana’s regional issues.

·        12 refrigeration centers, initiated – Regional Committee, were also shut down.

“Varuni-Vahini Sara” Distribution Scheme

·        In 1983, N.T.R launched the Varuni-Vahini scheme, distributing Sara (alcohol) – packets.

·        Before this, alcohol -consumed occasionally in Telangana,- the scheme introduced daily drinking habits – liquor shops in villages, leading to family fragmentation.

·        Contrarily, NTR -established Health Sciences University in Vijayawada & Padmavathi Women’s University – Tirupati, showing inconsistent decisions regarding university locations.

Injustice in River Water Usage

·        1981: Agreement – allocate Krishna River surplus water: 50 TMC to Telangana via the left canal and 48 TMC to Andhra/Rayalaseema via the right canal.

·        NTR govt ignored – Srisailam left canal meant – Telangana, focusing – projects like Telugu Ganga, Handri Neeva, Galeru Nagari – divert water – Andhra/Rayalaseema.

·        Right canal capacity increased from 200 to 300 TMC.

·        Telugu Ganga Project: Water intended – Madras.

·        Telangana projects, like the Bhima and Nettempadu projects, were sidelined.

·        Sri Ram Sagar Project for Telangana – delayed, with funds diverted – Telugu Ganga.

Closure of Industries

·        Sirpur Silk Mill closed under N.T.R despite requests for protection.

·        Profits – Nizam Sugar Factory in Bodhan diverted to loss-making Andhra industries.

Insult to Telangana Leaders & Poets

·        Dasarathi Krishnama Charya removed as court poet by NTR.

·        Only 8 out of 32 statues at Tank Bund represented Telangana figures.

·        Ignored Dasarathi Krishnama Charya, Turabaz Khan, and Nawab Ali Yar Jung – honoring Andhra figures like Sri Sri and Alluri Seetaramaraju.

Cultural Changes:

·        Telangana dialect degraded; Andhra dialect promoted – official use.

·        Telugu Thalli statues erected – Telangana.

·        Potti Sriramulu Telugu University established- Hyderabad.

Impact of Welfare Schemes

·        Rs.2/kg rice scheme hurt Telangana’s arid crop cultivation.

·        Andhra farmers and millers benefited – scheme.

·        Alcohol sales (Sara) promoted – revenue, overshadowing rice subsidies.

·        Welfare schemes favored coastal Andhra, leading – crisis -Telangana agriculture.

Injustice in Govt Jobs

• Non-locals illegally employed in Telangana govt jobs.
• During N.T.R’s tenure, most non-locals secured these jobs.
• Protests by Telangana and employee unions over this issue.
• G.O 610 issued in December 1985 to address the problem, but implementation was ignored by the govt.

·       Linguistic reorganization of states in India – pragmatic, but alternative views existed.

·       Dr. Ambedkar opposed linguistic states, advocating financial and administrative feasibility instead.

·       Jawaharlal Nehru -initially against linguistic state formation.

Telugu Lands under British and Nizam Rule

·       Northern Sirkars (Coastal Andhra) and Rayalaseema – British rule, benefiting from British irrigation projects.

·       Sir Arthur Cotton developed canal irrigation -Coastal Andhra, transforming agriculture.

·       Telangana under the Nizam had a different ruling system, with agriculture relying on monsoon and tank water.

Two Trajectories of Telugu Linguistic Identity

·       Andhra Mahasabha – Madras Presidency promoted Telugu solidarity in British India.

·       In the Nizam’s Hyderabad, Telugu consciousness focused on language respect, not separation.

·       Nizam Rashtra Andhra Mahasabha formed in the 1920s, with a different political trajectory than Coastal Andhra.

Divided Legacies of Telugu People

·       British colonial rule divided Telugu lands into distinct socio-political entities.

·       Coastal Andhra benefited from British education and modernity, while Telangana was isolated under the Nizam’s feudal system.

·       These historical divides influenced socio-economic development and regional disparities.

Historical Context

·       Coastal Andhra and Telangana developed separately due to distinct economic and political histories.

·       Linguistic solidarity failed to address regional disparities, contributing to later demands for Telangana statehood.

·       Andhra Mahasabha formed- 1913 – Madras Province – promote Telugu identity.

·       Separate Andhra State established – 1953 – Kurnool -capital.

·       Telugu people – Nizam’s state faced challenges; formed Andhrajana Sangam in 1921, evolving into Nizam Rashtra Andhra Mahasabha in the 1930s.

·       Vishalandhra Mahasabha formed in 1948 to unite Telugu people across different regions.

Leftist and Nationalist Support

·       Communist Party supported Vishalandhra lo Prajaaraajyam (People’s State in Vishalandhra).

·       After 1948 police action, Nizam’s dominion merged with India, becoming Hyderabad State.

·       The State Reorganization Commission (1955) evaluated the merger of Andhra and Hyderabad, resulting in Andhra Pradesh’s formation.

Formation of Andhra Pradesh (1956)

·       The Gentlemen’s Agreement was signed to safeguard Telangana’s interests.

·       Andhra Pradesh became the first linguistic state on November 1, 1956, a success of the Telugu linguistic solidarity initiated in Madras Province.

Schisms in Solidarity

Gentlemen’s Agreement Safeguards:

·       Telangana Regional Board was created to monitor budget allocation and development in Telangana.

·       Telangana had an economic surplus, and the Mulki Rules safeguarded local employment in Telangana.

Neglect of Telangana:

·       By the 1960s, the Telangana Regional Committee became inactive.

·       Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, a key Telangana leader, was marginalized, and Congress leadership was dominated by Andhra leaders.

1969 Jai Telangana Movement

·       Dissatisfaction with marginalization led to the Jai Telangana movement (1969-1972) for a separate state.

·       The Supreme Court upheld Mulki Rules, sparking the Jai Andhra movement in the Andhra region in 1972.

Six-Point Formula (1974)

·       The Union Govt introduced –Six-Point Formula in 1974, dividing Andhra Pradesh into six zones for public employment.

·       Regional development boards – proposed but not effectively implemented.

Linguistic Solidarity Cracks

·       By the 1970s, linguistic solidarity – Andhra Pradesh weakened, – fractures between Telangana and Andhra.

·       The Congress managed – crisis but failed -provide a lasting solution, marking the failure of linguistic unity envisioned in 1956.

·        Green Revolution: Benefited well-irrigated regions and strengthened new landed castes like the Kammas in Andhra Pradesh.

·        Emerging OBC Power: Congress neglected the rising OBCs, focusing instead on upper castes, Dalits, and Muslims, leading to a decline in the Congress system.

Rise of Regional Dominant Castes and Telugu Desam Party (TDP)

·        Kamma Caste: A dominant peasant caste, – Kammas, gained political strength – early 20th-century socio-economic changes in the Krishna and Godavari Delta regions.

·        Kamma Economic Influence: Prosperity – irrigation projects helped Kammas enter industries like manufacturing, media, and cinema, expanding their influence.

·        Political Ambition: By the late 1970s, Kammas felt underrepresented politically compared to their economic strength.

Congress Dominance and Decline

·        Congress Preference: Congress – favored Reddy caste, – broader geographical & political spread across Andhra Pradesh.

·        Institutional Decay: Between 1978-1983, Andhra Pradesh saw four non-Kamma Congress Chief Ministers: M. Chennareddy, T. Anjaiah, B. Venkatram, and K. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy.

·        Political Vacuum: By the 1980s, Congress faced a credibility crisis, and the Left was not prepared to fill the political vacuum.

Entry of N.T. Rama Rao (NTR)

·        NTR’s Political Entry: N.T. Rama Rao, famous film star from Krishna District, entered politics in 1982, with support from Kamma media barons. He founded –Telugu Desam Party (TDP).

Regional Party with “Telugu Self-Respect” Slogan

·        Telugu Pride: NTR capitalized on “Telugu self-respect,” criticizing Congress for its centralization and weak state leadership.

·        OBC Support: In the 1983 elections, TDP aligned with OBCs and youth, leading to victory in 201 out of 290 seats, with 71 OBC candidates elected.

·        TDP’s Success: TDP ruled Andhra Pradesh for nearly two decades, but regional tensions persisted.

Re-emergence of Telangana Aspirations

·        Telangana Question: Despite invoking Telugu pride, TDP failed to address regional disparities, leading to the re-emergence of Telangana demands in the 1990s.

Failure of “Politics with a Difference”

·        Centralization in TDP: Despite claims of decentralized politics, TDP under NTR became centralized, with his family holding key positions.

·        Internal Dissent: The party’s oligarchic tendencies and over-centralization led to internal dissidence within its first term.

·        NTR’s Return to Power (1985): widespread public support- NTR regained power and solidified TDP‘s rule until 1989, and later from 1994-2004.

TDP’s Impact on Telangana

·        Failure to Unify Regions: The Kamma-dominated TDP from Coastal Andhra failed to address Telangana’s concerns, leading to dissatisfaction. The abolition of Mulki Rules resulted in an influx of Andhra settlers into Hyderabad.

·        Economic and Social Shifts: Large-scale migration from Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema changed Hyderabad’s demographics and economy.

Real Estate Dominance by Andhra Investors

·        Real Estate Boom: Prominent Andhra investors, such as Narne Real Estate (Colonel Ranga Rao), Jayabheri Real Estates (Murali Mohan), and Green City Township (Srinivasa Rao), profited in Hyderabad’s booming real estate market.

·        Environmental Impact: Large-scale illegal sand mining and land excavation around Medchal, Sangareddy, and Ghatkesar damaged local resources, affecting Telangana’s water bodies.

Film Industry Migration to Hyderabad

·        Relocation from Madras: Under NTR, the Telugu film industry shifted from Madras to Hyderabad. Studios were set up by Andhra investors, using large tracts of subsidized land.

·        Ramoji Film City (1996): Established by Ramoji Rao, Chandra Babu Naidu provided 2000 acres of land for the project at nominal prices, further boosting Andhra dominance in Telangana’s economy.

Economic Disparities and Exploitation

·        Water Resources Diverted: Manjeera and Singur water were diverted to Hyderabad, leaving farmers in Medak without irrigation, leading to mass farmer suicides.

·        Land and Agricultural Crisis: Telangana farmers, facing water shortages and exploitation, sold lands to real estate developers, leaving many villages barren and destroyed.

Cultural Marginalization of Telangana

·        Andhra Dominance in Cinema: The film industry heavily employed Andhra migrants, leaving local Telangana talent marginalized.

·        Cultural Displacement: NTR promoted Telugu pride and Andhra culture through initiatives like erecting statues on Tank Bund, further sidelining Telangana’s distinct identity.

·       Built – Chiran Palace grounds – Mir Osman Ali Khan – 1960.

·       Declared – National Park – 1998 – Chandra Babu Naidu’s govt.

Lumbini Park:

·       Set up – N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) – 1994.

·       Renamed –Tanguturi Anjaiah Lumbini Park– 2006 – Y.S.R govt

Welfare Schemes and Extractive Policies

Populist Schemes:

·       Rice distribution program: “2 Rupees per KG” rice scheme launched – TDP negatively impacted rain-fed agriculture and ID crops – Jowar, Ragi, and Sorghum.

·       Benefited rice-producing areas & rice millers -adversely affected non-delta regions – Telangana.

·       Liquor sales: Introduced –1983-84, generating significant revenue – doubling the amount spent -rice subsidies. This led – anti-arrack movement – 1990s.

Problems in Public Employment

Non-local Employees in Telangana Zones:

·       40,000 non-locals working –Zone 5 and 6 (Telangana) despite- Six-Point Formula (1973) intended – prevent this.

·       GO 610 (1985) -introduced to address this, but no significant action – taken.

·       Secretariat – head departments exempted –zonal regulations, further marginalizing Telangana.

Hyderabad-Centric Development

Hyderabad’s Growth:

·       Development concentrated – Hyderabad, leading – migration from Coastal Andhra– jobs- industries.

·       Telangana youth faced unemployment – private industries brought workers from Andhra.

·       Assembly seats – around Hyderabad increased – 2004 while coastal Andhra saw a reduction.

Cultural and Linguistic Inequalities

Telugu Film Industry Shift:

·       Moved from Madras to Hyderabad, controlled –Andhra investors. Telangana’s language & culture – undermined- Telugu cinema.

·       Telangana dialect portrayed negatively in films.

·       Telugu University (early 1980s) failed to document Telangana’s unique vocabulary and culture.

Commercialization of Education and Healthcare

Educational and Healthcare Disparities:

·       Telangana lagged – number of govt schools, vocational, and higher education institutions compared to Andhra.

·       Public health care system neglected in Telangana.

·        Key Figures: Prabhakar Rao, P. Haranath, E.V. Padmanabhan, Kaloji Narayan Rao, Prof. Jayashankar.

·        1988: Launched “Maa Telangana” newspaper; trust provided data – regional discrimination.

·        1989: Trust’s awareness tour across Telangana.

·        1990: National conference on small states, Telangana voices raised.

Sociopolitical Climate and Identity Movements

·        Post-Soviet discussions: Focused on gender, caste, regional discrimination.

·        Dalit Movement – Andhra, regional identity movement in Telangana.

·        1997 Suryapet Conference: Led – Maroju Veeranna, merging caste and class struggles.

Academic Contributions

·        1997: Center for Telangana Studies formed – Prof. Simhadri and Prof. P.L. Vishweshwar Rao.

·        Published “Telangana: Dimension Underdevelopment”; raised awareness on Telangana’s neglect.

Rise of Telangana Consciousness

·        1987-2001: Student organizations like Telangana Liberation Students Organization and Telangana Students Front formed.

·        Justice Sri Krishna Commission: Identified TDP rule (1983-2004) as undermining Telangana identity.

Role of TDP and Naidu’s Era

• 1994: Chandrababu Naidu overthrew NTR; focus on liberalization, Hyderabad-centric development.
• Neglect of Telangana: Suppressed Telangana discussion in Assembly; focus on IT hub, ignoring regional inequalities.

Conclusion

• 1980s-1990s: Telangana identity reemerged – economic and cultural neglect.
• 2001: Formation – Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) – parliamentary platform -Telangana statehood.

·        N.T. R’s Role: Indirectly supported – liberalization of alcohol sales, private investment – education, and corporate hospitals.

·        Industry Dominance: Andhra investors gained control -contracts, land mafia, and the film industry, facilitated by media support.

Housing Board Developments:

·       Kukatpally Housing Board Colony – Largest in Asia.

·       Moulali Housing Board Colony and Bharat Nagar Housing Board Colony established.

Urban Authorities:

·       1975: HUDA (Hyderabad Urban Development Authority) formed, developing several colonies.

·       2007: GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation) formed -Y.S.R govt – G.O. No. 261.

·       2008: HMDA (Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority) created.

Financial Sector Influence:

·        Chit Fund Companies: Prominent finance entities – Andhra region, – Margadarshi Chit Fund – Ramoji Rao, established operations – Hyderabad.

• Narne Real Estate – Colonel Ranga Rao (Kurnool)
• Punyabhoomi Real Estate – Ram Murthy Naidu
• Green City Township – Srinivasa Rao
• Jayabheri Real Estates – Murali Mohan
• Lahari Estates – Krishna Reddy
• G.P.R Real Estates – Ghanta Punna Rao

Major Construction Companies by Andhra People

• Gayathri Construction – Subbarami Reddy (Nellore)
• Lanco Constructions – Lagadapati Raja Gopal (Nellore)
• Ranki Engineers Private Limited – Ram Reddy (Nellore)
• Nagarjuna Constructions – Raja (East Godavari)
• I.V.R Company – Venkat Reddy

Usha Construction Company – Mallikarjun Rao

·        First Magazine in Hyderabad: Risala Tabbi (Urdu)

·        First English Magazine in Telangana: Deccan Times (1864)

·        First Telugu Weekly in Telangana: Hita Bhodini (1909)

·        First Telugu Daily Newspaper in Telangana: Telangana Patrika

Prominent Newspapers (Pre-1948):

·       Nilgiri (1922) – S. Venkat Narsimha Rao

·       Golconda (1925) – Suravaram Pratap Reddy

·       Rayyat (1927) – Mandamula Narsinga Rao

·       Meezan (1941) – Adavi Bapi Raju

·       Hyderabad Bulletin – Shoyabullah Khan

·       Imroz

Current Popular Magazines and Editors:

• Eenadu – Ramoji Rao
• Sakshi – V. Murali
• Andhra Jyothi – K. Srinivas
• Namaste Telangana – Katta Shekhar Reddy
• Nava Telangana – S. Veeraiah
• Mana Telangana – K. Srinivas Reddy

Electronic Media:

• 1995: ETV – Ramoji Rao
• 2004: TV9 – Ravi Prakash
• 2007: NTV – Tummala Narendra Choudhary (RTPL)
• 2007: TV5 – B.R. Naidu
• 2009: Sakshi TV – Y.S. Bharathi
• 2009: ABN Andhra Jyothi – Vemuri Radha Krishna

Telangana-Specific Channels:

• 2009: HMTV – P. Venkat Krishna
• 2010: Raj News Channel
• 2011: T-News – Started by TRS party
• 2013: 10 TV – MLC Nageshwar Rao (1,50,000 farmers and laborers are shareholders)

NTR’s Reforms: Promoted corporate education and hospitals but neglected government schools and hospitals.

Corporate Educational Institutions in Hyderabad:

·       Andhra Founders: Narayana, Sri Chaitanya, Gowtham, Bhashyam

·       Telangana Founders: Brilliant, Rau’s

Corporate Hospitals in Hyderabad:

·       Andhra Ownership: Apollo, Kamineni, Care, Rainbow, KIMS, Basavatarakam Cancer Hospital, Medi-City, Omega Hospitals

·       Telangana Ownership: Yashoda, Malla Reddy Hospitals

·       First Corporate Hospital in Telangana: CDR Hospital (Started by C. Dayakar Reddy, Warangal) – Closed due to discrimination by Andhra rulers

·        Annual Exhibition: Held – Hyderabad – raise funds -educational institutions, – land granted – Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan.

·        Andhra Investors’ Influence: NTR terminated – exhibition society’s long-term lease – satisfy Andhra investors, leading – a crisis for the society.

·        Lease Renewal: Nadendla Bhasker Rao, -overthrowing NTR, renewed -lease out of anger towards NTR.

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

·        Cultural Insensitivity: Andhra settlers insulted – Telangana language & culture, claiming – not Telugu, and that Telangana people lacked culture.

·        1952 Incident: Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao, President of Vishalandhra Mahasabha – insulted Telangana students – saying they lacked culture, led – protests.

·        Top of FormBottom of Form Golconda Magazine (1934): Editor Suravaram Pratap Reddy published “Golconda Kavula Sanchika,” showcasing poems – 354 Telangana poets in response to criticisms from Andhra intellectuals.

·        Prajakavi Kaloji’s Advocacy: During – 1969 Telangana movement, Kaloji Narayana Rao protested against – imposition of Andhra dialect and defended Telangana dialect.

·        Cultural Marginalization in Films: Telangana dialect was used for rowdies and villains in films, and the festivals and customs of Telangana were sidelined.

·        Neglect in Textbooks: Telangana history, including the struggles against Razakars and landlords, was overlooked in favor of Andhra-centric narratives.

·        Archeological Neglect: Andhra rulers ignored Telangana’s rich archeological sites and cultural heritage, with figures – B.N. Shastri receiving no support.

·        Media Bias: Telangana language and dialect were ridiculed – print media, especially during the 1969 Telangana movement.

·        Statue Discrimination: In NTR’s regime, – 33 statues erected on Tank Bund in Hyderabad, only 7 – Telangana, ignoring major Telangana figures -Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu, Kaloji, and Shoaibullah Khan.

·        Later Telangana Movement: The movement not only focused – water, funds, and recruitment -also defended Telangana language and culture from Andhra dominance.

II.      Telangana Movement

4. Mobilisational phase (1971 -1990)

Theme 2: Emergence of regional disparities and imbalances

Theme 3: Madiga Dandora and Tudum Debba movement

Theme 4: Agrarian crisis and decline of Handicrafts in Telangana

·        Introduction and Scope

o  Enacted on April 30, 1956

o  Successor to the 1948 Policy Resolution

o  Aimed for comprehensive societal and economic advancements

o  Emphasis on expanding private sector and enhancing heavy and machinery industries

·        Objectives and Characteristics

o  Creation of job opportunities and improvement of living standards

o  Broader, more distinct, and liberal compared to 1948 resolution

o  Known as the “Industrial Constitution” for its comprehensive governmental regulation

·        Subsequent Amendments

o  Refinements in 1970, 1973, and 1975

o  Adjustments to adapt to changing economic and industrial conditions

Grouping of Industries (1970 Policy)

·        Core Sector Industries

o  Capital exceeding 35 crores

o  Government monopoly over nine specific industries

·        More Capital Sector

o  Capital between 5 crores to 35 crores

o  Open to private and foreign participation

·        Middle Capital Sector

o  Capital between 1 crore to 5 crores

o  Emphasized importance of these industries

·        Reserved Small Scale Capital Sector

o  Starting capital from 7.5 lakhs

o  Capital limits modified multiple times

o  Subsidiaries and attached industries allowed up to ten lakhs

Additional Changes (1973 Amendment)

·        Core Sector Expansion

o  Inclusion of 19 industries in the core sector

·        Support for Small-Scale and Cottage Industries

o   Encouragement for the growth of industries producing commodities for large-scale use

·        Mixed Sector Development

o  Encouragement for the establishment of mixed sector industries

·        Licensing Removal

o  Removal of licensing requirements for 21 industries

o  Industries include cotton threads, germicidal products, machine tools, industrial implements, and sewing machines

·        Expansion Without Permission

o  Allowed expansion without prior governmental approval

·        Import Restrictions

o  Restrictions on importing raw materials and capital goods for these industries

·        Export Mandate

o  30 industries required to export only after utilizing full production capacity

1977 Industrial Policy:

·        Announcement Date: January 23, 1977

·        Focus: Development of small cottage industries

·        Location: Small towns and villages

Industry Categorization

1.      Cottage and Home Industries

o  Grassroots level operations

2.      Micro Industries

o  Locations in areas with populations not exceeding fifty thousand (as of 1971)

o  Capital ceiling of one lakh

o  Use of machinery

3.      Small Industries

o  Capital up to ten lakhs

o  Certain commodities reserved

o  Encouragement of district-level industrial zones

o  Focus on reviving the Khadi and Village Industries Commission

Policy Focus and Limitations

·        De-emphasis

o  Large industrial houses

o  Mixed or joint ventures

·        Aims

o  Increase employment

o  Reduce economic centralization

·        Foreign Company Provisions

o  No changes to existing provisions regarding foreign or multinational companies

·        Announcement Date: July 4, 1980

·        Modification: Aspects of the 1965 Policy

Key Focuses of the Policy

·        Revival of Public Sector

·        Economic Federalism

·        Identification of Undeveloped Districts

·        Establishment of New Organizations

o  Support for small, subsidiary, and cottage industries

Policy Characteristics

·        Growth Rate Increase

·        Liberal Production Approach

·        Environmental Consideration

o  First inclusion in industrial policy formulation

Regulatory Changes

·        Investment Limits Increased

o  Under the Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP)

o  Under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA)

·        Lifting of Restrictions

o  On approximately 112 industries previously constrained

1991 Industrial Policy:

·        Date: July 24, 1991

·        Prime Minister: P.V. Narasimha Rao

·        Finance Minister: Manmohan Singh

Key Elements of the New Industrial Policy 1991

1.      Industrial Licensing Process

o  Simplification

2.      Integration with International Economy

3.      Production Capacity and Employment Stability

4.      International Competitiveness

5.      Creation of New Industrial Institutions

6.      Correction of Economic Inefficiencies

7.      Minimization of Financial Losses

Key Aspects of Industrial Policy 1991

·        Abolition of Licensing

o  Except for the chemical sector

·        Industrial Approval and Memorandum

o  For small industries with reserved commodities

·        Strategic Industries

o  Défense, atomic energy, railways, and iron production

o  Location restrictions removed

o  Liberalized capital goods importation

o  Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to 51%

·        Foreign Agreements and MRTP Act Amendments

o  Removal of industry upper limits

o  Liberalization of profit-to-equity conversions

·        Support to Small Industries

o  Amendments to laws for ongoing support

o  Limited government assistance

·        Industry Definition Expansion

o  Includes service and business enterprises

Impact of the 1991 Industrial Policy:

Benefits to Corporate Entities

·        Abolition of Licensing

·        Raised MRTP Act Thresholds

Foreign Investment

·        Foreign Investment Caps

o  Raised to 51%

·        Influx of Foreign Industries

o  Challenges to national industries

o  Strain on local resources

·        FERA to FEMA Transition

o  1998 transition to Foreign Exchange Management Act

o  Increased foreign investment

Impact on Government Industries

·        Declining Profits

o   Need for privatization highlighted

·        BIFR Referrals

o   Closures and workforce reductions

Employment Concerns

·        Increased Unemployment

o  Industry shutdowns and job losses

·        Concerns Over National Sovereignty

o  Due to increased capital fund investments

o   Chief Minister appointment disparities

o   Employment and resource allocation issues

·        Mulki Rules

o  Local employment protections ignored

·        Six Point Formula

o  Ineffective in addressing Telangana grievances

·        Agreements and Accords

o  Repeated agreements not honored

Agitations and Movements

·        1968-69 Telangana Agitation

o  Response to unmet demands and agreement violations

·        Jai Telangana Struggle

o  Widespread regional movement for rights and recognition

·        Jai Andhra Agitation

o  Counter-movement from the Andhra region

Legal and Governmental Interventions

·        Supreme Court Mulki Rules Judgment (1972)

o  Legal victory for Telangana employment rights

·        G.O.No 610

o  Government order to address employment discrepancies

Political Leadership and Influence

·        Chief Ministers from Telangana

o  Limited terms and influence compared to Andhra leaders

·        Political Influence

o  Dominance by Andhra and Rayalaseema regions in state politics

Cultural and Economic Impact

·        Continuous Loot and Suppression

o  Economic and cultural disadvantages faced by Telangana

·        Telangana Language and Culture

o  Undermined by political and economic policies

Rule Duration of CMs

·        Andhra leaders: 47 years 6 months

·        Telangana leaders: 10 years 6 months

·        Excluding Jalagam Vengal Rao: 6 years

Chief Ministers from Telangana

·        P.V. Narasimha Rao

·        Marri Chenna Reddy (twice)

·        T. Anjaiah

Terms of Telangana Chief Ministers

·        Combined tenure: 6 years across four terms

Committees and Their Focus

1.      Electricity Reforms

o  Hiten Bhayya Committee

§  Andhra Pradesh Electricity Reforms Act 1998

§  Formation of AP Genco and AP Transco

§  Rise in electricity charges affecting Telangana farmers

2.      State Administration and Finances

o  Gangopadhyay Committee

§  Recommendations on administration, salaries, and expenditure reduction

§  Suggested removal of excess government employees

3.      Higher Education

o  Koneru Ramakrishna Rao Committee

§  Advocated for privatization of higher education

4.      Government Sector Industries

o  Subramanya Committee

§  Proposed privatization of loss-making government companies and industries

Implementation Phases and Outcomes

·        Phase 1 (1998–2001)

o  Privatization and restructuring of mills and companies

o  Voluntary retirement for 13,321 employees

·        Phase 2 (2002–2005)

o  Privatization and closure of select companies

·        Phase 3 (Proposed for 2006)

o  Planned privatization of APSRTC & Singareni Collieries

o  Employee protests and subsequent halt by Y.S.R with G.O. 7

·        Longstanding disregard since state merger

·        Telangana as the most educationally backward area

Literacy Rates (2011)

·        Telangana: 66.46%

·        Hyderabad: 83.25%

·        Mahabubnagar: 55.04%

Funding Disparities

·        Financial allocation: 30-31% to Telangana, 68-70% to Andhra

·        Nearly equal populations but unequal funding

Government Spending and School Enrollment (1995-2000)

·        Increase in education spending

·        Low school attendance: 54% to 63%

·        SC and ST children’s admission rates: 3%

National Literacy Rate

·        National average: 74%

Challenges in the Education System

·        Insufficient or unspent funds

·        Restrictive conditions for private schools

·        Collapse due to inadequate staff and facilities

Student Admission Rates (1956-2001)

·        Consistently around 32-33%

·        Post-2001 enrollment increase without continuation

·        Gentlemen’s Agreement (1956)

o  Employment reserved for Telangana residents violated by Andhra appointees

·        States Reorganization Act (1956), Section 119

o  Mulki Rules implementation stipulated

·        Public Employment Act (1958)

o  No Gazetted Service reservations for Telangana

Employment Violations and Movements

·        Recruitment Violations (1956-1969)

o  Numerous Andhra appointments in Telangana-designated jobs

·        Telangana Non-Gazetted Officers Union Movement (1968)

o  Escalated to separate Telangana Movement by 1969

·        GO 36 (Brahmananda Reddy’s Government)

o  Proposed transfer of Andhra employees to Andhra region

·        Supreme Court Decisions

o  Stay on GO 36 and striking off Mulki rules (March 28, 1969)

Policies and Government Orders

·        Six-point Formula (1973)

o  Failed to protect Telangana employment rights

·        Zonal System and Local Status Fixation (Post-1974)

o  Enabled further Andhra appointments in Telangana

·        GO 610 (Issued by NTR)

o  Transfer of illegally appointed Andhras; not implemented as of 2015

·        Jai Bharath Reddy Committee (1985)

o   Found 58,000 Andhras illegally appointed in Telangana positions

Reviews and Reports

·        Girglani Commission (Appointed June 2001)

o  Suggested corrections for employment violations

·        Legislative Committee and Girglani Final Report

o  Government inaction on the recommended measures

·        Persistent Issues Post-Telangana State Formation

o  Continued employment of Andhras in Telangana posts

• Occupations

o   Leatherworking

o   Lower-status jobs

• Dalit Sub-castes

o   Discrepancies

o   Madigas vs. Malas

Madiga Dandora Movement: Origins and Aims

• Leadership

o   Manda Krishna Madiga

• Timeframe

o   Early 1990s initiation

• Goals

o   Equitable Reservation Distribution

o   Recognition of Caste Discrepancies

o   Focused Social Justice for marginalized sub-castes

Strategies and Actions

• Dandora (Call to Mobilize)

o   Symbolizes traditional call to action

• Community Mobilization

o   Rallies

o   Demonstrations

o   Protests

• Awareness Efforts

o   Campaigns to educate on SC disparities

o   Sub-categorization necessity

Outcomes and Influence

• Political Impact

o   Gained political backing

o   SC sub-categorization central to social justice discourse

• Legislative Response

o   Establishment of investigative committees

o   Progress in political dialogues

• Community Representation

o   Enhanced political and social representation

o   Improved advocacy capabilities for Madigas

• Background
  • Extension of the Madiga Dandora movement
  • Focus on broader Dalit rights and social justice
• Name Origin
  • ‘Tudum Debba’: Traditional drum symbolizing resistance

Primary Objectives

1. Eradication of Caste Discrimination
   • Addressing structural and systemic discrimination
2. Empowerment and Upliftment
   • Socio-economic progress
   • Political empowerment for Dalit communities
3. Cultural Assertion
   • Reclaiming and celebrating Dalit cultural heritage

Strategies and Actions

• Cultural Engagement
  • Use of music, dance, and arts for mobilization
• Advocacy and Legal Action
  • Legal advocacy to combat discrimination
  • Filing petitions and pursuing legal cases for Dalit rights
• Community Development
  • Enhancing education, economic opportunities, and social services for Dalits

Outcomes and Influence

• Increased Visibility
  • Raising the profile of Dalit issues in socio-political arenas
• Policy Impact
  • Influencing policy discussions and initiatives
  • Addressing Dalit grievances at state and national levels
• Community Empowerment
  • Promoting cultural identity and cohesion
  • Strengthening collective Dalit identity and advocacy capabilities

• Chain of Tanks System Destruction

o   Negligence and silting leading to reduced cultivation under tanks

o   Historical reduction from 54% (1956) to 14% (1997)

• Absence of Canal Irrigation

o   Only 15.80% of water from canals as per 2001-02

o   Lack of major irrigation projects despite river catchment areas

Soil and Crop Management

• Reduction in Soil Fertility

o   Shift from using silt to chemical fertilizers

o   Silted and dry tanks reducing agricultural productivity

Land Use Changes

• Decrease in Agricultural Land

o   Loss of over 7 lakh acres from 1956 to 1991

o   Increase in agricultural land in coastal Andhra

o   High proportion of wastelands in Telangana

Financial Challenges

• Discrimination in Credit Distribution

o   Telangana receiving less than 25% of loans despite having 40% of agricultural land

• Heavy Debt to Private Lenders

o   High costs and interest rates for borewell irrigation and other farming needs

Equipment and Technology Disparities

• Outdated Agricultural Implements

o   Predominance of wooden ploughs over tractors

o   Comparatively lower yields

Energy Costs

• Higher Electricity Prices

o   High costs for pumping water

o   Frequent pump set replacements due to low voltage issues

• Industrialization Impact

o   Traditional crafts overshadowed by new industries

o   Exploitation by the East India Company

• Market Dynamics

o   Craftsmen marginalized by middlemen

• Post-Independence Negligence

o   Government indifference leading to the decline of traditional arts

Specific Handicrafts and Regions

• Pembarti Handicrafts

o   Exquisite craftsmanship in copper, brass, and iron

o   Historical flourishing under Kakatiya dynasty

o   Lack of similar support as in Andhra region

• Cheryal Paintings

o   Distinctive folk songs and narrative paintings

o   Decline due to lack of patronage

• Banjara Embroidery

o   Intricate hand stitchings and knittings with beads, mirrors, and coins

o   Recognized internationally, thriving despite modern competition

• Bidri Art

o   Originating from Bidar, associated with Hyderabad

o   Patronized by royalty, still active near Charminar

• Nirmal Wooden Handicrafts

o   Renowned for vibrant wooden crafts

o   Historically overshadowed by Kondapalli handicrafts

• Jowli Carpets and Textiles

o   Artisans crafting cotton carpets and sarees

o   National and international acclaim; facing raw material scarcities

• Karimnagar Silver Filigree

o   Known for its delicate and precise silver work

o   Struggling due to mechanization and reduced patronage

Challenges and Revival Efforts

• Decline Factors

o   Economic shifts, changing market demands, and industrial competition

• Revival Efforts

o   Local initiatives supporting traditional techniques and crafts

II.      Telangana Movement

5. Mobilisational phase (1971 -1990)

Theme 2: Telangana Legislative Forum, O.U. Forum for Telangana (1987)

Theme 3: Role of Writers, poets

Theme 4: Role of Intellectuals

1.      Intellectuals, Artists, Journalists, Political Leaders: Key figures in raising awareness

2.      Discrimination: Faced by Telangana from Andhra leaders

3.      Resistance: Encouragement to resist Andhra dominance

Phases of the Telangana Movement

4.      Pre-formation Phase (1984 – 1996)

o   Awareness and Support: Focused on raising awareness and building support in Telangana

5.      Formation Phase (1996 – 2001)

o   Structuring the Movement: Gained structure and momentum, establishment of organizations for Telangana

6.      Political Phase (from 2001)

o   Political Force: Movement evolved into a significant political entity, with speeches, strategic discussions, and organizational meetings

Himayath Nagar By-elections – 1983

Event Context

1.      Himayath Nagar By-elections – 1983

2.      Trigger: Passing of incumbent TDP MLA

Candidates and Parties

3.      TDP Candidate: Parvataneni Upendra (from Andhra)

4.      BJP Candidate: Ale Narendra (local Telangana supporter)

Election Outcome

5.      Victory: Ale Narendra

6.      Defeat: Parvataneni Upendra

Community Response and Impact

7.      Local Opposition: Strong resistance to Andhra candidate

8.      Protest Significance: Election seen as protest against Andhra dominance

Movement Revitalization

9.      Renewed Advocacy: For a separate Telangana state

10.   Movement Leaders Invigorated: Key figures from 1969 movement prompted to act

Formation of New Organization

11.   Telangana Democratic Front (TDF)

12.   Founding Meeting: Convened by Pratap Kishore, E.V. Padmanabham, Satyanarayana

13.   Location: YMCA hall, Narayanaguda

·        Year: 1984

·        Founders: Devendra Swamy and associates

·        Location: Warangal

Endorsements and Support

·        Notable Figures:

o   Bhupati Krishnamurthy, dubbed the “Telangana Gandhi”

o   Kaloji Narayana Rao

·        Regional Support: Significant backing from leaders across Warangal and other districts

Political Objective

·        Advocacy: For a separate Telangana state

Telangana Jana Sabha:

Establishment and Leadership

·        Founded: 1985

·        Founder: Satyanarayana, editor of State Advisory newspaper

·        Merger: Combination of Telangana Democratic Front and Telangana Party

·        President: Vandemataram Ram Chandra Rao

Significant Events

·        Initial Meeting: February 27, 1985, Andhra Saraswat Parishad Hall, Hyderabad

·        Objective: Advocacy for separate Telangana state

·        Prime Minister’s Speech: Rajiv Gandhi in Siddipet, acknowledging past injustices and promising remedies

Advocacy and Political Engagement

·        Meetings: In Warangal and Kothagudem

·        Delegation to Delhi: Met PM Rajiv Gandhi, Foreign Minister S.B. Chouhan, L.K. Advani, and George Fernandez

Decline

·        Focus Shift: Vandemataram Ramchandra Rao transitioned to Arya Samaj programs

Organization and Commission

·        Organization: Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha (associated with Arya Samaj)

·        Commission Members: Om Prakash Tyagi and H.K.S. Malik

Investigation Process

·        Activity: Extensive tour of the Telangana region

·        Report Submission Date: November 22, 1985

Findings and Actions

·        Conclusion: Demand for separate Telangana justified

·        Presentation: Detailed representation titled “Demand for Separate Telangana” including commission findings presented to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi

March to Delhi by Telangana Supporters:

Event and Purpose

·        Event: Pada Yatra (March) to Delhi

·        Date: June 1987

Key Participants

·        Leaders: Pratap Kishore, Sanavullah, Sher Khan, Shavuddin

Route and Key Locations

·        Starting Point: Charminar, Hyderabad

·        Route: Medchal, Nirmal, Adilabad, to Nagpur

·        Travel Mode to Delhi: Train from Nagpur

Activities in Delhi

·        Meeting: Met with the Vice-President

·        Advocacy: Presented a memorandum for separate Telangana

Outcome and Organizational Revival

·        Decision: Revival of “Telangana Praja Samithi”

·        Official Revival: 1987

·        New President: Bhupathi Krishna Murthy

Personal Background

·        Name: Velichala Jagapathi Rao

·        Role: Former Member of Legislative Council (MLC)

·        Party: Congress

·        Region: Karimnagar

Activities and Contributions

·        1969 Telangana Movement: Significant involvement

·        Awareness Camps (1989): Organized in Karimnagar to educate on regional injustices

·        Jala Sadhana Samithi: Active involvement in addressing water issues in Nalgonda

·        Pada Yatra: March from Nalgonda to Srisailam project to highlight water resource issues

·        Meeting at Sri Ram Sagar Project: Discussed injustices related to major irrigation project

Publications and Impact

·        Report (1991-92): Authored a detailed report on irrigation and electricity sector inequities

·        Public Response: Report intensified local feelings of sadness and anger, galvanizing protests

Formation and Leadership

·        Established: 1991-92

·        Convenor: Velichala Jagapathi Rao

·        Chairman: Jana Reddy

·        Membership: ~100 MLAs from Telangana region

Advocacy Efforts

·        Delegation to Delhi: Advocated for separate Telangana state

·        Engagements: Met with President and Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao

Political Dynamics

·        P.V. Narasimha Rao’s Stance: Supported united Andhra Pradesh

·        Memorandum Submission: To then Chief Minister Nedurumalli Janardhan Reddy

·        Assembly Discussions: Addressed Telangana injustices, promises made

Leadership Changes

·        Chief Minister Transition: From Nedurumalli Janardhan Reddy to Kotla Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy

Additional Advocacy

·        Contributors: N. Prabhakar, former Chief Engineer of irrigation

·        Focus: Regional irrigation projects

Telangana Sangarshana Samithi (1989):

Formation and Leadership

·        Year: 1989

·        Founders: Former Minister Koheda Prabhakar Reddy and Mechineni Kishan Rao

·        Objective: Advocate for the establishment of a separate Telangana state

Participation

·        Key Participant: Salauddin Owaisi, head of the Majlis party

·        Role of Owaisi: Supported the demand for a separate Telangana during this involvement, contrasting his usual advocacy for a united Andhra Pradesh

Formation and Initial Activities

• Date Established: September 17, 1987
• Location: Room No. 57, Arts College, Osmania University
• Founding Members: Prof. Lakshman (leader), Prof. Jayashankar, Prof. Keshav Rao, Prof. Madhusudhan Reddy
• Chief Guest: Dasaradi Krishnamacharyulu
• Objective: Foster Telangana-centric ideology among university staff and students

Publications and Symbolism

• Greetings: Distributed with Telangana map for the new year 1988
• Calendars: Released featuring the Telangana map
• Political Map: First political map of Telangana created by Kaloji Narayan Rao

Commemorative Days and Events

• Telangana Liberation Day: Commemorated annually on September 17
• Telangana Betrayal Day: Observed annually on November 1
• Programs: Organized to highlight the significance of these days

Collaboration and Expansion

• Collaborations: United Front, Telangana Information Trust, Telangana Jana Sabha
• Promotion of TRS Party: Invited K.C.R to Arts College in May 2001, organized meeting in Tagore Auditorium

Areas of Neglect

·        Sectors Affected: Agriculture, irrigation, electricity, education, medical care, employment, industry

·        Irrigation Neglect: Forced reliance on underground water sources for agriculture

Legislative Context

·        States Re-organization Act: Sections 107 and 108(1) mandated completion of pre-1956 projects

·        Project Completion Failure: Andhra leaders did not complete designated projects in Telangana

Societal Impact

·        Consequences: Hunger deaths, suicides, migrations

·        Public Sentiment: Widespread discontent and intolerance towards Andhra leadership

Movement Revival

• Outcome: Growing readiness to revive the movement for a separate Telangana state

·        Titles and Recognition

o   “Praja Kavi” (People’s Poet)

·        Background

o   Born in Gouraram village, Nagarkurnool district

o   Inspired by Communist ideology and literature

·        Notable Songs

o   “Relaadhulaa thalellade Nelaa Na Telangana,”

o    “Palle Kanneru Pedutundo – Kanipinchani Kutrala,”

o   “Jai Bholo Amaraveerula Jai Bholo,” “Iddaram Vidipothe Bhoomi Baddhalavu- thundha”

·        Background

o   Born in Gattahalli village, Bijapur district, Karnataka

o   Settled in Madikonda, Warangal district

·        Contributions

o   Significant advocate for the Telangana dialect and culture

o   Served as President of “Telangana Rachayita Ka Sangam” in 1953

·        Recognition

o   September 9th designated as “Telangana Language Day”

·        Literary Works

o   “Naa Godava” (1953)

o   “Parthiva Nyayam”

o   “Anna Kathalu”

o   “Jeevana Geethi”

o   “Maname Nayam”

o   “Vibhuti”

·        Identity and Symbolism

o   Real name: Gummadi Vittal Rao

o   Adopted name “Gaddar” in homage to the Ghadar Party

·        Background

o   Born in Toopran, Medak district

·        Notable Works

o   Songs: “Amma Telanganama – Akali Kekala Ganama,” “Podustunna Poddumeeda – Nadustunna Kalama, Poru Telanganama,” “Apara Rikshoda,” “Nee Padam Meeda Puttumachchanai Chellamma,” “Lal Salam…Lal Salam,” “Na Thalli Telangana …Thiraga badda Veena,” “Poddu Tirugudu Puvvu Poddunu Muddade Tholi Poddu Muddade…”

·        Background

o   From Revathi Village, Warangal district

·        Contributions

o   Lyricist of the Telangana State song “Jaya Jaya he Telangana Janani Jaya Ketanam”

·        Notable Songs

o   “Mayamai Pothunnadamma Manishannavaadu”

o   “Chudu Telangana Chukka neelu Lenidana…”

o   “Uru Telangana Na Peru Telangana”

o   “Palle neeku vandanalamma”

o   “Parigethu na pata Prajala nota…”

o   “Komma Chekkite Bommara… Kolichi Mokkithe Ammara…”

o   “Jana Jataralo mana geetham Jaya kethanamai yegarali…”

o   “Gallu gallu gallu Anna lara! Ma Akka Lara…”

o   “Gala gala gala gajjala Bandi… Yelli pothunnava thalli”

·        Academic Contributions

o   M.Phil on “Adhunika Telugu Kavitvam lo Suryudu” (The Sun in Modern Telugu Poetry)

o   Ph.D. on “Adhunika Telugu Kavitvam Vasthava Katha – Aadhivasthavikatha” (Reality and Surreality in Modern Telugu Poetry)

·        Background

o   From Siddipet district

o   Son of Narra Bala Sidha Reddy, a figure in the Telangana Armed Struggle

·        Notable Works

o   Songs: “Nageti Salalo – Na Telangana,” “Joharulu Joharulu….Amarula Joharulu, Veerulaku Joharulu,” “Pudamiki Panduga Puvvula Jatara,” “Oka Puvvu Oka Navvu,” “Telangana Matti…. Thyagalaku Patti”

·        Background

o   Born in Lingampally village, Adilabad district

o   Professionally worked as a pharmacist

·        Contributions

o   Communicated injustices faced by Telangana through his literary works

·        Literary Works

o   “Dalitha Kathalu” (Compilation of Stories)

o   “Polimera” (Novel written during the Emergency period of 1975)

o   Drama: “Girijan Mahila Meluko”

·        Birth: August 6, 1934, Akkampet Village, Atmakur Mandal, Warangal District

·        Parents: Lakshmikantha Rao and Mahalakshmi

Educational and Professional Achievements

·        Education:

o   M.A. in Economics from Banaras Hindu University

o   Ph.D. in Economics from Osmania University

·        Positions:

o   Principal of CKM College, Warangal

o   Vice-Chancellor of Kakatiya University

o   Chairman of the Centre for Telangana Studies

o   Registrar for CIEFL (Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages)

Telangana Movement Involvement

·        Activism:

o   Participated in the 1952 Non-Mulki agitation

o   Advocated for Telangana culture with slogans like “Non-Mulki go back” and “Idli-Sambar go back”

·        Publications:

o   Articles and research papers on Telangana issues in Telugu and English

Books by Jaya Shankar

·        “Telangana Rashtram – Oka Demand”

·        “Thalladilluthunna Telangana”

·        “Telangana lo em jaruguthondi” (What’s happening in Telangana)

·        “Telangana Rashtra yerba tupai Visrutha Angikaram – Ninja Nijalu” (Extended acceptance of Telangana state – its truth)

Organizations Founded

• Telangana Information Trust
• Telangana Vidyavanthula Vedika (Telangana Intellectuals Forum)
• Telangana United Front
• Centre for Telangana Studies
• Telangana Development Association

Legacy and Honors

• Biography: “Oduvani Muchatlu” by Kompalli Srinivas Goud
• Death: June 21, 2011
• Posthumous Recognition: Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University renamed to “Acharya Jaya Shankar Agricultural University” in 2014

R. Vidya Sagar Rao:

• Origin: From Jaji Reddy village, Nalgonda district.
• Career Start: Began as a junior engineer in the state government.
• Central Water Commission: Joined and retired as Chief Engineer in 1997.

Contributions to Telangana

• Book: Authored “Neellu– Nijalu,” discussing irrigation injustices in Telangana.
• Essays: Wrote numerous essays on Telangana’s irrigation issues for various newspapers.

·        Birth: September 5, 1955, Mancherial district

·        Education and Career:

o   Professor of Political Science

o   Dropped “Reddy” from his name to stand against casteism

Contributions to Telangana Movement

·        Organizational Roles:

o   Founder of the “Telangana Intellectuals Forum” in 2004

o   Convenor of the Telangana Joint Action Committee (TJAC) formed on December 24, 2009

·        Publications:

o   Authored “Telangana Rashtrodayam” in 2015

·        Awards:

o   First recipient of the Acharya Devo Bhava award in 2015

Key Programs Organized by TJAC

·        Palle Palle Pattala Paiki (All the villages on to the Railway Track)

·        Million March

·        Telangana March

·        Sadak Bandh (Road Closure)

·        Vanta Varpu (Cooking on Roads)

·        Slogan Coined:

o   “Congress Khatam Karo, Telangana Hasil Karo” (End Congress, Achieve Telangana) in August 2012

Konda Laxman Bapuji

·        Birth: September 27, 1915, Wankidi Village, Asifabad district.

·        Residence: “Jala Dhrushyam” located on the shores of Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad.

Political and Social Activism

·        Freedom Struggle: Active participant in India’s freedom struggle and resistance against the Nizam’s rule.

·        Telangana Movement: Engaged in various phases, from the 1952 Non-Mulki agitation to later movements for Telangana.

·        Political Career:

o   MLA Elections: Elected as MLA for the first time in 1952 from Asifabad constituency.

o   Subsequent Terms: Won from Chinna Konduru (Bhuvanagiri) in 1957.

o   Deputy Speaker: Served from 1957 to 1960.

o   1969 Movement: First minister to resign in support of Telangana.

Death

• Passing: Died in 2012 at his residence “Jala Drushyam”.

·        Nickname: “Mr. Telangana”

·        Birth: 1933, Hussaini Alam, Hyderabad

Early Life and Education

·        Youth Activism: Founded the “Tehzeeb” organization while in high school

·        Academic Career: English Professor at Osmania University

·        Publishing: Started the magazine Olympus and contributed to “Mankind” magazine

Political Activism

·        Early Activism: Participated in the Non-Mulki movement in 1952

·        1969 Telangana Movement: Arrested 17 times; affected by the death of 16-year-old Aruna during a rally

·        Leadership Roles:

o   Founder of “Sampurna Telangana Praja Samithi”

o   Chairman of Telangana United Front (2009)

Literary Contributions

·        Publications: Authored numerous books including “Dvesham Pratipadika Kadu” (co-written with G.S. Ram Mohan Rao), focusing on anti-caste discrimination

Mentorship and Legacy

·        Mentorship: Mentor to notable figures like Kura Rajanna and Gaddar

·        Death: Passed away on June 10, 2018

Honors

·        Posthumous Recognition: Continues to be celebrated as a key figure in the Telangana movement

Ch. Hanumanth Rao:

• Origin: Karimnagar, Telangana

Professional Roles and Contributions

• Finance Commission: Member of the 7th and 8th Finance Commission
• Planning Commission: Served from 1982 to 1986
• Economic Advisory Council: Member for the Reserve Bank of India, 1982-1984

Advocacy and Activism

• State Formation Advocacy: Supported smaller states for better governance and inclusive growth
• Student Activism: Active in the “Hyderabad Student Union” for 12 years

Publications and Public Speaking

• Books: Authored on Telangana development and statehood
• Speeches: Addressed developmental and regional inequalities in Andhra Pradesh with Prof. Jaya Shankar

Awards and Honors

• Padma Bhushan: Received in 2004 for contributions to economics
• Honorary Doctorates: From Kakatiya University and Sri Krishna Devaraya University