Current Affairs Reverse Engineering
Care (17-05-2024)
| News at a Glance |
| Polity and Governance: Supreme Court limits ED’s power to arrest PMLA accused |
| State cannot acquire property without proper procedure: Supreme Court |
| Art and Culture: Ramcharitmanas included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Regional Register |
| International Relations: Vladimir Putin meets Xi Jinping: With deepening Russia-China ties, what are the concerns for India? |
| Science and Technology: Scientists prove that plunging regions exist around black holes in space |
Supreme Court limits ED’s power to arrest PMLA accused
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2 (Polity and Governance)
Context: ED’s power to arrest PMLA accused
Why in News
- The Supreme Court gave a fillip to the right to personal liberty by holding that a person summoned by a designated special court under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), is presumed to be not in custody and need not apply for bail under the draconian conditions posed by the anti-money laundering law.
Supreme Court Observations
- The judgment was based on an appeal filed by Tarsem Lal against the ED challenging a Punjab and Haryana High Court denying him anticipatory bail.
- A Bench of Justices A.S. Oka and Ujjal Bhuyan held in a judgment that-
- If the accused appears before the special court pursuant to a summons, it cannot be treated that he is in custody.
- Therefore, it is not necessary for the accused to apply for bail.
- The judgment limits the power of arrest by the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) after a special court takes cognisance of a case.
- The Bench said the ED would have to separately apply for the custody of a person once he appears in court.
- The Central agency would have to show specific grounds that necessitated custodial interrogation.
- However, the special court can direct the accused to furnish bonds in terms of Section 88 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
- A bond furnished in terms of Section 88 CrPC is only an undertaking.
- An order accepting bond under Section 88 does not amount to grant of bail and hence the twin conditions of Section 45 of the PMLA are not applicable to it.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act
- The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) forms the core of the legal framework put in place by India to combat money laundering.
- PMLA and the Rules notified there under came into force with effect from July 1, 2005.
- PMLA is an act to prevent money-laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money-laundering and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
- Director, FIU-IND and Director (Enforcement) have been conferred with exclusive and concurrent powers under relevant sections of the Act to implement the provisions of the Act.
- The PMLA and rules notified thereunder impose obligation on banking companies, financial institutions, and intermediaries and persons carrying on a designated business or profession, to verify identity of clients, maintain records and furnish information to FIU-IND.
The Bail Provision
- The bail provision of the PMLA Act (Section 45) is invested with a lot of political significance in present day India.
- It was held unconstitutional by a two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India in Nikesh Tarachand Shah vs Union of India (2018) as violating Article 14 and Article 21.
- However, Parliament, with great alacrity, restored this provision with certain amendments which was upheld by a three-judge Bench headed by Justice A.M. Khanwilkar in Vijay Madanlal Choudhary vs Union of India (2022).
- The top court held that this provision is reasonable and has direct nexus with the purposes and objects of the PMLA Act.
Twin conditions of bail under Section 45 of the PMLA
- The twin conditions of bail under Section 45 of the PMLA pose stringent thresholds for an accused.
- For one, the person has to prove in court that he or she is prima facie innocent of the offence.
- Secondly, the accused should be able to convince the judge he would not commit any offence while on bail.
- The burden of proof is entirely on the incarcerated accused, who would be often handicapped to fight the might of the state.
- The twin conditions make it almost impossible for an accused to get bail under the PMLA.
- An accused who appears in a special court pursuant to its summons, could be exempted from personal appearance in the future.
- On the other hand, if an accused does not appear after a summons is served, the special court could issue a bailable warrant followed by a non-bailable one.
Supreme Court Clarification
- In its judgment, the top court said the ED would have to separately apply for the custody of a person who appears in court.
- The Central agency would have to show specific grounds that necessitated custody.
- If the ED wants custody after the person appears after summons, the ED can get custody after application to the special court.
- The court will only grant custody with reasons satisfying that custodial interrogation is needed.
- However, when the ED wants to conduct a further investigation concerning the same offence, it may arrest a person not shown as an accused in the complaint filed under Section 44(1)(b) of the PMLA, provided the requirements of Section 19 (procedures of arrest) under the Act were fulfilled.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA):
1. The Financial Intelligence Unit– India (FIU-IND), under the Department of Revenue, is responsible for investigating the offences under the PMLA. 2. It provides for the confiscation of property derived from, or involved/used in, money laundering.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 |
Q. Consider the following statements: (2023)
1. According to the Constitution of India, the Central Government has a duty to protect States from internal disturbances. 2. The Constitution of India exempts the States from providing legal counsel to a person being held for preventive detention. 3. According to the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, confession of the accused before the police cannot be used as evidence. How many of the above statements are correct? A. Only one B. Only two C. All three D. None Answer: (A)
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| Answer 1- B
Explanation: · Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) is an Act to prevent money laundering and to provide for the confiscation of property derived from or involved in money laundering. · The Enforcement Directorate (ED) in the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, is responsible for investigating the offences of money laundering under the PMLA. Hence statement 1 is incorrect. · Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) under the Department of Revenue is the central national agency responsible for receiving, processing, analysing, and disseminating information relating to suspect financial transactions. · The scheduled offences are separately investigated by agencies mentioned under respective acts, for example, the local police, CBI, customs departments, SEBI, or any other investigative agency, as the case may be. · Actions that can be initiated against the person involved in money laundering: o Seizure/freezing of property and records and attachment of property obtained with the proceeds of crime. Hence only statement 2 is correct. o Any person who commits the offence of money laundering shall be punishable with – o Rigorous imprisonment for a minimum term of three years and this may extend up to seven years. o Fine (without any limit). · Therefore, option D is the correct answer. |
State cannot acquire property without proper procedure: Supreme Court
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Relevance: GS 2- Polity and Governance
Context: The right to private property is protected as a constitutional right and has even been interpreted to be a human right
Why in News
- The Supreme Court took a significant step to protect private property from arbitrary state takeover for a “public purpose”, holding that compulsory acquisition without following mandatory procedures followed by a grant of compensation to the owners will not make the accession constitutional.
What is “property”?
- In general, we understand it to be any land we possess. However, according to the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Article 31, the term “property” should be given a broad definition.
- The court says that it should include all widely accepted categories of interests that bear the hallmarks or characteristics of property rights.
- The term “property” under Article 300A is not limited to just land.
- It includes corporeal and incorporeal rights. It consists of money, a contract, an ownership stake in property, etc.
Right to Property in Indian Constitution
- The judgment noted that though the 44th Constitutional Amendment omitted the right to property as a fundamental right.
- Article 300A, which was simultaneously inserted into the Constitution, provided that “no person shall be deprived of his property, save by authority of law”.
- A person’s rights, even the history of liberty, have been safeguarded through the prescription and observance of mandatory procedures and processes of law.
- Procedure is an integral part of the ‘authority of law’ in Article 300A.
- The phrase ‘authority of law’ in the Article should not be understood as merely the power of eminent domain vested in the state.
- The requirement of a ‘law’ in Article 300A does not end with the mere presence of a legislation which empowers the state to deprive a person of his property, Justice Narasimha clarified.
Article 300-A
- Article 300-A (right to property act) was added to the Constitution in 1978. It states that “no person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law”.
- It means that nobody can take away someone’s property. However, it gives authority to the government to do it, if needed.
- The article gives the government the authority to seize someone else’s property for the benefit of the general welfare.
- However, the Madhya Pradesh High Court (HC) clarified in a case it decided in May 2022 that the law requiring the property acquisition needed to be legitimate and that the state’s acquisition of land had to be for the benefit of the public.
Recent Supreme Court Judgement
- The right to property is protected as a constitutional right and has even been interpreted to be a human right, a Bench of Justices P.S. Narasimha and Aravind Kumar declared in a judgment.
- It is generally assumed that for a valid acquisition all that is necessary is to possess the power of eminent domain power of the sovereign to acquire property of an individual for public use without consent to acquire, followed by grant of reasonable and fair compensation.
- Compulsory acquisition will still be unconstitutional if proper procedure is not established and followed before depriving a person of his/her right to property.
- The judgment upheld a Calcutta High Court order rejecting an appeal filed by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation defending its acquisition of a private land.
- The court ordered the corporation to pay ₹5 lakh as costs within 60 days.
Seven Basic rights
- The court laid down seven basic procedural rights of private citizens which constitute the “real content of the right to property under Article 300A” that the state should respect before depriving them of their private property.
- They include,
- the right to notice or the duty of the state to inform the person that it intends to acquire his property;
- the right of the citizen to be heard or the duty of the state to hear the objections to the acquisition;
- the right of the citizen to a reasoned decision or the duty of the state to inform the person of its decision to acquire property;
- the duty of the state to demonstrate that the acquisition is exclusively for public purpose; the right to fair compensation of the citizen;
- the duty of the state to conduct the process of acquisition efficiently and within prescribed timelines;
- the conclusion of the proceedings leading to vesting or the right of conclusion.
About Enforcement Directorate
- The Directorate of Enforcement, or Enforcement Directorate (ED), is a domestic law enforcement agency and economic intelligence agency responsible for enforcing economic laws and fighting economic crimes in India.
- It is part of the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
- The Enforcement Directorate focuses on investigating and prosecuting cases related to money laundering, foreign exchange violations, corruption, and economic offenses.
- The prime objective of the Enforcement Directorate is the enforcement of three key Acts of the Government of India namely,
- the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and
- the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA), and
- The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA).
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q2. With reference to Acquisition of property by the Government in India, consider the following statements:
1. A person is not entitled to the compensation, when Government acquires land under his personal cultivation and even if it is under the ceiling limit. 2. Government is liable to provide compensation on acquiring the property of a minority educational institution. 3. Both parliament and state legislature have authority to enact legislation for the compulsory acquisition of private property. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 |
Q. What is the position of the Right to Property in India? (2021)
A. Legal right available to citizens only B. Legal right available to any person C. Fundamental Right available to citizens only D. Neither fundamental Right nor legal right Answer- (B) |
| Answer 2– B
Explanation: · After the 44th amendment the Government mandatorily compensates for acquiring the land held by a person within ceiling limit and under his personal cultivation. Statement 1 is incorrect · After acquiring the property of minority educational institution, government is liable to provide compensation to such institution. Also, such compensation amount shall not restrict or abrogate the rights provided to them. This was also added by 44th amendment act. Statement 2 is correct · Under Article 300A both Parliament and state legislature can make laws for the compulsory acquisition and requisition of private property by the government. The acquired property should be used only for public purpose as may be specified under the law. The person whose property has been acquired have to be compensated for such acquisition along with a proper rehabilitation and resettlement. Statement 3 is correct · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
Ramcharitmanas included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Regional Register
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Relevance: GS 1- Art and Culture
Context: Ramcharitmanas included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Regional Register
Why in News
- Three Indian literary works, Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sahṛdayaloka-Locana, were added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register during the tenth meeting of the Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific (MOWCAP), held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Significance of the works
- The inclusion of the three works in the register highlights the significance of preserving and celebrating diverse narratives and artistic expressions that shape our shared humanity.
- These literary works have transcended time and place, leaving an indelible mark on readers and artists both within and outside India.
- Officials behind the nomination process have told The Indian Express that the three texts were picked due to their enduring worldwide appeal.
- For instance, the Ramayana and Ramcharitmanas are read in not only India but also in other Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia, Ramesh Chandra Gaur, Head of the Department, Kala Nidhi Division at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), the nodal agency for sending nominations for the list.
- Two Ramacharitmanas manuscripts were sent to UNESCO — one authored by Goswami Tulsidas and the other one written in Arabic in the 18th century, highlighting the appeal of the text for West Asia and other parts of the world as well, according to Gaur.
- The Panchatantra fables were zeroed in owing to their universal moral values.
- The 15th-century Sahṛdayaloka-Locana, by Kashmiri scholars Acharya Anandvardhan and Abhinavagupta, was chosen because of its aesthetics.
- This is the first time since the MOWCAP was formed in 2004 that India has sent any nominations, and all three sent by the country have been accepted.
What is the Memory of the World (MOW) register?
- UNESCO’s MOW programme is an international cooperation strategy aimed at safeguarding, protecting, and facilitating access to and the use of documentary heritage, especially heritage that is rare and endangered.
- UNESCO launched the initiative in 1992 “to guard against collective amnesia” by calling upon the preservation of invaluable archive holdings and library collections all over the world and ensuring their wide dissemination.
- The programme recognises documentary heritage of international, regional and national significance, maintains registers of it, and awards a logo to identified collections.
- It facilitates preservation and access without discrimination.
- It campaigns to raise awareness of the documentary heritage to alert governments, the general public, businesses and commerce to preservation needs and to raise funds.
- Inscription on the register affirms the significance of the documentary heritage, makes it better known, and allows for greater access to it, thereby facilitating research, education, entertainment, and preservation over time.
What are the other items on the list?
- There are 494 inscriptions on the International MoW Register, as of May 2023, according to the UNESCO website. However, the MoW register operates on regional levels as well.
- The Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Committee (MOWCAP) — which has now included the three Indian texts — celebrates Asia-Pacific achievements in genealogy, literature, and science. Along with the three Indian items on the list, the Member States inscribed 20 items during the 2024 cycle, at the tenth General Meeting in Ulaanbaatar.
- These included three each from China and Indonesia, and two each from Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, and Uzbekistan.
- Documents recording significant innovations in business and industrial technology were recognised, such as tea-drinking business entrepreneurship in China, as well as globally applied sugar research and regional cement production in Indonesia.
- Regional literary traditions were celebrated through the recognition of the Philippines’ Indigenous Hinilawod chants, the East Asian legend of the Nine Tripods found on the bronze bas-reliefs in Viet Nam’s Nine Dynastic Urns.
- The 2024 cycle also celebrated science and literature, by recognising Bangladesh’s sci-fi feminist author, Rokeya S Hossain, who imagined both helicopters and solar panels before they had been invented in her 1905 utopian narrative, Sultana’s Dream; also inscribed in 2024 was Australia and Tuvalu’s joint documentation on the findings of scientific expeditions investigating the formation of coral reefs.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q 3. Consider the following statements
1. The Ramcharitmanas and Panchatantra have been included in ECOSOC’s Asia-Pacific Regional Register. 2. Memory of the World Programme was launched by UNESCO in 1992 to safeguard the documentary heritage of humanity. 3. Ramcharitmanas was written by Tulsidas in the 16th century in Sanskrit Language. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1, 2 B. 2 only C. 1, 2, 3 D. 3 only |
Q. With reference to ancient Indian History, consider the following parts: (2023)
Literary work Author 1. Devichandragupta : Bilhana 2. Hammira-Mahakavya : Nayachandra Suri 3. Milinda-panha : Nagarjuna 4. Nitivakyamrita : Somadeva Suri How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? A. Only one B. Only two C. Only three D. All four Ans: (B) |
| Answer 3 B
Explanation · The Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra and Sahṛdayāloka-Locana have been included in ‘UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register’. Hence statement 1 is incorrect. · Memory of the World Programme: It is part of an international initiative launched by UNESCO in 1992 to safeguard the documentary heritage of humanity. Hence statement 2 is correct. · Ramcharitmanas: It was written by Tulsidas in the 16th century in the Awadhi dialect, which is primarily spoken in the districts of Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Ayodhya. Hence statement 3 is incorrect. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
|
Vladimir Putin meets Xi Jinping: With deepening Russia-China ties, what are the concerns for India?
Source: Indian Express
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 2- International Relations
Context: Vladimir Putin- Xi Jinping meet
Why in News
- Presidents Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping met at the historic Great Hall of the People, seat of power of the Chinese Communist Party, where a welcome ceremony for Russia’s leader included a guard of honour by China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
Key highlights
- Vladimir Putin’s two-day visit to China comes when Russia has taken a firm grip on the course of the war in Ukraine.
- Xi has just returned from a tour of Europe where he met with the President of France, as well as the leaders of Hungary and Serbia, both of whom are friends with Putin.
- The two leaders attended a concert to celebrate 75 years of diplomatic ties.
- Putin said it is of fundamental importance that relations between Russia and China are “not opportunistic”, and “are not directed against anyone”.
- Xi said the China-Russia friendship was “everlasting”, and had “become a model for a new type of international relations”.
China, Russia, and the Ukraine War
- China and Russia signed a “no-limits” strategic partnership only days before Russia invaded Ukraine on February 24, 2022.
- More than two years later, Russia controls large swathes of Ukrainian territory, and is currently in the midst of a successful push both in the northeastern Kharkiv region as well as in the south of the country.
- The Chinese role in the war has been a major concern for the West, led by the United States.
- China was the “top supplier” of dual-use items, which have both civilian and military applications.
- Russia would struggle to sustain its assault on Ukraine without China’s support.
- The US believes China is supplying tech that Russia is using to build missiles, tanks, and other battlefield weapons.
- Russian imports of machine tools, computer chips, and other dual-use items from China have increased significantly.
- The sales of Chinese logistics equipment like lorries (to transport troops) and excavators (to dig trenches) to Russia have increased by four to seven times since the war began.
- Putin, who would want to end the war when the momentum is with him, said he was grateful to
- China for trying to solve the crisis, and added that he would brief Xi on the situation in Ukraine, where Russian forces were advancing on several fronts.
Sino-Russian relationship
- The China-Russia relationship was a “marriage of convenience”, and the American National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan had referred to a “cartoonish notion that these two countries have become unbreakable allies”.
- There is a history to the development of Sino-Russian ties, and the US has had a role to play in its evolution.
- The relationship between China and the Soviet Union did not begin well.
- When Chairman Mao Zedong visited Moscow after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, he was made to wait for weeks for a meeting with Joseph Stalin.
- Mao is said to have been put in a remote dacha outside the capital where, according to an article in the Smithsonian magazine, “the sole recreational facility was a broken table tennis table”.
- During the Cold War, China and the USSR were rivals, competing for control of the global communist movement.
- Tensions between the countries rose dangerously in the early 1960s, and they fought a brief border war in 1969.
- The relationship began to improve after the death of Mao in 1976, but remained frosty right until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
- In the post-Cold War-era, economic relations have formed the “new strategic basis” for Sino-Russian relations.
- China became Russia’s biggest trading partner, and the largest Asian investor in Russia.
- China views Russia as a powerhouse of raw material and a valuable market for its consumer goods.
Response from Western Countries
- The West expects Xi to use his leverage with Putin to end the war.
- While signing a statement deepening the strategic relationship with Russia, Xi said that both sides agreed that a political settlement to the Ukraine crisis was the “right direction”.
- The West’s hostile approach towards Russia after the annexation of Crimea in 2014 brought Moscow closer to Beijing. India has always felt it was the West that pushed Russia into a tighter embrace of China.
Critical concerns for India
- For New Delhi, the Russia-China defence axis throws up critical questions.
- About 60-70% of Indian defence supplies come from Russia, and New Delhi needs regular and reliable supplies especially at a time when Indian and Chinese soldiers are locked in a standoff at the border for the last four years.
- Many western analysts have cautioned India about a scenario in which Russia becomes a “junior partner” of China.
- At the same time, India would not want the Russian defence industry to suffer as a result of western sanctions — at least in the short-to-medium term.
- The Soviet Union’s position during the 1962 war was not particularly supportive of India.
- Moscow did extend its support during the 1971 war — however, this is neither 1962 or 1971, and Vladimir Putin’s Russia is not the old Soviet Union.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q4. Consider the following statements regarding India-China trade relations:
1. China’s share in India’s total imports declined over the last two decades. 2. China’s share in India’s exports declined sharply in the last two years. 3. Organic chemicals and fertilizers were the most imported goods by India from China.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 2 and 3 only
|
Q. ‘Belt and road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2016)
A. African Union B. Brazil C. European union D. China Answer: (D)
|
| Answer 4 B
Explanation · India’s dependency on China for such goods has remained high for quite some time now. However, India is not alone as dependency on imports from China has also grown among Indian neighbouring countries and other BRICS nations. · The trade value of goods imported from China on the left axis. China’s share in India’s total imports is plotted on the right axis. In value terms, imports from China soared to a record $94.7. When considered as a share of India’s total imports, it formed 14% in 2022, though the share peaked in 2016. China’s share in India’s imports increase over the lease two decades. Hence statement 1 is not correct. · In value terms, India’s exports to China are at a five-year low. · China’s share in India’s exports declined sharply over last two years. Hence statement 2 is correct. · The most imported items from China were related to electronic machinery and equipment, mechanical appliances, organic chemicals and fertilizers. Laptops, electronic integrated telephone sets were the most imported items. The most exported items were related to categories such as ores, mineral fuels and oils and iron and steel. Hence statement 3 is incorrect. · Therefore, option B is the correct answer. |
Scientists prove that plunging regions exist around black holes in space
Source: The Standards
https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/scientists-albert-einstein-oxford-earth-b1158092.html
UPSC Syllabus Relevance: GS 3- Science and Technology
Context: Albert Einstein’s theory states that it is impossible for particles to safely follow circular orbits when close to a black hole.
Why in news
- Scientists have proven one of Einstein’s theories, finding evidence that a plunging-region around black holes not only exists, but also exerts some of the strongest gravitational forces yet identified in the galaxy.
Key Highlights
- Einstein’s theory states that it is impossible for particles to safely follow circular orbits when close to a black hole.
- Instead they rapidly plunge towards the object at close to the speed of light – giving the plunging region its name.
- Experts say the findings show matter responding to gravity in its “strongest possible form”.
What is Black Hole?
- Black holes are regions in space where an enormous amount of mass is packed into a tiny volume.
- This creates a gravitational pull so strong that not even light can escape.
- They are created when giant stars collapse, and perhaps by other methods that are still unknown.
- Black holes fascinate both the public and scientists—they push the limits of our understanding about matter, space and time.
Gravitational lensing
- Gravitational lensing is a phenomenon where the path of light from a distant object is bent by the gravitational field of a massive object, such as a galaxy or a black hole. 0
- This bending of light can cause distant objects to appear distorted or magnified, depending on the alignment of the massive object and the observer.
- The effect of gravitational lensing was first predicted by Albert Einstein in his theory of general relativity, and has since been observed and studied by astronomers.
| CARE MCQ | UPSC PYQ |
| Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the Singularity Theory about the black hole :
1. Inside a black hole, matter is compressed down to an infinitely tiny point. 2. All conceptions of time and space completely break down at the center of the black hole. 3. Sun is a massive star and can turn into a black hole at end of the life cycle. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 |
Q. Consider the following phenomena: (2018)
1. Light is affected by gravity. 2. The Universe is constantly expanding. 3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time. Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media? A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (D)
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| Answer 5 A
Explanation · According to the Singularity theory, at the centre of a black hole is the ultimate no man’s land, which is a place where matter is compressed down to an infinitely tiny point, and all conceptions of time and space completely break down. So, Statements 1 and 2 are correct. · Stars that are born this size or larger can explode into a supernova at the end of their lifetimes before collapsing back into a black hole, an object with a gravitational pull so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. The life cycle of Sun will end up as a white dwarf not as Black hole. So, Statement 3 is not correct. · Therefore, option A is the correct answer. |